Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Yokuts Palewyami

Family
Penutian
Region
North America
ISO 639-3
yok
Location
0.00°, 0.00°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (185)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location tullaw “up” unique Gamble 1991
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar missing
all todo todos other k'umuy' inheritance JPH Gamble 91
and y e grammar missing
ankle tobillo tornozelo body keyu inheritance K1963
armpit axila, sobaco axila body kit-te/-ne-se-kil inheritance CHM Berman 2002
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment hapac inheritance K 1963
at en, a em, a location missing
back espalda costas body pet-te/-kin unique Berman 2002
bad mal mal quality tiT'ipis, inheritance Gamble 1991
belly barriga barriga body To\ot inheritance K1963, Berman 2002
below abajo, debajo abaixo location huplew “down” unique JPH Berman 2002
big grande grande quality nema7 unique JPH Berman 2002
bite morder morder body missing
black negro preto colour moTka inheritance K1963
blood sangre sangue body hi:pa7 inheritance K1963, W&G
blow soplar soprar body missing
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body missing
bone hueso osso body che/-yA /chiya7/ ch'iy A is a breve inheritance W&G
breast pecho, seno peito body mI/\nits inheritance K1963
breathe respirar respirar body missing
burn quemar queimar environment missing
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body missing
child niño, niña criança human wechHip inheritance W&G
climb subir subir motion missing
cloud nube nuvem environment k'eli inheritance K1963
cold frío frio quality T'emi7 (cold weather) unknown JPH Gamble
come venir vir motion missing
cook cocinar cozinhar impact his/-tah “cooked, ripe” inheritance CHM Berman 2002
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality missing
count contar contar mental missing
cry llorar chorar mental ah-an inheritance K 1963
cut/hack cortar cortar impact missing
day día dia time missing
die/be dead morir morrer state Tawatsi “he is dead” inheritance JPH Berman 2002
dig cavar cavar impact missing
dingo/wolf fauna yev-lE/-che “big wolf”; E is e breve loan CHM Berman 2002
dirty sucio sujo quality hoT'ol' (of water) unknown Gamble 1991
dream soñar sonhar mental an-nat/-wel-ti/ “a dream” loan into protolanguage CHM Berman 2002
drink beber, tomar beber body okon inheritance K1963
dry seco seco quality ch'apensi “se seco/” Gamble 91 unknown Gamble 1991
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality missing
dust polvo poeira environment missing
ear oreja orelha body tok inheritance K 1963
earth/soil tierra terra environment happil inheritance JPH in Gamble 91
eat comer comer body na- inheritance K1963
egg huevo ovo fauna hong/-e inheritance CHM Berman 2002
eye ojo olho body shesha7 inheritance W&G
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body petik' inheritance JPH Gamble 91
fall caer cair motion missing
far lejos longe quality wa inheritance K1963
fat/grease grasa gordura body hIga inheritance K1963
father padre, papá pai kinship nopop inheritance JPH in Gamble 91
fear miedo medo mental o-lo/-yo “afraid” loan into protolanguage, direction unknown CHM Berman 2002
feather pluma pena fauna kep/-pel inheritance CHM Berman 2002
fire fuego fogo environment 7oSotH inheritance W&G
fish xx xx fauna lopHaTH inheritance W&G
flow fluir fluir motion missing
flower flor flor environment missing
fly volar voar motion missing
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment missing
foot pie pé body cayAtel unique K 1963
fruit fruta fruta flora missing
good bueno bom quality 7inishtHa7 inheritance Gamble 91 JPH
grow crecer crescer state missing
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body Tuk unique K1963
hand mano mão body 7axaT unique K1963
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar missing
head cabeza cabeça body -to:k unique Berman 2002
hear oír ouvir mental missing
heavy pesado pesado quality missing
hide esconder esconder motion missing
hit golpear, pegar bater impact missing
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other missing
how? como como grammar missing
1sg yo eu grammar na7 (genitive is ken) inheritance Gamble 1991
if si se grammar missing
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location missing
intestines intestinos intestinos body missing
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body missing
kill matar matar impact missing
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental hututwi inheritance JPH Gamble 91
lake lago lago environment p'a7aSi, p'a7ashew loan into protolanguage Gamble 91
laugh reír rir mental hayau inheritance K 1963
leaf hoja folha environment t'apt'ap inheritance JPH Gamble 91
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body missing
leg/foot pierna perna body tsi-ah/-tel/-kin “whole leg” (caya/\tel “foot” K63) CHM tsi- is /tsay/ unique CHM Berman 2002
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion missing
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment we-we/-ah unique CHM Berman 2002
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body missing
liver hígado figado body dI/\p inheritance K 1963
long largo comprido, longo quality so-loo/-ko unknown CHM Berman 2002
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna tHiheTH (head) inheritance W&G
lung pulmón pulmão body co\mat inheritance K 1963
man/male hombre homem human lo:tep unique JPH Gamble 91
