Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

toad

Semantic Field
flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
sapo
Meaning Portuguese
sapo

Languages

Language Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim Bufonidae koi-yet'-wuk Toad loan Yokuts Yowlumne koi-ot'-waht; ki-ot'-waht “frog”, Wikchamni kah-doi'-itch; go-doit' (with regular corresp. so Proto-NimYokuts) same underived C. H. Merriam 72-79, 60-463 2 2 0 0 0 no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone Bufonidae pi'-ah gwah'-ne Toad (Bufo) inheritance *kwa'Lo Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 941 (2008:157), modified with pia “big” same phrase big frog/toad Merriam 61:81 2 2 0 0 0 no
Cahuilla Bufonidae wáxačilʸ ˈwaxaʧiʎ toad inheritance *wakaC-ta Uto-Aztecan S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set broader (includes “frog”) other complex ˈwaxaʧi-ʎ (-ʧi-ʎ is cognate with Numic diminutives, but frozen and non-productive in Takic) -7aʃ “pet” possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) no info http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up; p. 173 no info 2 waxaawut, Calif. red-legged frog) is shaman who bewitches Wuyot (White 1963:141) 2 not eaten no info N/A N/A N/A 0 Colorado River toad, Bufo Alvarius, may have been known (range extends into Desert Cahuilla territory). Skin exudes hallucinogenic substance. 0 All Americas Diverse habitats no
Central Sierra Miwok Bufonidae 7ól:o7ša:ji- toad inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Miss other complex ša-ji; 7ol:o7 is root (Broadbent p. 104) Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 2 0 0 0 no
Chemehuevi Bufonidae wah-ah'-tuts; wah-rah-tat, wah-hah-tat Toad (Bufo) inheritance *wata'aci Proto-Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 943 (2008:157); Chemehuevi is new cognate for forms otherwise only in south same other complex has -tsI ABS; etymologically wa- is probably from *pa “water” Merriam 59:535 2 2 0 0 0 no
Chumash Barbareno Bufonidae qewet (Beeler), toad inheritance Ventureno xwetet underived Beeler 1978:183; 2 2 0 0 0 no
Chumash Ineseno Bufonidae kŏp-kŏp; kōp-kōp; koop'-kop toad inheritance Central Chumash only Also in Barbareno reduplicated Merriam 55:17 2 2 0 0 0 no
Chumash Obispeno Bufonidae tkyujhu7 zapo (sic) unique other complex t- JPH III:1:119 2 2 0 0 0 no
Chumash Ventureno Bufonidae xwetet toad inheritance Barbareno qewet underived Heizer/Pinart I:58; JPH III:69:0081 2 2 0 0 0 no
Cocopa Bufonidae missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
Comanche Bufonidae pasanao toad unique same underived has “water” or “big”, perhaps had sawa “green” -- can't tell Rejon 1995:48 2 2 0 0 0 no
Cupeño Bufonidae missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
Esselen Bufonidae auallai toad unique Esselen other complex -la classifier suffix? -la Heizer/Pinart I:80 2 2 0 0 0 no
Gabrielino Bufonidae kwa'ro' ˈkʷaʔroʔ zapo inheritance *kwaʔro Uto-Aztecan S941 (Stubbs 2009:157) same underived no npn -ʔaʧ “pet possessive classifier for animals Harrington 116 no info 2 Bullfrog is last child of Wuyot, and bewitched him. Couplet: waxaawut, kaarawut “bullfrog, earthworm 2 considered disgusting (McC p. 117) no info N/A N/A N/A 0 0 Americas Diverse habitats no
Iipay 'Aa Bufonidae hantak toad, frog unique *xa-nya Proto-Yuman Langdon 1979:637 FROG broader (frogs and toads) underived probably has ha- “water” Couro & Hutcheson 1973 2 2 0 0 0 no
Kawaiisu Bufonidae chuk'-ko-po'-ish-she toad inheritance *sikwo “tadpole” Proto-Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 942 (2008:156) same other complex chuk'-ko-po'-ish-she segmentation? Last element is -zi ABS -- maybe cɨga-poyo-zi “rough-ish”??? Merriam 59:377 2 2 0 0 0 no
