Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Yokuts Yowlumne

Family: Penutian
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: yok
Location: 35.56°, -119.07°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar		missing
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	na'ak' (dual), na'an- (plural)	inheritance		N 1944:230
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	na: N 229	inheritance		N1944:229
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar		missing
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	ma:/	inheritance		N1944:229
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	7ama:	inheritance		N44:229
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	ama:/ “third person”	inheritance		N1944:229
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	Tipin	inheritance		K 1963(p. 213)
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	yow N 238	unknown		K 1963
all	todo	todos	other	yeeT'aw	unknown		K 1963 (N1, N1944
and	y	e	grammar	7ama7	inheritance		Blevins 2004:42
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	kuyu7	inheritance		N1944
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	giT'e:n-ne:l/ ? *giT'e:n “hold under the arm”	inheritance		N1944
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	hiT'el (N1) and N 154 hit'el-	inheritance		K 1963
at	en, a	em, a	location		missing
back	espalda	costas	body	wat'im	inheritance		K 1963
bad	mal	mal	quality	toT'i7	inheritance		Golla 1964
belly	barriga	barriga	body	palik'	inheritance		Golla 64 p 60
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	7atil	inheritance		G1964
big	grande	grande	quality	may'e:k/ “big, big one”	inheritance		K 1963
bite	morder	morder	body	7asas	inheritance		G1964
black	negro	preto	colour	*moDok'wiyi turn black	inheritance		N 1944 59
blood	sangre	sangue	body	pa:ya:x	loan into protolanguage		N1944:215
blow	soplar	soprar	body	*pHo:Su	inheritance		N1944:165, G1964
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body		missing
bone	hueso	osso	body	c'iy	inheritance		Golla 1964:60
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	me:niT'	inheritance		Newman 1964
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	hohSe:	inheritance		Golla 1964:60
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	*sa:pa	inheritance		N1944:39
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body		missing
child	niño, niña	criança	human	witep, wiCHep	inheritance		N 1944 38, G1964
climb	subir	subir	motion	*hala:-	unknown		N1944:78
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	k'ile/\;	inheritance		K 1963
cold	frío	frio	quality	hosow	inheritance		Golla 1964 61;
come	venir	vir	motion	taxin N 137	inheritance		N1944:137
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	hiSi “cooked”	inheritance		Golla 1964 p 61
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	mizhna' “indeed, surely”	unknown		K 1963, N 1944
count	contar	contar	mental	*pic'i	inheritance
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	*wa:xal N 136;	inheritance		N1944:136
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	k'iT'i “to cut”	unknown		N44W, N 1964
day	día	dia	time	hay'al	inheritance		G1964
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	tHa:waTh	inheritance		G1964
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	T'olow “to dig, peel(?)”	inheritance		N1944
dingo/wolf			fauna	yaw'lich'	unknown		N1944:214
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	T'ay'ak' “to be dirty”	unknown		N1944
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	anaTH-wal	loan into protolanguage		Golla 1964:61
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	7ugu:n, 7ugu'n ; Golla 7ukun	inheritance		N 1944; Blevins 2004:39
dry	seco	seco	quality		missing
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality		missing
dust	polvo	poeira	environment		missing
ear	oreja	orelha	body	tHuk'	inheritance		Golla 1964
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	xoT'oy (n1)	inheritance		K 1963, G1964
eat	comer	comer	body	xatHa	inheritance		N1944:24, 1964, G 1964
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	hon	inheritance		Golla 1964 p 61
eye	ojo	olho	body	sasa'	inheritance		K 1963
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	bidik' “act of excreting,“excrement”; pe:tik' cited C1997:37	inheritance		N1944:218
fall	caer	cair	motion	*baT'an “fall down” N 75;	unknown		N1944:75
far	lejos	longe	quality	wa'	inheritance		Golla 1964 62
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	he:xa7, hix-a:c'/	inheritance		N1944:75, 165
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	nopHopH	inheritance		Golla 1964
fear	miedo	medo	mental	Thana:yitH	inheritance		Golla 1964
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	xa:pal (n1 flight),	inheritance		N1944
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	7oSitH	inheritance		N 1944
fish	xx	xx	fauna	lopHiT	inheritance		W&G 1986
flow	fluir	fluir	motion		missing
flower	flor	flor	environment	7e:law	inheritance		Golla 1964 62;
fly	volar	voar	motion	hoyon	inheritance		Golla 1964:62
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	gumun	unknown		N1944;p. 219
foot	pie	pé	body	taT'at'	inheritance		Golla 1964:62
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora		missing
good	bueno	bom	quality	7insis	inheritance		K 1963
grow	crecer	crescer	state	*bo:huT' “mature”; buh'aT' Blevins 2004:39	inheritance		N 1944 51
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	'oT'ow head hair (n1)	inheritance		K 1963
hand	mano	mão	body	p'unT'uk'	inheritance		N1944
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	7oT'ow	inheritance		Golla 1964:62