meat/flesh carne carne fauna ke/-kel-e: inheritance CHM Berman 2002
moon luna lua environment 7opHos inheritance JPH Gamble 91
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship nexet JPH; unique JPH Gamble 91
mouth boca boca body shema7 inheritance W&G
name nombre nome human wa7shet inheritance JPH Gamble 91
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body missing
near/close cerca de perto quality missing
neck cuello pescoço body xingits inheritance K 1963
new nuevo novo quality missing
night noche noite time toyon inheritance K 1963
no/not no não grammar k'ami “No” loan direction unknown JPH Gamble 91
nose nariz nariz body Thengik' inheritance W&G
old viejo velho quality mo-kal-ta inheritance CHM Berman 2002
one uno um number yit' inheritance JPH Gamble 91
open/uncover abrir abrir other missing
other otro outro grammar missing
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body tE-hit/-nah “I am sick” inheritance CHM Berman 2002
person/human being persona pessoa human tah-aht “Indian person”; inheritance CHM Berman 2002
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact missing
rain lluvia chuva environment xot'o inheritance K1963
red rojo vermelho colour holo/tsgai unique K1963
right/right hand derecha direita location/body missing
road/path camino caminho manufacture pHi7el' loan into protolanguage JPH Gamble 91
root raíz raiz flora missing
rotten podrido podre quality pawt/-kan/-nah inheritance CHM Berman 2002
sand arena areia environment hicha7 unique JPH Gamble 91
say decir dizer mental xai-si “talk” K 1963 inheritance K1963
scratch rascar rasgar impact missing
see ver ver mental telew' unique JPH Gamble 91
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality missing
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact missing
short corto curto quality ken-ne/-che unknown CHM Berman 2002
shoulder hombro ombro body gepcil inheritance K 1963
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental missing
sit sentar(se) sentar state ho/7 inheritance K 1963
skin piel pele body p'a:lai unique K1963
sky cielo céu environment dulau unique K1963
sleep dormir dormir body k'enew Gamble 91 unique JPH Gamble 91
small pequeño pequeno quality muchuchu7 (cns. symbolism) unique JPH Gamble 91
smoke humo fumaça environment muTka inheritance K 1963
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body missing
spit escupir cuspir body missing
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact missing
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact missing
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact missing
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state wi:wel inheritance K 1963
star estrella estrela environment c'oyo:tas loan direction unknown W&G (JPH)
steal robar roubar other missing
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora wechit unknown JPH Berman 2002
stone piedra pedra environment xelul' inheritance JPH Gamble 91
suck chupar chupar body missing
sweat sudar suor, suar body miinga unique K 1963
swell hincharse inchar body missing
swim nadar nadar motion missing
tail cola, rabo rabo body k'otosh inheritance JPH Gamble 91
that ese/esa esse grammar ta7 inheritance JPH Gamble 91
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar 7aman unknown JPH Gamble 91
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality missing
thin delgado fino quality missing
think pensar pensar mental missing
this este/esta este grammar xi inheritance JPH Gamble 91
2sg xx xx grammar ma7 inheritance JP Gamble 91
three tres tres number So:pHin inheritance W&G
throat garganta garganta body o-ken/-ken, oo-gen-git inheritance CHM Berman 2002
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact witi Gamble unknown JPH Gamble 91
thunder truenos trovão environment longlo unique K1963
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact missing
tongue lengua lingua body talApis inheritance K 1963
tooth diente dente body ti/\lei inheritance K 1963
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other missing
two dos dois number pongoy' JPH; pongoy W&G inheritance JPH Gamble 91
vomit vomitar vomitar body missing
walk caminar, andar andar motion tiutiu unique K1963
water agua agua environment 7elik' inheritance JPH &W&G
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar missing
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar na7an inheritance JPH Gamble 91
wet mojado molhado quality yo/-kan/-te unknown CHM Berman 2002
what? que, qué que grammar how-wahl/-te: inheritance CHM Berman 2002
when? cuando quando grammar missing
where? donde onde grammar helliw inheritance JPH Gamble 91
white blanco branco colour Teunga(n) unique K 1963
who? quien, quién quem grammar wat inheritance K 1963
wife esposa esposa kinship haht-nE/-kin “my wife” see “woman” unique CHM Berman 2002
wind viento vento environment Timya7 “windy” JPH; unknown JPH Gamble 91
wing ala asa body missing
woman/female mujer mulher human ketepHal JPH; H is aspiration unique JPH Gamble 91
work trabajar trabalhar other missing
yawn bostezar bocejar body missing
yellow amarillo amarelo colour missing
2pl ustedes vocês grammar ma7an (2Pl; there is a dual) inheritance JPH Gamble 91


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
abalone flora-fauna Haliotis spp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae pahng'-ī ant unique same underived Merriam 58:531 0 0 2 0 0 no