Kiliwa Bufonidae x?nqhaatq toads, frogs unique broader (toads and frogs) underived but x? may be “water; perhaps xa?=naa “swim”??? Mixco 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
Kitanemuk Bufonidae wakatat ˈwakatat frog inheritance *wakaC-ta S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set WW %wakat broader (includes toads) other complex ˈwakata-t frog-npn -ʔacit "pet" possessive classifier for animals Anderton 1988:562 no info 2 2 no info no info no info no info 0 0 Americas Diverse habitats no
Lake Miwok Bufonidae 7ukúuke toad frog (Merriam confirms as “toad” 57:57) unique underived Callaghan 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
Luiseño Bufonidae waxáawut waʹxa:wut bullfrog, toad inheritance *wakaC-ta Uto-Aztecan S940 (Stubbs 2009:157); Tarahumara 7awaka seems OK in this set. WW %wakat broader (includes large frogs as well as toads) derived waʹxa:-wu-t frog-augmentative-non.possessed.noun -ʔaʃ "pet" possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla no info Elliott 1999:1037 no info 2 Bullfrog is last child of Wuyot, and bewitched him. Couplet: waxaawut, kaarawut “bullfrog, earthworm” 2 not eaten no info N/A N/A N/A 0 0 Americas wet lands, streams and lakes no
Maidu Bufonidae ah-wah'-nim toad unique other complex -im Merriam 57:49 2 2 0 0 0 no
Mojave Bufonidae hanye type of toad inheritance *xa-nya Proto-Yuman Langdon 1979:637 FROG broader (frogs and toads) phrase ha- “water” Munro et al.1992 2 2 0 0 0 no
Mutsun Bufonidae puk-kuk-min (JPH per CHM) toad unique reduplicated, relative clause -min "one who is/has" Merriam 55:417 2 2 0 0 0 no
Nisenan Bufonidae wah-kok-kok toad unique reduplicated Merriam 57:241 2 2 0 0 0 no
Northern Paiute Bufonidae ah'-buz-ze Toad (Bufo) unique same other complex has -tsi ABS Merriam 61:147 2 2 0 0 0 no
Northern Sierra Miwok Bufonidae pot'-pat'-tah toad (Callaghan's “bullfrog”) inheritance Eastern Miwokan Mip potpoto- “frog, bullfrog” reduplicated Merriam 57:431 2 2 0 0 0 no
Plains Miwok Bufonidae potpot, potpoto- toad inheritance Eastern Miwokan Mins word for “toad, bullfrog” reduplicated Callaghan 1984 2 2 0 0 0 no
Salinan A Bufonidae ho-yoCH toad unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:379 2 2 0 0 0 no
Salinan M Bufonidae hah-yoCH toad unique Salinan underived Merriam 55:379 2 2 0 0 0 no
Seri (Comcaac) Bufonidae otác toad, frog unique broader (frogs and toads) underived Comcaac Dictionary 460 2 2 0 0 0 no
Serrano Bufonidae missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
Southern Paiute Bufonidae paqwan'A frog, toad inheritance *kwa'Lo Proto-Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 941 (2008:157); wouldn't pa: “water” give pagwano??? broader (frogs and toads) phrase water-frog/toad (maybe) Sapir 1930:6o4 2 2 0 0 0 no
Southern Sierra Miwok Bufonidae 7ol:oco7-ma- toad inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Mics other complex -ma theme Broadbent 1964: 2 2 0 0 0 no
Southern Ute Bufonidae missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
Tübatulabal Bufonidae wōhnāl wo:hˈna:l large kind of frog unique broader (includes frog) other complex wo:hˈna:-l frog.sp-npn Hill 2010:121 no info 2 2 Voegelin 1938:12 no info N/A N/A N/A 0 0 Americas Diverse habitats no
Tümpisa Shoshone Bufonidae wakatta toad inheritance *wakatta/*wakaN-ta Proto-Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 940 (2008:157) WW %wakat same underived Dayley 1989:378 2 2 0 0 0 no
Wappo Bufonidae lelekópa toad (CHM confirms 52:577) inheritance Yukian-Wappo Yuki al-kap'-to MWO reduplicated Sawyer 1965 2 2 0 0 0 no
Washo Bufonidae now'-wah gaw'-tah toad (“ground frog”) unique phrase Merriam 55:311 2 2 0 0 0 no