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	*la:na N 118;	inheritance
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	may'a- (?)	inheritance		G1964
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	hiSin	inheritance		Golla 1964:63;
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	*woTHo “hit w/ club”	inheritance		N1944:138, G1964
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	c'owo “grasp”	unknown		N 1944:61
how?	como	como	grammar	hawy-	inheritance		306 K 1907
if	si	se	grammar	Taw	unknown		N1944:238
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	-w	inheritance		N44:203,4
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	ban'iT'	unknown		N1944
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body		missing
kill	matar	matar	impact	Soxo	inheritance		Golla 1964:63;
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	hutu	inheritance		N1944:29, G1964
lake	lago	lago	environment	p'a'a:Si' (n1)	loan into protolanguage		K 1963
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ha:y'a:	inheritance		G1964
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	da/\pdap, t'ap'p'aS (N1)	inheritance		K 1963
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	t'a:cha7	inheritance		G1964
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	k'alassa' (n1),	inheritance		Golla 1964:63
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	bana:na: N44W and N1964	unknown		N1944,N1964
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	walam'-wiyi	inheritance		N1964
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	xo:	inheritance		N1964
liver	hígado	figado	body	tiph	inheritance		Golla 1964:63
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	wa'aT'	inheritance		Golla 1964
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	tHi'iTH “head louse”	inheritance		W&G 1986
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	haSbay'al	doubtful loan		K 1963 N1, N1964
man/male	hombre	homem	human	no:n'o7	inheritance		G1964
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	c'ixil	inheritance		N1964
moon	luna	lua	environment	7opH	other		G1964:65
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	no'om	inheritance		K 1963
mouth	boca	boca	body	sama'	inheritance		N 1944
name	nombre	nome	human	hOy'O	inheritance		Blevins 2004
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	xinits, xinic' (n1)	inheritance		K 1963
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality		missing
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	o'gun	inheritance		K 1963
new	nuevo	novo	quality	hac'a:me:	unknown		N1964
night	noche	noite	time	toy'no7	inheritance		Golla 1964
no/not	no	não	grammar	ohom	inheritance		K 1963
nose	nariz	nariz	body	Thinik'	inheritance		W&G 1986
old	viejo	velho	quality	moxelo', mo:xol (Golla 1964)	inheritance		K 1963, N 1944
one	uno	um	number	yet'	inheritance		G1964:66
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	7aTl-	inheritance		N 1944 p. 30
other	otro	outro	grammar	lagli7 “other, a different one”	unknown		N1944
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	thexth-in “to be sick”	inheritance		Golla 1964:64;
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	yokHoch'	inheritance		Golla 1964
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	potox “smash”	loan direction unknown		293 K 1907
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	Si7e:' “to rain” , Se7el (Golla 1964)	inheritance		N1964
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	pac'alwiyi “turn red”	inheritance		N1944:59
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	pay'a7	inheritance		Golla 1964:64;
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	pHil	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		Golla 1964
root	raíz	raiz	flora	ho:pHul	inheritance		Golla 1964:64
rotten	podrido	podre	quality		missing
sand	arena	areia	environment	suxsuy	inheritance		Golla 1964:64
say	decir	dizer	mental	wiye:, wiyi	inheritance		N1944:31, N1964
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	xosop	unknown		N1944
see	ver	ver	mental	e:k'a	inheritance		Golla 1964:64
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality		missing
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	t'uyu	inheritance		N1944
short	corto	curto	quality		missing
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	k'apsay	inheritance		Golla 1964:64
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	7ol7olwoo: to be bashful towards	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		N1944
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	hulo:S	inheritance		Golla 1964:65
skin	piel	pele	body	T'o:tot “skin, bark”	inheritance		Golla 1964:65
sky	cielo	céu	environment	ThipHin	inheritance		W&G 1986
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	*wo:'uy “fall asleep”	inheritance		N 1944 35
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	gudi7	unknown		N 1944 38
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	mooT'ak'	loan into protolanguage		N1944
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	*Se:niT'	inheritance		N1944:39
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	tuhwiyi “to spit”	loan direction unknown		N1944
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	T'idik'	unknown		N1964
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	T'it'iw “pinch”	inheritance		Golla 1964
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	pok'wiyi “to pierce through”	unknown		N1944
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	wo:wul	inheritance		N 1944 21
star	estrella	estrela	environment	ts'aitas (same in Golla 1964)	inheritance		K 1963, Golla 1964
steal	robar	roubar	other	*7o:T'u	inheritance		N1944:39