antelope flora-fauna Antilocapra americana mo'-ket' antelope loan into protolanguage Yokutsan unknown cog. w/ muxotani (Tulamni, Hometwoli) (Kroeber 1961:200); note Proto-Yuman *?-mu and Comcaac forms! Salinan moi “bighorn” (Mason). This may be a very old California word. Hah! The wanderwort antelope word; Salinan A mui; Widespread Hokan antelope/bighor WW %mo: same underived Merriam 58:517 2 1 0 0 0 no
badger flora-fauna Taxidea taxus ten-neu' badger inheritance Yokutsan widespread form, not universal same underived Merriam 58:517 2 1 0 0 0 yes
bald eagle flora-fauna Haliaeetus leucocephalus o-wik' Kroeber owik 1961;202 bald eagle, fish hawk inheritance Yokutsan nearly universal in Kroeber same underived Merriam 58:521 1 2 0 0 1 no
band-tail pigeon flora-fauna Patagioenas fasciata trok'-in-wah tr = T for Merriam band-tail pigeon unique Note Yawdanchi acongin?? (Yowl word and Nim-Yokuts is *s/howin, not the same) same underived Merriam 58:521 0 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp chim'-chim bat inheritance *c'im'c'im' Yokutsan only in Homet, Pal, Yawe in Kroeber; Callaghan 1997:30, possibly Yok-Utian given PU *şim ... same reduplicated Merriam 58:517 0 1 0 0 0 no
beaver flora-fauna Castor dibek beaver inheritance *t'/t''ɨpɨkʰ Yokutsan Whistler & Golla 1986:354 WW %t'ypyk same underived Kroeber 1961:201 2 1 0 0 0 no
beetle flora-fauna Coleoptera spp missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
big round tule flora-fauna Schoenoplectus acutus kolòlis round tule unique unique in Kroeber; Callaghan 2001:341 compares to Pyv *k'oji$ “tule sp.” and Mil ko:l “round tule”; Note Miss hoho:loj; same underived Kroeber 1961:199 2 1 2 0 0 no
big skunk flora-fauna Mephitis mephitis tsox skunk inheritance *cʰox Yokutsan Whistler & Golla 1986:356 same underived Kroeber 1961:201 2 2 0 0 0 no
big wolf (gray wolf) flora-fauna Canis lupus yev'-lĕ-che Big wolf inheritance Yokutsan looks like Choynolk and Yawe forms only; like these, probably derived from verb “to chase”s same derived from a verb yawa:l “to follow, to chase” in Yawe (Kroeber 1961:214 note 180), probably the same here, has -itch/its agentive element Merriam 58:515 1 2 0 0 0 yes
bighorn sheep flora-fauna Ovis canadensis missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna we-we'-che Kroeber wiwitsi “bird” 1961:201 bird, junco, horned lark, small bird (see “other notes” for small bird loan Kitanemuk This form only in Yowlumne, Palewyami, Hometwoli,in 3 different branches of Y. , but geographically adjacent and adjacent to Kitanemuk. K. ˈwiʦitat, with a good UA etymology, seems a likely source. same underived Initial syllable reduplicated from Kitanemuk witsitat Merriam 58:529 0 0 0 0 0 no
black ant flora-fauna Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
black bear flora-fauna Ursus americanus molay' bear loan Miwok only in Choynok, Yawe Callaghan 2001:333 says “may match PM *my:de “brown bear”. I think both are from “black, dark” P-U word; calling bears “the dark one, the brown one” is a near-universal WW %mol same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 1 2 0 0 0 yes
black-tail Jackrabbit flora-fauna Lepus californicus tōk'-sus tokcoc Kroeber 1961;200 black-tail jack rabbit unique unique in Kroeber same underived Merriam 58:519 2 1 0 0 0 no
blackberry flora-fauna Rubus ursinus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
blue grouse flora-fauna Dendrogapus? missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bobcat, lynx flora-fauna Lynx rufus ung-yōk' ongiok (Kroeber 1961:199 Bob-cat unique unique in Kroeber same underived Merriam 58:515 1 2 0 0 0 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera waw'-ki'-kitch butterfly loan Yowlumne Yokuts only Yawel wo:gay'gitc is resemblant (may be the same word, see Berman notes) same other complex has -itch/-its suffix, probably agentive Merriam 58:531 2 0 0 0 0 no
California condor flora-fauna Gymnogyps californianus wèts condor inheritance *wi*č' (N-Y) Yokutsan Golla 1964:61 WW %wit same underived Kroeber 1961:202 1 2 0 0 1 no
California jay flora-fauna Aphelocoma californica? ɂoyičaɂ blue jay unique nothing like this in Kroeber, he has all chay, Tai forms (1961:203) same underived Note that really nothing is known about Palewyami; word may have derivational elements Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 2 1 0 0 0 no
California woodpecker flora-fauna Melanerpes formicivorus? tal-lă'-kuk California woodpecker loan Yowlumne Yokuts Yawelmani has palâgak (Kroeber 1961:203), this is closest match, probably a loan; Golla 1964:66 has *phala:tath; Callaghan 1997:61 compares Pmi *palaT:a, noting “there are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts” WW %palaka ~ %pana(k) same underived Merriam 58:521 2 1 0 0 1 no
chia flora-fauna Salvia columbariae missing missing missing 1 1 1 0 0 no
chipmunk flora-fauna Tamias spp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
cliff swallow flora-fauna Petrochelidon pyrrhonota tan'-nah-pah'-kitch barn swallow (Hirundo) loan Yowlumne Yokuts Kroeber has Yawe danabak'yits -- same word? at 224. same other complex has -itch/-its suffix, probably agentive Merriam 58:523 2 1 0 0 0 no
coot flora-fauna Fulica americana concen mudhen unique unique in Kroeber same underived might have reduplication Kroeber 1961:204 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottontail rabbit flora-fauna Sylvilagus audobonii tiu cottontail rabbit inheritance *č,hiw, *thiw Yokutsan Golla 1964:61 same underived Kroeber 1961:200 2 1 0 0 0 no
cottonwood flora-fauna Populus spp. lep-pah cottonwood inheritance Yokutsan in Yawd, Yowl, etc., probably related to words for “leaf” WW %pat ~ %lapat same underived Merriam 58:533 2 0 2 0 0 no
