Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

horned toad

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Phrynosomatidae	chis-pah'-pŏ		Horned toad	loan			Yokuts	Yowlumne cheet'-pah'-po, Palewyami chēch-pah'-bo (so Proto-Yokutsan)	same	underived				C. H. Merriam 72-79, 60-463		2		2		2							no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Phrynosomatidae	mahaccianka, maccinkipo		Horned toad (Phrynosoma)	inheritance	*makaCta	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1333 (2008:202)	same	underived	must be complex etymologically			Crapo 1976:143		2		2		2							no
Cahuilla	Phrynosomatidae	čálaka	ˈʧalaka	horned toad	inheritance	*ˈʧalaka	Cupan		S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not a Yuman, Yokuts, or Chumash word.	same	underived	non-possessed noun suffix is absent.	-7aʃ “pet”	possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably)	Seiler&Hioki 1979:22	no info	2	Moon gaves lizards their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44)	2		no info		hunted	women	boiled, roasted	Western US and Mexico	Hot, dry, sandy areas	no
Central Sierra Miwok	Phrynosomatidae	7et:ek:iliwa-		horned toad	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		Also in Mins, Mip		underived	must be etymologically complex			Freeland & Broadbent 1960		2		2		2							no
Chemehuevi	Phrynosomatidae	mah-kah'-tsets	ma'kacicI	Horned toad (Phrynosoma)	inheritance	*makaCta	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1333 (2008:202)	same	other complex	ma'kaci-cI horned.toad-ABS (ma- may be “hand” IP)			Merriam 59:535		2		2		2							no
Chumash Barbareno	Phrynosomatidae	enekeyey'e		horned toad	inheritance		Central Chumash only		also in Ineseno; this looks oddly like the Eastern Miwokan word etekiliwa (approxminate rendering).		reduplicated				Beeler 1978:175		2		2		2							no
Chumash Ineseno	Phrynosomatidae	ʔana-mekeyeye > ʔenemekeyeye		horned toad (Merriam confirms 55;17)	inheritance		Central Chumash only		Also in Barbareno		reduplicated	7al-			Applegate 195		2		2		2							no
Chumash Obispeno	Phrynosomatidae	missing			missing						missing						2		2		2							no
Chumash Ventureno	Phrynosomatidae	an-tim'-men kā-yā-yă		horned toad	unique		Central Chumash only				phrase				Merriam 55:49		2		2		2							no
Cocopa	Phrynosomatidae	cxnyaş		horned toad	unique					same	underived				Crawford 1989	A Cocopa totem (Crawford)	2		2		2							no
Comanche	Phrynosomatidae	kuhtsu tɨbini?		toad, horned toad	unique					same	finite clause?	buffalo questions (??)			Robinson & Armagost 1990:161		2		2		2							no
Cupeño	Phrynosomatidae	chalaka	ʧaˈlaka	horned lizard	inheritance	*ˈʧalaka	Cupan		S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not found in Yuman.	same	underived	note no npn	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Hill & Nolasquez 1973:152	no info	2		2		no info		no info	no info	no info	Western U.S. and Mexico	hot, dry, sandy areas	no
Esselen	Phrynosomatidae	missing			missing						missing						2		2		2							no
Gabrielino	Phrynosomatidae	char'-row'-ă-hoCH	ʧaˈrawaxaʔ (?)	Horned toad	loan			Cupan	Note Cupan *ˈʧalaka; ultimate source obscure, not Yuman	same	underived	no npn	-ʔaʧ “pet	possessive classifier for animals	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429	no info	2	Horned Toad doctored Wuyot in Lu. story, probably in Gab. too	2	considered disgusting (McC p. 117)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	Western U.S. and Mexico	hot, dry, sandy areas	no
Iipay 'Aa	Phrynosomatidae	hasuyan		horned toad	unique					same	underived	might have ha- “water” etymologically			Couro & Hutcheson 1973		2		2		2							no
Kawaiisu	Phrynosomatidae	makaca-zi		horned toad	inheritance	*makaCta	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1333 (2008:202)	same	other complex	makaca-zi horned.toad-ABS (ma- may be “hand” IP)			Zigmond et al.		2		2		2							no
Kiliwa	Phrynosomatidae	kw+x?yaan-p		Horned toad	unique					same	relative clause	kw+x?yaan-p REL-?-(MEDIO)-PASSIVE			Mixco 1985		2		2		2							no
Kitanemuk	Phrynosomatidae	nakarakara	ˈnakarakara	chameleon	unique					same	reduplicated	nakara-kara horned.toad-dup (?)	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Anderton 1988:418	no info	2		2		no info		no info	no info	no info	Western U.S. and Mexico	hot, dry, sandy areas	no
Lake Miwok	Phrynosomatidae	missing			missing						missing						2		2		2							no
Luiseño	Phrynosomatidae	chaláka	tʃaʹlaka	horned toad	inheritance	*ˈʧalaka	Cupan		S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not in Yuman.	same	underived	note absence of non.possessed.noun suffix; might be a loan	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	Elliott 1999:238	no info	2	Horned Toad doctored Wuyot (E, S, etc.); in a season song for Nemoyil “North the horned toad bears young” Kroeber 1925:658	2	lizards not eaten	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	Western U.S. and Mexico	Hot, dry, sandy areas	no
Maidu	Phrynosomatidae	missing			missing						missing						2		2		2							no