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	hit'es	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		K 1963
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	silel	inheritance		Golla 1964
suck	chupar	chupar	body	c'abbo: “to suck at”	inheritance		N1964
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	To\pox	unknown		K 1963
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	*So:won “swell up”; So:w'on	unknown		N 1944 51, Blevins 2004:39
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	pe:li	inheritance		Golla 1964:65
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	k'ut'-us	inheritance		K 1963
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	Tha:	inheritance		Golla 1964:65
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	tintiniT'	inheritance		Golla 1964:65
thin	delgado	fino	quality	Sin'a7 “consumptive, lean”	inheritance		N1944
think	pensar	pensar	mental	*de:mide:mi “think about”	inheritance		N1944:153
this	este/esta	este	grammar	ke:/	unknown		N1944:67
three	tres	tres	number	So:pHin	inheritance		W&G 1986
throat	garganta	garganta	body	hoSil (n1 windpipe),	unknown		N1964
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	*k'o7o	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		N1944:86
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	mimyaTH	inheritance		Golla 1964:65;
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	*T'ik'i “tie, imprison”	inheritance		N1944:166
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	tHalxaTH	inheritance		Golla 1964:65
tooth	diente	dente	body	The:yiy	inheritance		Golla 1964:65
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	c'atap “turn over”	inheritance		Golla 1964:66
two	dos	dois	number	ponoy	inheritance		W&G 1986
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	huxus	inheritance		Golla 1964:66
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	*hiwe:t	loan into protolanguage		N 1944 52
water	agua	agua	environment	7ilik'	inheritance		K 1963, W&G
wet	mojado	molhado	quality		missing
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	ha'uk	inheritance		N1944:233
when?	cuando	quando	grammar		missing
where?	donde	onde	grammar	hiyuk (subj), hiyo'uk (loc), hiye:tuk (abl)	inheritance		N1944:235
white	blanco	branco	colour	c'olo:l-	inheritance		N 1944 108
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	wa:t/	inheritance		N1944:232
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	mokiy' N 1964	inheritance		N1964
wind	viento	vento	environment	SokHiw	inheritance		Golla 1964:66
wing	ala	asa	body	xa:pHal (= fingers N1 p. 217)	inheritance		Golla 1964:66
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	gaa7in'a	inheritance		N1944
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	c'o:w'o: “work, grasp continuously” N 87	inheritance		K 1963
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body		missing
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	wa:yu' “buckskin” N1 also denotes yellow	loan	Spanish	K 1963:218 N1


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	dap		abalone (Haliotis)	unique				NOT Chumash OR Salinan; perhaps related to the “leaf” word dapdap???			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:220	2	1	0	0	1	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	missing			missing								missing			0	0	2	0	0	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		xo:layxola:y black ant			loan										N 1944 36;
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	coyol, şoyol		antelope	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Kroeber missing Pal., Buena Vista has the mu- form	WW	%sok	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:200	2	1	0	0	0	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	Taniu', Taniw	T'aniw N 202	badger	inheritance		Yokutsan		note Pal. ten-neu'			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:201	2	1	0	0	0	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	owik		bald eagle	inheritance		Yokutsan		unless Pal. form is really Yowlumne, this is Yokutsan; all but two forms in Kroeber are this one			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:202	1	2	0	0	1	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	sO:win	O is [ɔ]	wild doves (Merriam confirms 58:553)	inheritance	*s/howin	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:61			same	underived		Newman 1944:139	0	1	0	0	0	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	chim-chim, tsim-tsim		bat	inheritance	*c'im'c'im'	Yokutsan		onlyin Homet, Pal, Yawe in Kroeber; Callaghan 1997:30, possibly Yok-Utian given PU *şim ...			same	reduplicated		Merriam 58:549	0	1	0	0	0	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	tèpik, t'e:bik		beaver	inheritance	*t'/t''ɨpɨkʰ	Yokutsan		Whistler & Golla 1986:354	WW	%t'ypyk	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:201	2	1	0	0	0	no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	bodo:diywe:'ç'		stinkbug	unique							same	other complex	lit. one who is turning the anus (-ic' agentive, -wiyi verb	Newman 1944:31	2	0	0	0	0	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	bumuk	probably has initial /p/	round tule (Merriam confirms 58:573)	inheritance	*pumuk'	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:65			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:199	2	1	2	0	0	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	tcox, cox, čo:x		skunk	inheritance	*cʰox	Yokutsan		Whistler & Golla 1986:356			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:201	2	2	0	0	0	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	yaw'lic'		wolf	inheritance		Yokutsan		Note apparent Pal. cognate from Merriam, yev'-lĕ-che			same	other complex	from “to chase” with -ic' agentive suffix	Newman 1944:14	1	2	0	0	0	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	lew-ā'-sip; le-wā'-sip		bighorn sheep	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Probably a loan from somewhere; it's in Tubatulabal	WW	%lewasip	same	underived	probably complex but unanalyzable given available materials	Merriam 58:549	2	1	0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		wèwutsoi, wew'coy	Kroeber's c is [ʃ]	bird	loan			Kitanemuk	This form only in Yowlumne, Palewyami, Hometwoli,in 3 different branches of Y. , but geographically adjacent and adjacent to Kitanemuk. K. ˈwiʦitat, with a good UA etymology, seems a likely source. Unless wits “buzzard” is somehow involved.			