coyote flora-fauna Canis latrans kʰeyew' coyote inheritance *kʰay'iw Yokutsan Whistler & Golla 1986:354 WW %kaju same underived weirdly similar to English “coyote” (from Nahuatl) Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 1 2 0 0 0 no
crow flora-fauna Corvus brachyrhynchos xotai crow, raven inheritance Yokutsan unique in Kroeber for “crow”, and NOT alwuT! But all but one of Kroeber's “raven” words (1961:202) look like this. broader (probably raven and crow) underived Kroeber 1961:203, confirmed Merriam 58:521 2 1 0 0 0 no
datura flora-fauna Datura wrightii tañai/'its leader of the Jimsonweed ritual (has 'its agentive) inheritance Yokutsan Kroeber lists widespread similar forms except Chaw. momu' from Chumash WW %tanai same no info the word shown is the agentive form of verb “to be drunk/crazy” and is not glossed “Datura” but does show that Palew. had this form Gayton 1:47 1 1 1 1 0 yes
deer, mule flora-fauna Odocoileus hemionus şiţ'ihal cedillas are subdots in original deer unique unique in Kroeber same underived Gamble 1991 from Harrington 2 1 0 0 0 no
digger pine flora-fauna Pinus sabiniana missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris č'i·sas dog inheritance *c'y:sys Yokutsan Callaghan 1997:58 suspects may be borrowed, compare Pmis *chuku same underived is -as a suffix? See Newman 1944:160. Probably not. Gamble 1991 from Harrington 0 0 0 0 0 no
dogbane flora-fauna Apocynum cannabinum missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna Zenaida macrocoura missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
elder flora-fauna Sambucus wiši·tʰaɂ elder, tree inheritance *wiše:thaɂ (NY) Yokutsan Merriam has seng'-el-tan; K 1961:219 gives Yd wicèta, Chuk ucèta; Golla 1964:61 same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 2 1 1 0 0 no
elk flora-fauna Cervas elaphus ɂoŋaţ' elk unique unique in Kroeber same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 2 1 0 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna lophʰoţ fish inheritance *lopʰiTʰ Yokutsan Whistler & Golla 1986:355; note Mis lapi:s-aj “fish” (Callaghan 1997:32) WW %lvp same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 0 1 0 0 0 no
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna Siphonaptera b'âk'el flea inheritance *p'a:k'il Yokutsan Whistler & Golla 1986:355 same underived Kroeber 1961:206 2 0 0 0 0 no
flicker flora-fauna Colaptes sp. te-wis'-se flicker inheritance *T'iwis(a) Yokutsan Callaghan 1937:38, compare PU *Tiw(:)a... same underived Merriam 58:521 2 1 0 0 1 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera b'onitskai fly inheritance *p'an'isk'aj ?? Yokutsan Callaghan 2001:326, same other complex *p'an “world” ... in Yawdanchi (Kroeber 1907:237) Kroeber 1961:205 0 0 0 0 0 no
foothills yucca flora-fauna Yucca whipplei missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
fox flora-fauna Vulpes, Urocyon ow'-chah Gray fox (Urocyon) inheritance *ɂawčhaɂ (NY) Yokutsan Golla 1964:62; Callaghan 2001:325 notes PW *ha:w “fox”, PM *haw “gray fox”, considers this YU-W-M, notes also Mim Ah-wah-ke “gray fox (Merriam) same underived Merriam 58:515 2 2 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna oo-koo'-ko frog unique this looks like a very widespread word for “frog”. Could Merriam have made a mistake? same onomatopoeic Merriam 58:529 2 2 0 0 0 no
golden eagle flora-fauna Aquila chrysaetos pa'-sah (Merriam), bò uca (Kroeber) golden eagle unique Hometwoli in Kroeber is baâc, only resemblant form. pa- has a UA feel to it, but uncertain same underived could this be pa-witsa “big bird” in a Takic language??? Merriam 58:521; Kroeber 1961:203 1 2 0 0 1 no
gooseberry flora-fauna Ribes spp. missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
gopher snake, bull snake flora-fauna Pituophis catenifer missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Caelifera tat'-kā grasshopper unique only resemblant in Kroeber is Nutunutu ToTutoi, Wo'lasi DoDotic; might be Golla's Nim-Y *t'a:n-, *č'a:n- same underived probably has reduplicated first syllable with syncope Merriam 58:531 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray ground squirrel flora-fauna Sphermophilus sp. šaxtʱil squirrel; ground squirrel in Kroeber 1961:200 loan into protolanguage *şixthil/*şixi:thal Yokutsan Yok-Utian Callaghan 1937:38, compare Pmiw *čiTe, and similar costanoan forms in sich, chich WW %sik same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 2 1 0 0 0 no
gray tree squirrel flora-fauna Sciurus spp. k'itiyec' tree squirrel unique unique in Kroeber same other complex probably has the -itch agentive suffix (Newman shows it with glottalization) Gamble 1991 from Harrington 2 1 0 0 0 no
great horned owl flora-fauna Bubo virginianus ho'ho'-wŏ-let' great horned owl unique Yawelmani hutuluwèitc only remotely similar form in Kroeber, heleTi (1961:202). I give Merriam form because bird is securely identified. Note Miss hoh:oho-. same other complex has the -wilets element on an onomatopoeic root again Merriam 58:521 1 2 2 0 1 no
grizzly bear flora-fauna Ursus arctos horribilis t'enšiɂ bear, grizzly unique unique in Kroeber: “Newman gives an alternative Yawe term, t'en, which recurs in Pal” (Kroeber 1961:214 note 178) same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 1 2 0 0 0 yes