Mojave	Phrynosomatidae	ɂamat koqviithk		horned toad	unique					same	phrase	ɂamat “earth”; koqviithk only in this name			Munro et al.1992		2		2		2							no
Mutsun	Phrynosomatidae	o-shesH-kin		horned toad	unique						other complex	morphology unknown			Merriam 55:417		2		2		2							no
Nisenan	Phrynosomatidae	7okopejpej		horned toad	unique						compound, reduplicated	7oko, -pej meanings unknown			Uldall & Shipley 1966		2		2		2							no
Northern Paiute	Phrynosomatidae	magatza'a		Horned toad (Phrynosoma)	inheritance	*makaCta	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1333 (2008;202)	same	underived	probably etymologically some kind of compound form			Yerington Dictionary		2		2		2							no
Northern Sierra Miwok	Phrynosomatidae	7et:ek:iliw:a-, 7et:ekilim:a-		horned toad	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		Also in Mics, Mip		underived	must be etymologically complex			Callaghan 1987		2		2		2							no
Plains Miwok	Phrynosomatidae	7et:ekiliw:a-		horned toad	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In Mins, Mics		underived	surely complex etymologically but no hint anywhere as to how			Callaghan 1984		2		2		2							no
Salinan A	Phrynosomatidae	swah'-kah-kah'		horned toad	unique		Salinan				reduplicated				Merriam 55:379		2		2		2							no
Salinan M	Phrynosomatidae	swah'-kah-kah'		horned toad	unique		Salinan				reduplicated				Merriam 55:379		2		2		2							no
Seri (Comcaac)	Phrynosomatidae	hant coáaxoj		regal horned lizard, Phrynosoma solare	unique					same	phrase	hant “earth” -- other element only in this form			Comcaac Dictionary 327		2		2		2							no
Serrano	Phrynosomatidae	tupar7xoriñi; typar7qRiñi (58		horned toad (CHM confirms 60:109)	unique						phrase	note qRi:ñiñi “dragonfly” (p. 58); I have no idea what this means, insufficient lexical information			KCHill ms 2001:8		2		2		2							no
Southern Paiute	Phrynosomatidae	paqatcatsI		Horned toad (Phrynosoma)	inheritance	*makaCta	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1333 (2008:202); here this has been folk-etymologized with initial pa-, not ma-	same	other complex	has -tsi ABS			Sapir 1930:604		2		2		2							no
Southern Sierra Miwok	Phrynosomatidae	cotpo:po-		horned toad	loan			Yokuts	Note Yokutsan chichpaapu in all Merriam lists		reduplicated				Broadbent 1964:		2		2		2							no
Southern Ute	Phrynosomatidae	maqác?ą-cI		horned toad	inheritance	*makaCta	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1333 (2008:202)	same	other complex	has -ci ABS			Givon 1979		2		2		2							no
Tübatulabal	Phrynosomatidae	mah-kah-seet' 72-79, 60-497	ma:kaˈsit (?)	horned toad	loan			Kawaiisu	S1333 *makaCta (Stubbs 2009:202) have all attestations in Numic. Kawaiisu makaca-zi seems like an excellent candidate for source word	same	other complex	ma:kaˈsi-t horned.toad-npn			http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 497	no info	2		2	no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6)	no info		N/A	N/A	N/A	Western U.S. and Mexico	hot, dry, sandy areas	no
Tümpisa Shoshone	Phrynosomatidae	mahittsakkaa		horned toad	inheritance	*makaCta	Proto-Uto-Aztecan		Problematic etymology but clearly related to forms in Stubbs 1333 (2008:202)	same	underived	mahittsakkaa surely a complex form -- ma- “with hand”???			Dayley 1989:90		2		2		2							no
Wappo	Phrynosomatidae	missing			missing						missing						2		2		2							no
Washo	Phrynosomatidae	tah'-ge de-soo'-sĕ		horned toad	unique						phrase				Merriam 55:311		2		2		2							no
Western Mono	Phrynosomatidae	toGoqatai'nupI		horned toad (lizard)	unique				Includes word for “snake”, toGoqa	same	derived	toGoqA “snake”, plus unanalyzable material	-pi		Bethel et al.231	no info	2		2		1	Merriam 59:81: “catch by tail & hold against forehead, cure headache	hunted	all	no info			no
Wintu	Phrynosomatidae	missing			missing						missing						2		2		2							no
Yavapai	Phrynosomatidae	tlkʷăm	breve is hachek	horned toad	unique						unknown				Shaterian 1983		2		2		2							no
Yokuts Palewyami	Phrynosomatidae	chēch-pah'-bo		horned toad	inheritance		Yokutsan		Merriam has this form everywhere	same	underived	probably etymologically complex but elements have no obvious analysis			Merriam 58:529		2		2		2							no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Phrynosomatidae	djitcpaapu		horned toad	inheritance		Yokutsan		Merriam has this form in lists for every subgroup of Yokutsan	same	underived	must be complex etymologically			Kroeber 1907:242		2		2		2							no
Yokuts Yowlumne	Phrynosomatidae	cheet'-pah'-po		horned toad	inheritance		Yokutsan		Merriam has this form in lists for every subgroup of Yokutsan	same	underived	probably complex but unanalyzable given available materials			Merriam 58:561		2		2		2							no
Yuki	Phrynosomatidae	missing			missing						missing						2		2		2							no
Yuma	Phrynosomatidae	met'-kwin'-ne-ask'		Horned toad (Phrynosoma)	inheritance				Note Cocopa cxnyaş which seems to end with same element but is simplex in Cocopa		unknown				Merriam 61:463		2		2		2							no


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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