narrower (I suspect this is for the smaller birds; see Kroeber's note)	underived	initial syllable reduplicated from Kitanemuk witsitat	Kroeber 1961:201	0	0	0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		we\wutsoi, wew'coy (n1)			loan direction unknown										K 1963
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	xO:layxOla:y		black ant (Merriam confirms “big black ant” 58:563	inheritance	*k/po:lay-	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:60			same	reduplicated		Newman 1944:36	2	0	0	0	0	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	moloi		bear	loan			Miwok	only in Choynok, Yawe Callaghan 2001:333 says “may match PM *my:de “brown bear”. I think both are from “black, dark” P-U word; calling bears “the dark one, the brown one” is a near-universal	WW	%mol	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:199	1	2	0	0	0	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	dopol, dobol		jackrabbit	inheritance	*topol	Nim-Yokuts		Callaghan 2001:325			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:200	2	1	0	0	0	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	mah-me, mah'-mil		blackberry (Rubus ursinus)	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		In Chukchansi, Yawdanchi	WW	%mam	broader (probably for any berry)	underived	the final -il appears on other forms and might be an affix but I think it's just an epenthetic vowel i with a final /l/ on the root	Merriam 58:567	2	1	2	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	g'amâca		fly	inheritance	*k'ama:šiɂ/aɂ	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:62				unknown		Kroeber 1961:205	0	0	0	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		moon'ay N44W			loan direction unknown										K 1963
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	lum-tin'-nin hŭm'-lŭl		Blue grouse “mountaineer quail”	unique				Includes Yokutsan *humn-ul “Valley Quail”			same	phrase	lomit “mountain”	Merriam 58:553	0	1	0	0	0	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	t'unul		wildcat	inheritance	t'onol < *t'ol'an	Yokutsan		Callaghan 1997:32 (Gamble's reconstruction), note Pmi *tol:o:m:a “wildcat”	WW	%talom	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:200	1	2	0	0	0	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	wò/gaigitc, wo:gay'gic		butterfly	unique		Southern Valley Yokuts		Kroeber has in Nutunutu, Chunut, Tachi, Wo'lasi, Choynuk, Yowlumne			same	other complex	has -ic' agentive	Kroeber 1961:206	2	0	0	0	0	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	wiç'		condor	inheritance	wič' (N-Y)	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:61	WW	%wit	same	underived		Newman 1944:176	1	2	0	0	1	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	T'ayT'ay	T is retroflex t (with subdot in original)	bluejay	loan into protolanguage	*T'ayT'ay	General Yokuts	unknown	Callaghan 1997:58; missing only in Pal; compare Mis Tajič, Miw *$aji:ch; Nisenan ch'ajit “bluejay”; probably a loan into the proto-language; UA words like cha'ish are same thing	WW	%chaj	same	reduplicated		Newman 1944:14	2	1	0	0	0	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	pala:k'ak'		woodpecker (Merriam confirms Melanerpes)	loan	*phala:tath	Nim-Yokuts	unknown	Golla 1964:66 (but this is NOT regular in Nim-Yokuts???); Callaghan 1997:61 compares Pmi *palaT:a, noting “there are peculiar developments in both Miwok and Yokuts”; given irregular T, k' match perhaps this should be coded as a loan; Troike discusses thi	WW	%palaka ~ %pana(k)	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:203	2	1	0	0	1	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	missing			missing								missing			1	1	1	0	0	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	che-wil'-le		chipmunk, Eutamias	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		see Yawd tciviyi, tcivili (in Kroeber and Merriam)			same	underived		Merriam 58:549	2	1	0	0	0	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	dánabak'yits		swallow (M form very similar for Hirundo)	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Merriam has tan'-nah-pek'-kă-lis, tan-nah-pok'-hĕ'-lis for Chukchansi			same	other complex	must be a verb danabak, with -its agentive??	Kroeber 1961:212	2	1	0	0	0	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	hoyòlis		mudhen	unique				Unique in Kroeber			same	underived	might have -is suffix?	Kroeber 1961:204	2	1	0	0	0	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	tsiuʷ, ç'i'iw	çi'iw N 218	cottontail rabbit	inheritance	č,hiw, thiw	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:61			same	underived		Newman 1944:218	2	1	0	0	0	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	lah'-pah		cottonwood	inheritance		Yokutsan		lep-pah in Palewyami; similar form in all Merriam's list	WW	%pat ~ %lapat	same	underived	might be related to/dapdap/ “leaf” with some consonantal sound symbolism byt this would be an ancient derivation	Merriam 58:565	2	0	2	0	0	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	kay'iw		coyote	inheritance	*kʰay'iw	Yokutsan		Whistler & Golla 1986:354	WW	%kaju	same	underived		Newman 1944:125	1	2	0	0	0	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	alwut		crow	inheritance	*ɂalwuT'	Nim-Yokuts		Callaghan 1997:28, surely a loan into Proto-Nim-Yokuts from UA ata-wɨ-ta “crow-aug-NPN”; hence Callaghan's resemblance to Pmi ɂa:wy(č) is spurious	WW	%alwut	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:203	2	1	0	0	0	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	da:nay		Datura	inheritance		Yokutsan			WW	%tanai	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:211 (175)	1	1	1	1	0	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		xoy, xo:y			inheritance										N1944:175