horned toad flora-fauna Phrynosomatidae chēch-pah'-bo horned toad inheritance Yokutsan Merriam has this form everywhere same underived probably etymologically complex but elements have no obvious analysis Merriam 58:529 2 2 2 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus kawayuɂ horse loan Spanish WW %caballo same underived Merriam 58:? 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae pā'-mum-kutch hummingbird loan Yowlumne Yokuts similar forms in Yowl, Yawd. Berman 2002 notes that Merriam's consultant was bilingual in Yowl, Pal. same other complex -itch, its suffix probably an agentive Merriam 58:525 0 0 0 0 0 no
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana spp. còg'en tobacco inheritance *suk... Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997:41, Yok-Utian, or a very old loan narrower (perhaps just the tobacco itself and not the plant; see “other notes”) other complex the word appears in diverse derivations; Newman 1944:148 notes a deverbal suffix -in, -n in Yokutsan Merriam 58:541, Kroeber 1961 1 1 1 1 0 yes
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 variable
junco flora-fauna Junco sppp we-we'-che junco, horned lark, small bird (see other notes on small bird) loan Kitanemuk See remarks for (2) “bird” broader (apparently includes generally indefinite small birds) underived reduplication of initial syllable from Kitanemuk witsitat Merriam 58:525 0 1 0 0 0 no
juniper flora-fauna Juniperus californica missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
louse flora-fauna order Phtiraptera tiheT louse (Kroeber 1961:216 Note 262/263 “really denotes the head louse”) inheritance *tʰihiTʰ Yokutsan Whistler & Golla 1986:355; Callaghan 2007:327 “matches PM *di- 'head louse'” narrower (head louse only) underived Kroeber 1961:206 2 0 0 0 0 no
mallard flora-fauna Anas platyrhynchos oxuxum mallard loan Yowlumne Yokuts identical to Yawelmani form (bilingual consultant; see Berman 2002) same underived Kroeber 1961:204 2 1 0 0 0 no
manzanita flora-fauna Arctostaphylos spp. opTo manzanita inheritance *ɂaphThiw Yokutsan Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:325 notes Maidu ?ekpy “large manzanita” same underived Kroeber 1961:199 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, broad leaf flora-fauna Asclepias eriocarpa missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
milkweed, narrow leaf flora-fauna Asclepias fascicularis missing missing missing 0 1 1 0 0 no
mission tule flora-fauna Juncus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
mockingbird flora-fauna Mimus polyglottos missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna Heterocera missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
mountain lion flora-fauna Puma concolor wihi·šet mountain lion inheritance *wehe:sith Yokutsan Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:333 “Wp wok'en 'mountain lion' matches the Proto-Yokuts form” same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 1 2 0 0 0 yes
mountain quail flora-fauna Oreortyx pictus humŋol quail (this is Merriam's “mountain quail”, Lophortyx) but Kroeber's “quail” semantic shift *humn-ul Yokutsan Golla 1964:64; Gamble considers the /ng/ to be perhaps sign of UA influence WW %hum same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 2 1 0 0 0 no
mussel flora-fauna Mytilus spp. missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
olivella (olive snail) flora-fauna Callianax biplicata missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 1 no
pinyon jay flora-fauna Cyanocitta stelleri? hi-hi'-wil-let' crested jay loan into protolanguage *xay- Yokutsan unknown Golla 1964:63; probably a loan at some point, word is widespread WW %kaj same other complex the -wilet suffix is repeated in the Pal. data on other sound-imitative forms, may mean “says” (wi may be the -wiyi “goes.like” suffix discussed by Newman 1944 Merriam 58:521 2 1 0 0 0 no
pinyon pine flora-fauna Pinus monophylla wetʰak' pinyon inheritance Yokutsan Kroeber lists similar forms for Yawd, Wik, Tach, Chun, Yowl at p. 211 #163; Note Merriam's Yowl wut'-tuk broader (includes tree and nuts) underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 2 1 2 0 1 no
pismo clam flora-fauna Tivella stultorum gîxa beads (“disk beads of clam shell” Kroeber 1961:213) loan into protolanguage Yokutsan Takic (?) nearly universal in K , either inheritance or Yowl loan but doesn't have /e/, so probably inheritance WW %kys narrower (the beads, perhaps not the animal or the whole shell) underived Kroeber 1961:194 2 1 0 0 1 no
pocket gopher flora-fauna Thomomys to-to'-it pocket gopher unique no other eg's in Merriam's lists same reduplicated Merriam 58:519 2 1 0 0 0 no
poison oak flora-fauna Toxicodendron diversilobum missing missing missing 2 2 2 0 0 yes
rattlesnake flora-fauna Crotalus spp. Tiel rattlesnake inheritance *Thy?yl Yokutsan Callaghan 2001:326, “matches PW *ch'iwil” same underived Gayton 1:47 has Te'Ed Kroeber 1961:204; Merriam 58:529; also in Gayton I:47 1 2 0 0 0 yes
red ant flora-fauna Solenopsis spp missing missing missing 1 0 1 0 0 no
red-shouldered blackbird flora-fauna Agelaius phoeniceus missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
red-tailed hawk flora-fauna Buteo jamaicensis esem red-tailed hawk unique unique in Kroeber same underived Kroeber 1961:202 (Merriam 58:521 confirms red-tailed hawk) 2 2 0 0 0 no
roadrunner flora-fauna Geococcyx californianus uiuiwiléits roadrunner inheritance *ɂoyɂoy (NY) Yokutsan Callaghan 1939:60, compare Pmie *?uj(:)uj:u- WW %uji same other complex has -wilets element Kroeber 1961:204 2 1 0 0 0 no
ruddy duck flora-fauna Oxyura jamaicensis missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
