| Bankalachi Toloim |
Crotalus spp. |
sim-mont, su'-maht |
|
Rattlesnake (Crotalus spp.) |
inheritance |
*samɨnɨ |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
. AT LAST. A UTO-AZTECAN WORD (same as Tubatulabal) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
-t is the non-possessed-noun suffix |
|
|
|
C. H. Merriam 72-79, 60-463 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Crotalus spp. |
to'-gwah (RV), to-go'-ah (RM) 61:49 |
|
rattlesnake (Crotalus) |
inheritance |
*tɨ-*koNwa |
Numic |
|
Stubbs 2009, this prefix only in Numic |
|
|
same |
underived |
etymologicall a phrase, rock-snake |
|
|
|
Merriam 61:81 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Cahuilla |
Crotalus spp. |
séwet |
ˈsewet |
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨ |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280) |
|
|
broader (Bean 1972:61 states that this is generic “snake”, and gives mesa7a as “rattlesnake”; also given by S&H |
other complex |
sewe-t |
-7aʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:183 |
no info |
1 |
Moon gaves snakes their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44) |
2 |
“Rattlesnakes were eaten, at least among the Cahuilla” (Lightfoot and Parrish 2009:359) “A particular favorite” (Bean 1972:61) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Crotalus spp. |
wák:a:lì |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Miwokan |
|
Bodega Dic |
|
|
|
other complex |
-:li an unproductive suffix with animal names |
|
|
|
Freeland & Broadbent 1960 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Crotalus spp. |
kwe-ets; |
kwijátsI JPH kwiijaatsI (Press) |
Rattlesnake (Crotalus) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (generic for snake) |
other complex |
has -ci ABS |
|
|
|
Merriam 59:535 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Crotalus spp. |
xʃap |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Chumash |
|
Obispeno kaxʃap |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Beeler 1978:190 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Crotalus spp. |
H'shahp, k'shahp' |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Chumash |
|
Obispeno kaxʃap |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:17 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Crotalus spp. |
kaxʃap |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Chumash |
|
e.g. Ventureno xʃap |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
JPH 92:0774 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Crotalus spp. |
xʃap |
|
rattlesnake Merriam confirms 55:47) |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Chumash |
|
Obispeno kaxʃap |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mamet 2008:18; |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Crotalus spp. |
ɂawí |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
Note Kiliwa ?+wi? |
|
|
broader (any snake) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Crawford 1989 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Crotalus spp. |
wɨhtsabeyakatɨ |
|
rattle snake |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
finite clause? |
wɨhtsabeya-katɨ rattle- sits |
|
|
|
Robinson & Armagost 1990:163 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Crotalus spp. |
sewet |
ˈsəwət |
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈsəwə-t rattlesnake-npn |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Hill & Nolasquez 1973:171 |
no info |
1 |
Mukat's handsomest son (Strong 1929:269) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Crotalus spp. |
ipišikša (Pinart); tsetselk-kamati (Henshaw) |
|
rattlesnake |
loan |
|
|
Costanoan |
compares Costanan ipi (wa/x/š) |
|
|
|
other complex |
-$a classifier suffix |
-$a |
|
|
Shaul 1988:699; Turner & Shaul 1981:120 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Crotalus spp. |
$o:t |
şo:t |
vibora, Black Diamondback Rattler |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
narrower (seems to mean this particular species of rattlesnake, or have that as prototype) |
other complex |
şo:-t rattlesnake-npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 596 |
no info |
1 |
Couplet in Luiseno, so probably at Creator's mourning ceremony |
2 |
Reid said rattlesnake not eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Crotalus spp. |
ɂewii |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
Note Kiliwa ?+wi? |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Couro & Hutcheson 1973 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Crotalus spp. |
togowa |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*tɨ-*koNwa |
Proto-Numic |
|
Stubbs 2009 but with this prefix only Numic |
|
|
same |
phrase |
to-gowa rock-snake (synchronically???) |
|
|
|
Zigmond et al. |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Crotalus spp. |
?+wi?=pnthit |
|
Rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
|
|
|
narrower (species of rattlesnake, probably Crotalus viridus) |
phrase |
?+wi?=pnthit dummy.nominal-snake-? (appears only in this expression) |
|
|
|
Mixco 1985 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Crotalus spp. |
hɨŋt |
hɨŋt |
snake, rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
broader (also generic for snake, but rattlesnake prototype) |
other complex |
hɨŋ-t rattlesnake-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:312 |
no info |
1 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Crotalus spp. |
holóomaj |
|
rattlesnake |
loan |
|
|
Wappo |
Note Wappo holo:wik'a “snake” |
|
|
|
other complex |
-aj |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1965 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Crotalus spp. |
$óowut |
ʹşo:wut |
black diamondback rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2009:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
narrower (Black diamondback only, some evidence of a generic use |
derived |
ʹşo:-wu-t snake.sp-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (I don't think -wut here is augmentative historically but clearly is treated as such, cf. $oomal, another species |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999: 873 |
no info |
1 |
couplet: $oowut, pa'yamal “b.d. rattlesnake, raccoon” (in men's song)(E); Chingichngish animal (Sparkman 1908:218) |
2 |
probably not, most Chingichngish animals not eaten |
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Crotalus spp. |
catátak'a |
|
rattlesnake |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
derived |
rattle - X |
|
|
|
Shipley 1963 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Crotalus spp. |
ɂave |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
Note Kiliwa ?+wi? |
|
|
broader (any snake) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Munro et al.1992 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Crotalus spp. |