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	xoi, xoy, xo:y	xO(:)y N 176	deer	inheritance	*xoy	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:61			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:200	2	1	0	0	0	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	tònos		digger pine (Merriam confirms to:nos P. sabiniana 58:565)	inheritance	*tho:ŋas	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:61; Golla 1964:61; Callagan 2001:324 compares Proto-Maidu *to:n “digger pine”			same	underived	since P. ponderosa is to:n, the -as may be a suffix historically	Kroeber? Newman?	2	1	2	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	bu'us		dog	inheritance		Southern Valley Yokuts		Also in Chawchilla in Kroeber, adjacent to Ysv so perhaps a loan. Almost certainly a loan from somewhere.			same	underived		Newman 1944:18	0	0	0	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		pu'us			loan direction unknown										G1964
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	missing			missing								missing			2	1	2	0	0	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	'uplalli'		dove	inheritance	*ɂuphlal(l)iɂ	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:61			same	underived		Newman 1944:125	2	1	0	0	0	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	hay'na:		duck	inheritance		General Yokuts		universal in Kroeber except where waTwaT is the word			same	derived	from verb “to fly” (perhaps only etymologically)	Newman 1944:211	0	1	0	0	0	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	we-sā'-tah		Elder (Sambucus), the tree	inheritance	*wiše:thaɂ (NY)	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:61			same	underived		Merriam 58:567	2	1	1	0	0	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	soxgoi, sohgoy, šohgoy		elk	inheritance	*$ohkaj	Yokutsan		Callagan 1997:59, compare Pmis *hak:a:ja-; Callaghan 2001:325 compares Hill Patwin koko:ja “tule elk”	WW	%sok	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:200	2	1	0	0	0	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		lOpiT		fish	inheritance	*lopʰiTʰ	Yokutsan		Whistler & Golla 1986:355; note Mis lapi:s-aj “fish” (Callaghan 1997:32)	WW	%lvp	same	underived		Newman 1944:226	0	1	0	0	0	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	b'akil, bâkil, p'a:k'il		flea	inheritance	*p'a:k'il	Yokutsan		Whistler & Golla 1986:355			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:206	2	0	0	0	0	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	Tiwica, T'iwissa'		yellowhammer (Merriam confirms)	inheritance	*T'iwis(a)	Yokutsan		Callaghan 1997:38, compare PU *Tiw(:)a			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:203	2	1	0	0	1	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	missing			missing								missing			0	1	0	0	0	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	au'tca, 'aw'ca'		fox (Merriam confirms gray fox, Urocyon 58:547)	inheritance	*ɂawčhaɂ (NY)	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:62; Callaghan 2001:325 notes PW ha:w “fox”, PM haw “gray fox”, considers this YU-W-M, notes also Mim Ah-wah-ke “gray fox (Merriam)	WW	%kaw	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:199	2	2	0	0	0	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		k'oyotwoT'		frog	inheritance	*kojo...	Nim-Yokuts		Callagan 1997:33, compare MiL kolo:lo			same	other complex	Almost certainly the woT is a suffix. A “koy” root appears also in “turtle” -- related?	Kroeber 1961:205	2	2	0	0	0	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	T'Oxil		eagle	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		In all Kroeber except Pal., Homet. (Tulamni missing)			same	underived		Newman 1944:217	1	2	0	0	1	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	missing			missing								missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	koTònot, go:Tonit		gopher snake	inheritance	*xo:ThongiTh (?)	Nim-Yokuts		Callaghan 1937:60, compare Pmis ho:tang-la:			same	underived	probably complex but unanalyzable given available materials	Kroeber 1961:212	2	2	0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	ya:wil	OK N 225	grass, brush	inheritance	*ja:wil	Nim-Yokuts		Callaghan 2001:324 notes Csf yah wah “grass”, rejects Csr wai			broader (includes brush, grass at least)	underived	the final -il appears on other forms and might be an affix but I think it's just an epenthetic vowel i with a final /l/ on the root	Kroeber 1961:199	0	0	0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		ya/\wil			inheritance										K 1963