sage herb flora-fauna Artemisia californica missing missing missing 2 2 1 0 0 no
salmon/steelhead flora-fauna Oncorhynchus mykiss ɂi·peş salmon (Merriam's “big steelhead salmon”) Kroeber's “lake trout” inheritance Yokutsan nearly universal in Kroeber same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 2 1 0 0 0 no
scaly lizard flora-fauna Pygopus lepidopodus? kah-tahl'-mut Scaly lizard unique nothing similar in Kroeber same phrase -mut is probably -meT "big" Merriam 58:529 2 2 0 0 0 no
small bird flora-fauna we-we'-che “a general word for a bird or a small bird” unique unknown Berman 2002:435 interpeting CHM 2 1 0 0 0 no
small brown lizard flora-fauna cònteya lizard sp. inheritance *k'on- Yokutsan not identical to the Yowlumne form so probably inherited same underived *k'on seems to be a separable element but no etymology for increments Kroeber 1961:205 2 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
soaproot flora-fauna Chlorogalum missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sour berry flora-fauna Rhus trilobata missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
sparrow hawk flora-fauna Falco e-titch'-wāy sparrow hawk inheritance *?yt'ychH Yokutsan Callaghan 1937:59 says is only Nim, but this form suggests Yokutsan; compare Mil ?i:t'it, (loanword from Patwin?) same other complex clearly has a -we: increment, function and meaning unknown; compare word for “band-tail pigeon” with final -wah in Merriam on a possible cognate Merriam 58:521 2 2 0 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 0 variable
spotted skunk flora-fauna Spilogale gracilis missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna Bufonidae missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) we-che'-taht A tree inheritance Yokutsan unlike any other form in Kroeber 1961 but see Kroeber 1961:219 words for “stick” in Yawd, Yawel broader (probably includes stick, wood) underived I suspect some derivation but no analysis possible Merriam 58:511 0 0 2 0 0 no
tree yucca flora-fauna Yucca schidegera missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
turkey buzzard flora-fauna Cathartes aura šeŋhi buzzard unique Vaguely similar form in Tulamni, otherwise unique in Kroeber same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington?) 2 2 0 0 0 no
turtle (generic) flora-fauna Testudines trŏ'-tah turtle loan Yowlumne Yokuts Yawelmani T'od/to', Yawdanchi Toto is only similar form in Kroeber; presumably a Nim-Yokuts form borrowed into Palewyami (perhaps a nonce borrowing by this late generation speaker) same underived Merriam 58:529 2 2 0 0 1 no
valley live oak flora-fauna Quercus agrifolia e'-sen-ne Black oak (Q. californica (= kelloggii?) inheritance Yokutsan Kroeber lists similar forms (he has Pal isen) widespread same underived Merriam 58:533 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley oak flora-fauna Quercus lobata to'-kŏt Valley oak (Q. lobata) unique Kroeber has kimiax “plains oak”; I trust Merriam same underived Merriam 58:533 2 1 2 0 1 no
valley quail flora-fauna Callipepla californica Tepid mountain quail inheritance *T'iphith Yokutsan Golla 1964:64 same underived Kroeber 1961:203 2 1 0 0 0 no
Washington clam flora-fauna Saxidomus nuttalli missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 1 no
Western Canada goose flora-fauna Branta canadensis la'la goose loan into protolanguage *laɂlaɂ Yokutsan unknown Golla 1964:62; Callaghan 1997:59 compare Pcos *la'lak; nisenan la:lak' “gray goose, Maidu lylyk' “flock of geese WW %lala ~ %lak broader (any goose although others may have special names) reduplicated Kroeber 1961:204 0 1 0 0 0 no
whale flora-fauna Eschrichtius robustus missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
white pelican flora-fauna Pelicanus erythrorhynchos missing missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
wild grapevine flora-fauna Vitis californica missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild oats flora-fauna Avena (introduction) missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 0 no
wild rose flora-fauna Rosa californica missing missing missing 0 1 2 0 0 no
wild sunflower flora-fauna Helianthus (and other genera) missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
willow flora-fauna Salix spp. missing missing missing 2 2 1 0 0 no
wood rat, round-tail flora-fauna Neotoma spp. hoo'-mutch'-e, hoo'-mut-che round-tail wood rat inheritance Yokutsan widespread form, not universal; note Yawd domòdumutc same reduplicated basically dumu-ch (perhaps agentive suffix); Yowl form means “gathers wood” but is not the same verb Merriam 58:519 2 1 0 0 0 no
worm, hairy caterpillar flora-fauna Arctiidae (many species) missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
worm, smooth caterpillar flora-fauna Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 no
yellow jacket flora-fauna Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp. missing missing missing 2 0 0 0 0 no
yellowbird flora-fauna Dendroica petechia missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
yerba santa flora-fauna Eriodictyon californicum missing missing missing 2 1 1 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna pahng/-gi:/ unknown CHM Berman 2002
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna wiwitsi loan direction unknown K1963
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna b'onitskai unknown K 1963
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna ch'i:sas doubtful loan into protolanguage JPH Gamble 91