Western Mono Bufonidae otsoqoi' a large variety of toad (unidentified species) loan Yokuts Chukchansi oo-koo'-koo, o-koo'-ko (looks Proto-Yokutsan) narrower ( defined as a kind of toad) underived Bethel et al.:118 no info 2 2 no info no info no info no info 0 0 no
Wintu Bufonidae yoho:lmet frog, toad (CHM confirms 56:47, 79) inheritance *yoho(:)l Wintun Shepherd 2005 relative clause yoho:la “to have pimples” Pitkin 1985 2 2 0 0 0 no
Yavapai Bufonidae missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
Yokuts Palewyami Bufonidae missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
Yokuts Yawdanchi Bufonidae o-ko'-ko, oo-koo'-koo toad (Wik) inheritance Nim-Yokuts Kroeber lists define Nim-Yokuts (no Buena Vista form; Pal. also missing) same underived Merriam 58:371 2 2 0 0 0 no
Yokuts Yowlumne Bufonidae o-gŏ-ko; ho-gŏ-ko toad inheritance Nim-Yokuts Kroeber lists define Nim-Yokuts (no Buena Vista form; Pal. also missing) same underived Merriam 58:561 2 2 0 0 0 no
Yuki Bufonidae al-kap'-to MWO toad inheritance Yukian-Wappo Wappo lelekópa phrase tree-X Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 2 2 0 0 0 no
Yuma Bufonidae hahn'-n>yĕ mek-oor' Toad (Bufo) inheritance *xa-nya Proto-Yuman FROG with a modifier unknown Merriam 61:463 2 2 0 0 0 no
Akawaio order Anura ambak (frog), chiinau (toad) ambak, tʃinaʊ inheritance Akawaio, Pemon See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Baniwa order Anura adaroittípi, híiparo adaɻoit̪ípi, híipaɻo (there are others), túuɻa (FS) unknown, inheritance Also híipaɻo (there are others), túuɻa (FS) uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Carijona order Anura hɯrɯ’ru (H&R) doubtful loan TG kururu, also present in Arawak See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Cubeo order Anura bʉbʉco (generic term), cṹrabʉbʉco, ãchibʉbʉco (sapo gigante) bʉbʉko (generic term), bɨ'hɨ́-ko (H&R), kṹlabʉbʉko, ãtʃibʉbʉko (sapo gigante) unique Also kṹlabʉbʉkɔ, ãtʃibʉbʉkɔ (sapo gigante) uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Dâw order Anura pâá’  pə̌ʔ inheritance underived See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Desano order Anura tarubʉgʉ tarubɯgɯ, 'tárubɨgɨ inheritance East Tukanoan uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Eñepa order Anura kɨɨwo (frog) kɨɨwo (frog) frog inheritance Northern Carib? See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Guayabero order Anura bus bus inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Hodï order Anura uaihlo unique uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Hup order Anura hɔhɔ́h hɔhɔ́h doubtful loan West Tukanoan Siona/Secoya hoho reduplicated See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Kakua order Anura kâká kâká unique onomatopoeic See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Macaguan order Anura bus bus inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Makushi order Anura kúí (small frog) kúí (small frog) small frog unknown May be cognate with other Carib kuu- forms; but see also Achagua kuíiba See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Nheengatu order Anura yu'i (generic term, frog) aru (species of frog) kururu (type of frog, onomatopeia of cry), pakará (Leptodactilideo) mawá (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) ju'i (generic term, frog) aru (species of frog), kururu (type of frog, onomatopeia of cry) pakará (Leptodactilideo), mawá (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) inheritance Proto-Tupi-Guarani Reconstructed PTG Mello 2000. underived See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Ninam order Anura coco (gom) tʃotʃo (gom) inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Nukak