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	t'anauwuT, t'anawat		grasshopper	inheritance	t'a:n-, č'a:n-	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:62			same	underived	must be complex but analysis not possible	Kroeber 1961:206	2	1	0	0	0	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	şitxil		ground squirrel (Merriam confirms po:hal Citellus beecheyi group Gray ground squirrel	loan into protolanguage	şixthil/şixi:thal	Yokutsan		Callagan 1997:38 compare Pmiw *čiTe, and similar costanoan forms in sich, chich	WW	%sik	same	underived		Kroeber 1961:200	2	1	0	0	0	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	yonxo'		tree squirrel (Merriam confirms Sciurus fossor, S. douglasi 58:549, 551)	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Only resemblant is in Yawdanchi			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:200	2	1	0	0	0	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	huddulu', hihhina'	huddulo: N 216	large owl	inheritance	*huttulu-?	Nim-Yokuts		Callagan 1997:59 compares some Mi forms, but ...			same	underived	probably sound-imitative in origin	Kroeber 1961:202	1	2	2	0	1	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	noh'o', ngoho'o		grizzly bear	inheritance	*ŋohɂoɂ	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:60			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:199	1	2	0	0	0	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	cheet'-pah'-po		horned toad	inheritance		Yokutsan		Merriam has this form in lists for every subgroup of Yokutsan			same	underived	probably complex but unanalyzable given available materials	Merriam 58:561	2	2	2	0	0	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	gawa:yu'		horse	loan			Spanish		WW	%caballo	same	underived		Newman 1944:125	0	0	0	0	0	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	be:mamgo:c'		hummingbird	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		the bemam element widespread in Nim-Y in Kroeber; the second element variable -- guch, duts, dui, chui; note Yawdanchi mamgutc (Kroeber)			same	other complex	be-, mam and -go:'c are separable etymologically but in absence of dictionary no analysis	Newman 1944:191	0	0	0	0	0	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	missing			missing								missing			0	0	2	0	0	variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	we'-o-pun'-pun		Junco	unique				we-o perhaps related to the “small bird” form in (2)			same	phrase	pun'-pun “snow”; this bird is almost always called “snow bird” or “winter bird”	Merriam 58:557	0	1	0	0	0	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	po'-hook		Juniper	unique				Can't find other attestation but haven't looked at all Merriam			same	underived		Merriam 58:565	2	1	1	0	0	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	ti'iT		(head) louse	inheritance	*tʰihiTʰ	Yokutsan		Whistler & Golla 1986:355; Callaghan 2007:327 “matches PM *di- 'head louse'”			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:206	2	0	0	0	0	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	oxuxum		mallard	unique				unique and same as Pal. form which raises suspicions; see “other notes” for Merriam form which is just “duck”			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:204	2	1	0	0	0	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	apTu, ?apTuw		manzanita	inheritance	*ɂaphThiw	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:325 notes Maidu ?ekpy “large manzanita”			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:199	2	1	1	0	0	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	tc'ikei		cord, string (see Yawd Milkweed) M. confirms	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Note Yawdanchi tcitik; I suspect a metathesis and am going with Inheritance, especially with Merriam's Chukchansi chek'-kah			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:218	2	1	1	0	0	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	hO:nac'hOna:c'		milkweed (M. has ho'-nut and says “may be narrow-leaf milkweed”)	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Kroeb er has same form for Yawdanchi “milkweed used for gum”			same	reduplicated		Newman 1944:36	0	1	1	0	0	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	kah'-pe		small tule	unique				closest form is Merriam's kow-hi? (sic, it's a question mark, not glottal stop) for Chukchansi. Generally, this word is missing.			same	underived		Merriam 58:573	2	1	2	0	0	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	missing			missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	k'asup'		mosquito	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		In Yawd, Chukchansi, Gashowu			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:220	0	0	0	0	0	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	mo-ki-kits		big variegated Sphynx moth	unique							narrower (a species of moth)	other complex	has -ic' agentive	Merriam 58:563	2	0	0	0	0	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	wehèsit, wehe:sit	N wehe:sit 199	puma	inheritance	*wehe:sith	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:333 “Wp wok'en 'mountain lion' matches the Proto-Yokuts form”			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:200	1	2	0	0	0	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	Topno, T'opno'		mountain quail (Merriam confirms)	inheritance	*T'iphith	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:64 includes this form with (?)			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:203	2	1	0	0	0	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	tah'-sip		fresh-water mussels	unique				Merriam has several forms but they are all different			narrower (perhaps fresh-water only)	underived		Merriam 58:561	2	1	0	0	1	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	po:lay		olivella beads	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Note Yawdanchi pòde “disk beads”			narrower (possibly just the beads, not the shell and animal)	underived		Kroeber 1961:194	2	2	0	0	1	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	xayxa:y		crested jay	loan into protolanguage	*xay-	Yokutsan	unknown	Golla 1964:63; probably a loan at some point, word is widespread	WW	%kaj	same	reduplicated		Newman 1944:36	2	1	0	0	0	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	wut'-tuk		Pinyon pine (see K, N for “nuts” spelling	inheritance		Yokutsan		Kroeber lists similar forms for Yawd, Wik, Tach, Chun, Harrington had wetʰak' for Pal.			narrower (includes just the nuts, which were traded)	underived		Merriam 58:565	2	1	2	0	1	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	k'e:xa:'		beads (disks of clam shell); “money” N224 Tachi tu'uts Gayton I p. 23	loan into protolanguage		Yokutsan	Takic (?)	