7ippi |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Costanoan |
|
Esselen ipišikša (Pinart), noted by Shaul;probably C > E because Kroeber has in Mont, Sjb, Sc (Sta Clara) |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Okrand 1977:145 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Crotalus spp. |
kojmo |
|
rattlesnake |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Uldall & Shipley 1966 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Crotalus spp. |
togoggwa |
togokwa Thornes 2003:298 |
Rattlesnake (Crotalus) |
inheritance |
*tɨ-koNwa |
Numic |
|
UA “snake” word *koNwa is Stubbs 2009, but this form is only in Numic |
|
|
same |
underived |
etymologically a phrase, “earth-snake” |
|
|
|
Yerington Dictionary |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Crotalus spp. |
wak:a:li- |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Miwokan |
|
Bodega Dic (no reconstruction given) |
|
|
|
other complex |
-:li |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1987 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Crotalus spp. |
wac:akah, wac:akas, |
|
rattlesnake |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1984 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Crotalus spp. |
sme:koí |
|
rattlesnake |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
s- animal prefix |
|
|
|
Mason 1918:124 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Crotalus spp. |
smekoí |
|
rattlesnake |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
s- animal prefix |
|
|
|
Mason 1918:124 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Crotalus spp. |
cocázni |
|
rattlesnake, especially Western Diamondback (C. atrox) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (does not include sidewinders, for e.g.) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Comcaac Dictionary 197 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Crotalus spp. |
hyr:ng-t |
|
rattlesnake (CHM confirms) |
inheritance |
*sɨwɨn- |
Takic |
|
S2011a (Stubbs 2008:280); not Stubbs' reconstruction, but Kitanemuk, Serrano are conservative in retaining these nasals. |
|
|
|
other complex |
-t NPN |
|
|
|
KCHill ms 2001:17 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Crotalus spp. |
togoavi |
|
Rattlesnake (Crotalus spp.) |
inheritance |
*koNwa |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 2009 (2008:279); the to- “earth” prefix widespread in Numic |
|
|
same |
other complex |
has -pi ABS |
|
|
|
Sapir 1930:688 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Crotalus spp. |
law:ati- |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
|
Sierra Miwokan only |
|
In Mics |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Broadbent 1964: |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Crotalus spp. |
togóa-vI |
|
rattlesnake, snake |
inheritance |
*koNwa |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 2009 (2008:279); this word with the to- prefix is just Numic, however |
|
|
broader (includes all snakes) |
other complex |
has -pi ABS |
|
|
|
Givon 1979 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Crotalus spp. |
shümmünt |
ʃɨˈmɨnt |
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*samɨnɨ |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
S2011b (Stubbs 2009:280), should combine with 2011a |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʃɨˈmɨn-t rattlesnake.npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:81 |
no info |
1 |
Rattlesnake is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect |
2 |
no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Southern Canada south |
Diverse habitats |
yes |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Crotalus spp. |
tokowa |
|
snake, rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*tɨ-*koNwa |
Proto-Numic |
|
Stubbs 2009; with this prefix only in Numic |
|
|
broader (also can be generic for “snake”) |
underived |
obviously to-kowa “rock-snake” but I doubt if this is accessible to speakers |
|
|
|
Dayley 1989:291 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Crotalus spp. |
č'ép'iš |
|
rattlesnake, worm (CHM confirms 52:577) |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Costanoan 7ippi, Esselen ipishiksha |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer 1965 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Crotalus spp. |
má:k'i7 |
|
rattlesnake |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:311; WPD |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Crotalus spp. |
toGoqA |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*tɨ-koNwa |
Proto-Numic |
|
UA “snake” word *koNwa is S2009, but this form only in Numic |
|
|
broader (generic for “snake”) |
underived |
historically compound (see etymological notes) |
|
|
|
Bethel et al.:232 |
no info |
1 |
Rattlesnake did not take jimsonweed so is mean and dangerous (Gayton2:282) |
2 |
venom collected by having snakes strike a deer liver, used for arrow poison |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
see food notes |
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Crotalus spp. |
L'a:q |
|
rattlesnake |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
possibly L'aqa “strike at” as in knapping?? |
|
|
|
Schlichter 1981 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Crotalus spp. |
ɂlwĭ |
|
appears in word for “snake rattles” |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
Note Kiliwa ?+wi? |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Shaterian 1983 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Crotalus spp. |
Tiel |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*Thy?yl |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 2001:326, “matches PW *ch'iwil” |
|
|
same |
underived |
Gayton 1:47 has Te'Ed |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:204; Merriam 58:529; also in Gayton I:47 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Crotalus spp. |
Tööd |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*Thy?yl |
Yokutsan |
|
Callaghan 2001:326, “matches PW *ch'iwil” |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:204 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Crotalus spp. |
naTiT |
|
rattlesnake |
inheritance |
*naThiTh |
Nim-Yokuts |
|
Golla 1964:64 |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:204 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Crotalus spp. |
lil nąw'en, lil ną7in, etc. F |
|
rattlesnake |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
phrase |
lil “rock” |
|
|
|
Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Crotalus spp. |
ah-vĭh' |
|
rattlesnake (Crotalus) |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
Note Kiliwa ?+wi? |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 61:463 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