order Anura bubu1 daʔ loan Cubeo bʉbʉ-kɔ or other Tukanoan uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Maihiki order Anura dobɨ ago, magudo ago dobɨ ago, maguro ago, hóhó (H&R) unique Also maguro, hóhó (H&R) uncoded ago ago = feminine animate See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Pemon order Anura pereteku (A1981); ampak (frog), chiinau (toad) (E1980) peɾeteku (A1981); ampak, tʃinaʊ (E1980) inheritance Akawaio, Pemon Also pereteku (A1981); ampak (frog) See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Resígaro order Anura todokáakú todokáakú loan Bora (Seifart 2011) uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Sanumá order Anura sozo bɨ (general "toads") soʃo bɨ inheritance uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Sikuani order Anura anajibiwi (34), busu (2)(Bufo granulosus), edali (2), kumo (1), kutete (2) (Physalaemus neglectus dunni) busú-to inheritance also anajibiwi (34), edali (2), kumo (1), kutete (2) (Physalaemus neglectus dunni) uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Tariana order Anura hípaɾu, káma, mulítu; páisi (H&R92) hípaɾu, káma, mulítu inheritance North Arawak Also káma, mulítu; páisi (H&R92) uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Tukano order Anura taárokɨ taárokɨ, taʔrókɨ inheritance East Tukanoan uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Kotiria order Anura ta'ʔaro bɨ'kɨ ta'ʔaro bɨ'kɨ inheritance East Tukanoan uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Wapishana order Anura frog: kʰiˀbaru frog: kʰiˀbaru frog inheritance North Arawak? See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Yanomami order Anura yoyo jojo inheritance underived See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Yukuna order Anura kururú; makaxmé (H&R92) kuɾuɾú loan Yucuna-Kabiyari TG kururu Also makaxmé (H&R92) uncoded See Language page 0 2 0 0 0 no
Achagua order Anura kuíiba, íibaʒu (H&R92) kuíiba, íibaʒu (H&R) inheritance See Language page
Piapoco order Anura balùta balùta See Language page
Kabiyari order Anura ruurú ɾuuɾú See Language page
Yavitero order Anura tu'kutua tu'kutua See Language page
Paresi order Anura ˈkali ˈkali inheritance See Language page
Baure order Anura si'poṛ̌i si'poṛ̌i unknown See Language page
Waurá order Anura kažutukalu kažutukalu inheritance See Language page
Bora order Anura aʔkʰókwa, βḯḯríʔií, mïʔmɨ́pa, muhchíba (FS) aʔkʰókwa, βɯ́ɯ́ríʔií, mɯʔmɨ́pa inheritance See Language page
Muinane order Anura xakúkúga, bɨ́ɨ́riʔi, níxaga, mɨ́ɨ́méba, xáákkɨba, βaúra xakúkúga, bɨ́ɨ́riʔi, níxaga, mɨ́ɨ́méba, xáákkɨba, βaúra See Language page
Apalai order Anura kuto kuto See Language page
Wayana order Anura [no generic?] [no generic?] missing See Language page
Makiritare order Anura kawaw, tudu:du (KH) kawaw, tudu:du (KH) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo order Anura kuura; poroi (frog); warakai (small frog) kuura; poroi (frog); warakai (small frog) See Language page
Wai Wai order Anura pororɨ; kuuto (frog) pororɨ; kuuto (frog) See Language page
Waimiri Atroari order Anura pyryry (frog) pɨrɨrɨ (frog) See Language page
Yabarana order Anura pəru See Language page
Yukpa order Anura kupetchu (SM) kupetchu (SM), pókwo, kopéstʃo (H&R) See Language page Phon only in source
Muisca order Anura zihita tʂihita See Language page
Northern Emberá order Anura bokorró bokorró; pokʰoró (H&R) See Language page
Cuiva order Anura búsu See Language page
Playero order Anura busú See Language page
Cofán order Anura ttesi, sapo (Sp. Loan) sapo See Language page phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra order Anura paróboró paɾómpoɾó See Language page
Taushiro order Anura honto´ hontoʔ See Language page