All Nim, plus Palewyami in Kroeber	WW	%kys	narrower (possibly just the beads, not the shell and animal)	underived		Kroeber 1961:194	2	1	0	0	1	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	haşkiywe:'ič		gopher (Merriam confirms Thomomys)	unique							same	other complex	must be complex but analysis not possible	Kroeber 1961:200; Newman 1944:241	2	1	0	0	0	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	c'iwik'		poison oak (Rhus) (Merriam confirms 58:569)	inheritance	*č'iwik'	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:64			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:219	2	2	2	0	0	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	naTiT		rattlesnake	inheritance	*naThiTh	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:64			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:204	1	2	0	0	0	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	k'e:ne:c'		red ant (Merriam confirms “small red ant” 58:563);	inheritance	*k'e:nič'	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:60			same	other complex	looks like the -ic' agentive suffix	Newman 1944:191	1	0	1	0	0	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	c'ak'		blackbird	loan into protolanguage	č'ax (č'ak' in Callaghan 1997;58)	Nim-Yokuts	unknown	Golla 1964:60	WW	%chak	same	underived		Newman 1944:176	2	1	0	0	0	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	cuxup ($uxup' Newman 1964:8)		hawk sp.	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		In all Kroeber except Pal. (Buena Vista forms are missing)			same	underived	Vowel harmony suggests maybe some kind of suffixing but I don't know what	Kroeber 1961:202	2	2	0	0	0	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	'oy'o:y		roadrunner	inheritance	*ɂoyɂoy (NY)	Yokutsan		Callaghan 1939:60, compare Pmie *?uj(:)uj:u-	WW	%uji	same	reduplicated		Newman 1944:191	2	1	0	0	0	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	missing			missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	tsam'-mal		sage herb, A. ludoviciana	inheritance		Valley Yokuts		Merriam has Tinlinne tsam'-mal'			same	underived		Merriam 58:571	2	2	1	0	0	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	èpic, 'e:p'iş		lake trout, confirmed Newman 1944:226; Merriam has as “salmon”	inheritance		Yokutsan		in all Kroeber except Chunut			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:205	2	1	0	0	0	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	hol-poiy'-ye/yah		scaly lizard, all lizards	unique				unique among Merriam's forms			broader (a generic for “lizard”)	other complex	surely complex but no analysis available	Merriam 58:561	2	2	0	0	0	no
small bird			flora-fauna		missing			missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		wile:le		spotted lizard	unique				nowhere in Merriam			same	underived		Newman 1944:26	2	2	0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		yax	Kroeber's transcription for Merriam's yah”	snake (any)	inheritance		Yokutsan		usually the word for “water-snake” in Kroeber			same	underived		Merriam 58:561	0	1	0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		naTHiTH (rattlesnake)			inheritance										Golla 1964
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	traw'-hawt'		soaproot	inheritance	*ThoxoTh	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:65	WW	%saka	same	underived		Merriam 58:573	2	1	1	0	0	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	missing			missing								missing			2	1	1	0	0	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	iditc, 'it'iç		hawk sp.	inheritance	*?yt'ychH	Yokutsan		Callaghan 1997:59 says is only Nim, but Palewyami form suggests Yokutsan; compare Mil ?i:t'it, (loanword from Patwin?)			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:211 (#212)	2	2	0	0	0	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	mètsa		spider	inheritance	*mə:ča- ??	Nim-Yokuts		Callaghan 2001:327 “matches Maidu makaT “spider””			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:206	0	0	2	0	0	variable
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		me\tsa			inheritance										K 1963
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	tsitseu		polecat (Merriam confirms Little spotted skunk 58:549)	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Universal in Kroeber except Pal., Buena Vista missing			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:201	2	2	0	0	0	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	o-gŏ-ko; ho-gŏ-ko		toad	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Kroeber lists define Nim-Yokuts (no Buena Vista form; Pal. also missing)			same	underived		Merriam 58:561	2	2	0	0	0	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	sògon, so:gon		tobacco	inheritance	*suk...	