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna missing
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna SiT'ihal' unique JPH Berman 2002
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna Te7et “rattlesnake” inheritance Source? JPH
spider araña aranha flora-fauna missing


Cultural Vocabulary (115)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
acorn mush food sop-loo'-is acorn mush unknown CHM; might be a loan, note Southern Chumash šïpïtïš simplex Berman 2002
ball game food missing missing
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing missing
feather headband dress cux headdress inheritance Proto-Yokutsan PNY Golla simplex Gamble 1991
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool k'el-k'al arrow (P) unique g'el-g'el Kroeber 1907:344; unique in Kroeber's dialect survey list; Gamble wahayi7 'war arrow' reduplicated Gamble 1991
arrow straightener other missing missing
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool missing missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing missing
stone bowl culture-material missing missing
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material ko'-se basket (general term), large cooking basket of split coil, about 14" in diameter unknown note wo-ne' 'close-weave burden basket' and wono words in Numic simplex Berman 2002
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material missing missing
basketry hat culture-material taw-ton-ti', taw'-tun-kin woman's hat (taw-ton-ti worn when carrying pack basket) unknown derived Berman 2002
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material gixa beads loan into protolanguage Proto-Yokutsan Takic WW %kys see Kroeber 1962 forms simplex Kroeber 1962
ochre culture-mythology missing missing
bow arco arco subsistence tool keTngal' bow unknown also in Hometwoli, Tulamni; getsñ-il, gatsiñ-il Kroeber 1907:341 simplex Gamble 1991
canoe canoa canoa transport missing missing
carrying net subsistence tool chem-moo'-lis-tan carrying net unknown derived instrumental -lis Berman 2002
bottle botella garrafa acculturation choo'-chep-pē bottle, water unknown simplex Berman 2002
paper papel papel acculturation missing missing
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology te'-yah chief inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see Yawel, Yawd forms; Kroeber diiya derived from *de:-yi 'take the lead' Newman 156 Berman 2002
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool missing missing
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress yok'-wahs breech cloth unknown simplex Berman 2002
cook food food his'-tah cooked (also means ripe) inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see Yawel derived Merriam 44:481
corpse food taw-tan-toi' corpse, literally 'dead body' inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see Yawdanchi entry derived Berman 2002
dance (generic) culture-mythology het-tim' a dance inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see Yawelmani; Kroeber has wod-oiyits 'to dance' derived Berman 2002
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology missing missing
digging stick subsistence tool che'-tel-kin digging stick inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Yawdanchi she'-tet Merriam 44:187 derived productive -kin, -ken Berman 2002
dipper subsistence tool missing missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology an-nat'-wel-ti' a dream inheritance Proto-Yokutsan derived Berman 2002
drone pipe culture-mythology missing missing
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology missing missing
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing missing
earring other yo-wah'-ken-tan ear pendant unknown derived Berman 2002
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology el-lit'R devil or bad spirit inheritance Yok-Utian WW %7el Callaghan 1997:58; compare Cupan 7elel7ish 'bad' and I think this is other places too, find simplex Berman 2002
fire drill subsistence tool missing missing
fire-tender culture-mythology missing missing
fireplace hogar lareira other haw-to'-nā-hi' fireplace inheritance Proto-Yokutsan derived Berman 2002
firewood leña lenha other 7etis wood inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see Yd, Yw forms derived Gamble 1991
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing missing
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool chek'-ke fish line inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see 'string' simplex Berman 2002
fish hook subsistence tool missing missing
acorn bread food kah-ahs acorn cake hardened in water CHM simplex Berman 2002
wheat food missing missing
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology missing missing
gambling sticks other missing missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food missing missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology elit ghost (Kroeber) inheritance Yok-Utian WW %7el Callaghan 1997:58 simplex Callaghan 1997:58
glue subsistence tool missing missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology taw'-lo grave in ground, dug by women with digging stick unknown derived Berman 2002
alcohol food missing missing
Datura wrightii narcotics missing missing
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology 7engThew shaman inheritance Proto-Yokutsan simplex Whislter & Golla
honey miel mel food missing missing
house other Ti7 house inheritance Proto-Yokutsan simplex Gamble 1991
hunt cazar caçar food missing missing
initiate boy culture-mythology missing missing
initiate girl culture-mythology missing missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material no-kuts'-so knife (any) inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see 'obsidian'; Yawelmani k'ac' 'obsidian', but chah'-sip 'obsidian knife' Merriam 44:481 (from UA with sip???) derived Berman 2002
mat culture-material teng'-e mat of reeds or tules inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Yawelmani Thiniy 'spread something out'; also kaw-kaw'-lis simplex Berman 2002
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool missing missing
necklace other wal-leht' necklace (general term, shells, bones, beads) inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see Yawelmani walaTh 'necklace' simplex Berman 2002
needle/awl subsistence tool pah'-wik bone awl used in basketry inheritance Proto-Yokutsan simplex Berman 2002
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool pol'-woi stone pestle inheritance WW %polwa simplex Berman 2002
pinole food missing missing
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other bamung pipe inheritance Proto-Yokutsan WW %pa7mo probably Utian simplex Kroeber 1962
pitch food to-lo'-kut resin or pitch unknown might be a cognate with Pyn *ThoxoTh (Golla 1964:65 'soaproot') derived guessing Berman 2002
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool missing missing
quiver subsistence tool missing missing
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology che'-was rattle loan Southern Chumashan simplex Berman 2002
red paint culture-mythology haw'-yu, sēp'-woo-tan' red paint (used by women (only)) inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see Yawl, Yawd simplex Berman 2002
salt sal sal food kā'-yu salt inheritance Utian Callaghan 1997:33 simplex Berman 2002
seed beater subsistence tool missing missing
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology missing missing
sinew-backed bow subsistence tool missing missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material yep'-pil-tan apron (front) unknown CHM simplex Berman 2002
snare subsistence tool pow>ng-ă trap (general term) inheritance Proto-Yokutsan derived Berman 2002
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology 7ytykh barred i to sing inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Probably Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997:27; Gamble 1991 derived Gamble 1991
spear lanza lança subsistence tool to-koi'-tan fish spear inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Yawelmani t'ukuy 'to spear fish' simplex Berman 2002
stirring stick food missing missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture c'ekiy' č' (JPH) string inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Whistler & Golla 343 simplex Gamble 1991
bag, sack culture-material mo-ket' bag or sack substratal WW %mok see Wanderwoerter list, e.g. Comcaac mojet!; same as 'antelope', as with different word in Tubatulabal simplex Berman 2002
string of shell money other paw'-li wampum, money of shell inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Yawelmani pholay 'small beads' simplex Berman 2002
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation missing missing
sweathouse other moos'-sahn sweat house, council house inheritance Proto-Yokutsan WW %mosh moo'-sahn Merriam 44:479 other complex mus' 'ceremonial house' (open brush) Berman 2002
tell history culture-mythology missing missing
cremate culture-mythology missing missing
tobacco (native) narcotics so'-kon tobacco inheritance Yok-Utian WW %sokon Callaghan 1997:41 simplex Berman 2002
tule boat transport o'won boat inheritance Proto-Yokutsan derived vowel harmony shows derivation Kroeber 1962
white paint culture-mythology missing missing
winnowing basket culture-material missing missing
wood tray subsistence tool missing missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress tom'-mi sandals inheritance Proto-Yokutsan see Yawelmani tamay simplex Berman 2002
medicine narcotics toi-yah'CH medicine inheritance simplex Berman 2002
cradleboard culture-material wā-tes-ti' baby basket unknown other complex Berman 2002
policeman polícia policía acculturation missing missing
soldier soldado soldado acculturation missing missing
corn food missing missing
beans food missing missing
cat gato gato acculturation missing missing
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation missing missing
hat sombero chapéu dress missing missing
clapper acculturation tah-what'-wel reverse a and h music stick of split elder loan Yowlumne Yokuts tah-what'-wil (Porterville) Merriam 44:451 simplex Berman 2002
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material missing
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture missing
bottom grinding stone manufacture he-se/-ha: “metate, hand stone for rubbing” inheritance Berman 2002
digging stick subsistence tool che/-til-kin (ch'i ... JHH) unknown CHM Berman 2002
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture missing
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture pol/-woi “pestle” loan into protolanguage, direction unknown Berman 2002
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool keTngal' unknown JPH Gamble 91
spear lanza lança subsistence tool k'elk'al' unique JPH Gamble 91
house other Ti7 (house of tule mats acc. to CHM); inheritance JPH Berman 2002


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
small HG medium seasonal no