Páez order Anura buchi, zunz zunz; sap (SP loan, H&R) See Language page
Tikuna order Anura có-rurú (Alv44) kóʔrurú See Language page
Urarina order Anura dari daɽi See Language page
Camsa order Anura sápo(SP loan) sápo(SP loan) See Language page
Andoke order Anura hi'bo (frog sp.), kɒ'kɒ (toad), yɨ́'yɨ (frog) hiʔbo (frog sp.), kɒʔkɒ (toad), ʝɨ́bʔʝɨ (frog) See Language page
Puinave order Anura frog: kim frog: kim See Language page
Ashuar order Anura puwách, apái, súwi (edible types) puwátʃ, apái, súwi (edible types) See Language page
Huambisa order Anura takash (not edible; see also other sp.) takaʃ See Language page
Aguaruna order Anura takásh (see also other sp.) takáʃ See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect order Anura ɟapɤːʔ inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect order Anura ɟapɤːh See Language page
Matses order Anura omon [generic] omon [generic] See Language page
Yagua order Anura sicyutu sikjutu See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua order Anura sapu (Spanish loan) sapu See Language page
Ingá order Anura tilili, wambui sápu (SP loan), tilíli (H&R) See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano order Anura hampatu hampatu See Language page
Piaroa order Anura weuæ weuʷæ See Language page
Sáliva order Anura uuxo uuxo See Language page
Bará order Anura tɨ'bɨro See Language page
Barasano order Anura taro taro See Language page
Carapana order Anura tʉbʉro tɨbɨɾɔ, 'tɨbɨro See Language page
Makuna order Anura tarobʉcʉa (grande) talobɨkɨa (gɾande), taro-bɨkɨ See Language page
Yuruti order Anura tɨ'bɨ́ɨro tɨ'bɨ́ɨro See Language page
Waikhana order Anura ta'ʔaro kɨ ta'ʔaro kɨ See Language page
Siriano order Anura tʉbʉ́ró tɨbɨ́ɾó See Language page
Tanimuca order Anura ũ'bã 'ka (frog); uru'uru riká (venemous toad) ũ'bã 'ka (frog); uru'uru riká (venemous toad) See Language page
Tatuyo order Anura ʻtɨ'bɨ'ro ʻtɨ'bɨ'ro See Language page
Tuyuka order Anura tɨ'bɨ́ro tɨ'bɨ́ro See Language page
Waimaja order Anura tʰɨ́bɨ́ľò tʰɨ́bɨ́rò See Language page
Koreguaje order Anura jojoo xoxoo, 'hoho See Language page
Siona order Anura jojo hoho See Language page
Secoya order Anura jojo, oma (types of toad) ʻho'ho See Language page
Karitiana order Anura kyryryt kɨɾɨɾɨt See Language page
Kokama order Anura cururu kuɾuɾu See Language page
Wayampi order Anura kululu, pilikɔlɔ (G89) kululu, pilikɔlɔ (G89) See Language page
Sirionó order Anura nyuɨ (P85) njuɨ See Language page
Kamayurá order Anura arutsam, kururu arutsam, kururu See Language page
Ocaina order Anura gocóójo, tyooro, opépeco, uura gokóóho, tʲooro, opépeko, ɯɯra See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto order Anura gúku, akáiño, nopáïŋo, héro gúku, akáiɲo, nopáɯŋo, hέro See Language page
Minica Witoto order Anura gúaïkï, noɸáïŋo, héro gúaɯkɯ, noɸáɯŋo, hέro See Language page
Murui Witoto order Anura noɸaïño, herokï noɸaɯɲo, hɛrokɯ See Language page
Iquito order Anura macuaáti (general term) makuaáti (general term) See Language page
Záparo order Anura puka, tawhwa (types of toads) puka, tawhʷa See Language page
Cavineña order Anura bororo (G71) bororo (G71) See Language page
Central Aymara order Anura jamp´atu xampʔatu See Language page
Kwazá order Anura koko, kotorɛ, kurukuru, ukato (these are names for various species of toad) koko, kotorɛ, kurukuru, ukato (these are names for various species of toad) See Language page
Movima order Anura huarańtei (J62) xuarańtei See Language page
Kaingang order Anura pèpo pɛpo See Language page
Djeoromitxi order Anura txinikakä tʃinikakǝ See Language page
Lokono order Anura sibero sibeɾo toad Pet 1987:375 no
Kariña order Anura tutukuri tutukuri frog sp. Courtz 2007:395 no