Yok-Utian		Callaghan 1937:41 or a very old loan	WW	%sokon	same	underived	ultimately, a derivation, but I don't think synchronically	Kroeber 1961:193	1	1	1	1	0	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	yap-ke		tree	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		also in Yawdanchi in Kroeber			same	underived		Merriam 58:575	0	0	2	0	0	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	missing			missing								missing			2	1	0	0	0	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	ko'Te:ya:		buzzard	inheritance	*k'oɂ-	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:61; Callaghan 2001:326 notes Pyn hoTh “buzzard” distinguished from Pyv ko?T so perhaps just Valley, not Nim			same	underived	etymologically complex	Newman 1944:169	2	2	0	0	0	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	T'OdO:'		turtle	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		In Yowl, Yawd in Kroeber			same	underived		Newman 1944:132	2	2	0	0	1	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	?e:şin'		black oak (Newman 1944:160 confirms transcription and gloss; Newman 1964:9 to:wixit “white oak”	inheritance		Yokutsan		Kroeber and Merriam both have the cognate form for Palewyami (es-sen-ne in Merriam, esin in Kroeber)			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:211 (#212)	2	1	2	0	1	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	k'inim		plains oak (Merriam confirms Q. lobata 58:565, also means the acorn)	inheritance	*k'inim	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:60			broader (includes the acorns)	underived		Kroeber 1961:198	2	1	2	0	1	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	humnul		quail (Merriam confirms)	inheritance	*humn-ul	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:64	WW	%hum	same	other complex	-ul is separated by Golla, I have no idea why	Kroeber 1961:203	2	1	0	0	0	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	missing			missing								missing			2	1	0	0	1	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	la'la, la'la'		goose	loan into protolanguage	*laɂlaɂ	Yokutsan	unknown	Golla 1964:62; Callaghan 1997:59 compare Pcos *la'lak; nisenan la:lak' “gray goose, Maidu lylyk' “flock of geese	WW	%lala ~ %lak	same	reduplicated	presumably sound-imitative in origin	Kroeber 1961:204	0	1	0	0	0	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	missing			missing								missing			2	1	2	0	1	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	koi-yet		White pelican	unique							same	underived		Merriam 58:557	0	2	0	0	0	Tachi hohima Gayton I:42
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	sono:dip		wild grapes (Merriam confirms)	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts			WW	%sonot	same	underived	again, inadequate materials to get a grip on a long-ish form.	Kroeber 1961:219	2	1	2	0	0	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	avena		wild oats	loan			Spanish		WW	%avena	same	underived		Merriam 58:573	2	1	2	0	0	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	missing			missing								missing			0	1	2	0	0	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	tahCH-il, Tah-CH>l)		Wild sunflower	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		Gashowu tah'-hah-lah; Chukchansi tahCH'-ă-lah ; Tinlinne tah'-kahl			same	underived		Merriam 58:573	0	1	0	0	0	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	şaxaT, caxaT		willow (Merriam: S. nigra) 58:567	loan			Takic	perhaps from Kitanemuk/Serrano before the change *s > /h/; probably into Proto-Nim-Yokuts	WW	%saka	narrower (a kind of willow)	underived		Kroeber 1961:199	2	2	1	0	0	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	hitsits, hidsic'	hidsic' N 164	woodrat	unique							same	other complex	*hide:s “gather wood” plus -ic'	Kroeber 1961:201	2	1	0	0	0	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	missing			missing								missing			2	2	0	0	0	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	wekwik, wek'wek', k'e:w	N wek'we:k' 191	worm (earthworm)	inheritance	*wek'wek'	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:66			same	reduplicated		Kroeber 1961:206	2	2	0	0	0	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	baònai, ba'o:nay	ba'o:na:y “wasp” N 169	Yellow jacket	inheritance	*paɂo:nay	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:66			same	underived		Kroeber 1961:206	2	0	0	0	0	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	Towinits		goldfinch	unique				Note Merriam's Tinlinne poo-too'-in, so may be Valley Yokuts;' Note Miss Towin:-aj- “mockingbird”			same	other complex	Towo'ə “yellow tule pollen”, plus -in??	Gayton 1948(I):23 (Tachi)	0	1	0	0	0	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	get-noo'-sil		Yerba Santa	unique				All forms have -sil (or in Yawd, -sit) final, but first elements differ.			same	other complex	-sil clearly separable etymologically	Merriam 58:569	2	1	1	0	0	no

Showing 1 to 130 of 130 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (10)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool		missing
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	baic	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	K 1963
digging stick			subsistence tool		missing
house			other	Thi7	inheritance	Golla 1964
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tc'ikei “cord, string” (c'ikey W&G)	inheritance	K 1963
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	t'uyos	inheritance	Golla 1964:60
spearthrower			subsistence tool	T'alapH (bow)	inheritance	G1964
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material		missing
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	polwoy “pestle for grinding corn”	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	N1944, 1964
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture		missing

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Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	medium	HG	medium	seasonal		no

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries