| Bankalachi Toloim |
Phrynosomatidae |
chis-pah'-pŏ |
|
Horned toad |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Yowlumne cheet'-pah'-po, Palewyami chēch-pah'-bo (so Proto-Yokutsan) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
C. H. Merriam 72-79, 60-463 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Phrynosomatidae |
mahaccianka, maccinkipo |
|
Horned toad (Phrynosoma) |
inheritance |
*makaCta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1333 (2008:202) |
|
|
same |
underived |
must be complex etymologically |
|
|
|
Crapo 1976:143 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cahuilla |
Phrynosomatidae |
čálaka |
ˈʧalaka |
horned toad |
inheritance |
*ˈʧalaka |
Cupan |
|
S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not a Yuman, Yokuts, or Chumash word. |
|
|
same |
underived |
non-possessed noun suffix is absent. |
-7aʃ “pet” |
possessive classifier -7aʃ (probably) |
|
Seiler&Hioki 1979:22 |
no info |
2 |
Moon gaves lizards their colors; they are her paintings (Seiler 1970:44) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
women |
boiled, roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western US and Mexico |
Hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Phrynosomatidae |
7et:ek:iliwa- |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
Also in Mins, Mip |
|
|
|
underived |
must be etymologically complex |
|
|
|
Freeland & Broadbent 1960 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Phrynosomatidae |
mah-kah'-tsets |
ma'kacicI |
Horned toad (Phrynosoma) |
inheritance |
*makaCta |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1333 (2008:202) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ma'kaci-cI horned.toad-ABS (ma- may be “hand” IP) |
|
|
|
Merriam 59:535 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Phrynosomatidae |
enekeyey'e |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
|
Central Chumash only |
|
also in Ineseno; this looks oddly like the Eastern Miwokan word etekiliwa (approxminate rendering). |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Beeler 1978:175 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Phrynosomatidae |
ʔana-mekeyeye > ʔenemekeyeye |
|
horned toad (Merriam confirms 55;17) |
inheritance |
|
Central Chumash only |
|
Also in Barbareno |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
7al- |
|
|
|
Applegate 195 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Phrynosomatidae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Phrynosomatidae |
an-tim'-men kā-yā-yă |
|
horned toad |
unique |
|
Central Chumash only |
|
|
|
|
|
phrase |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:49 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Phrynosomatidae |
cxnyaş |
|
horned toad |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Crawford 1989 |
A Cocopa totem (Crawford) |
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Phrynosomatidae |
kuhtsu tɨbini? |
|
toad, horned toad |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
finite clause? |
buffalo questions (??) |
|
|
|
Robinson & Armagost 1990:161 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Phrynosomatidae |
chalaka |
ʧaˈlaka |
horned lizard |
inheritance |
*ˈʧalaka |
Cupan |
|
S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not found in Yuman. |
|
|
same |
underived |
note no npn |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Hill & Nolasquez 1973:152 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. and Mexico |
hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Phrynosomatidae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Phrynosomatidae |
char'-row'-ă-hoCH |
ʧaˈrawaxaʔ (?) |
Horned toad |
loan |
|
|
Cupan |
Note Cupan *ˈʧalaka; ultimate source obscure, not Yuman |
|
|
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ “pet |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 429 |
no info |
2 |
Horned Toad doctored Wuyot in Lu. story, probably in Gab. too |
2 |
considered disgusting (McC p. 117) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. and Mexico |
hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Phrynosomatidae |
hasuyan |
|
horned toad |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
might have ha- “water” etymologically |
|
|
|
Couro & Hutcheson 1973 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Phrynosomatidae |
makaca-zi |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
*makaCta |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1333 (2008:202) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
makaca-zi horned.toad-ABS (ma- may be “hand” IP) |
|
|
|
Zigmond et al. |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Phrynosomatidae |
kw+x?yaan-p |
|
Horned toad |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
relative clause |
kw+x?yaan-p REL-?-(MEDIO)-PASSIVE |
|
|
|
Mixco 1985 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Phrynosomatidae |
nakarakara |
ˈnakarakara |
chameleon |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
reduplicated |
nakara-kara horned.toad-dup (?) |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:418 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. and Mexico |
hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Phrynosomatidae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Phrynosomatidae |
chaláka |
tʃaʹlaka |
horned toad |
inheritance |
*ˈʧalaka |
Cupan |
|
S1332(Stubbs 2009;202). This may be a loan word. Serrano chilyaaqu “lizard sp.” and Kitanemuk ciruku' are clearly resemblant but not regularly so. Not in Yuman. |
|
|
same |
underived |
note absence of non.possessed.noun suffix; might be a loan |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla |
|
Elliott 1999:238 |
no info |
2 |
Horned Toad doctored Wuyot (E, S, etc.); in a season song for Nemoyil “North the horned toad bears young” Kroeber 1925:658 |
2 |
lizards not eaten |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. and Mexico |
Hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Phrynosomatidae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Phrynosomatidae |
ɂamat koqviithk |
|
horned toad |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
phrase |
ɂamat “earth”; koqviithk only in this name |
|
|
|
Munro et al.1992 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Phrynosomatidae |
o-shesH-kin |
|
horned toad |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
morphology unknown |
|
|
|
Merriam 55:417 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Phrynosomatidae |
7okopejpej |
|
horned toad |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
compound, reduplicated |
7oko, -pej meanings unknown |
|
|
|
Uldall & Shipley 1966 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Phrynosomatidae |
magatza'a |
|
Horned toad (Phrynosoma) |
inheritance |
*makaCta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1333 (2008;202) |
|
|
same |
underived |
probably etymologically some kind of compound form |
|
|
|
Yerington Dictionary |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Phrynosomatidae |
7et:ek:iliw:a-, 7et:ekilim:a- |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
Also in Mics, Mip |
|
|
|
underived |
must be etymologically complex |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1987 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Phrynosomatidae |
7et:ekiliw:a- |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
In Mins, Mics |
|
|
|
underived |
surely complex etymologically but no hint anywhere as to how |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1984 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Phrynosomatidae |
swah'-kah-kah' |
|
horned toad |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:379 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Phrynosomatidae |
swah'-kah-kah' |
|
horned toad |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:379 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Phrynosomatidae |
hant coáaxoj |
|
regal horned lizard, Phrynosoma solare |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
phrase |
hant “earth” -- other element only in this form |
|
|
|
Comcaac Dictionary 327 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Phrynosomatidae |
tupar7xoriñi; typar7qRiñi (58 |
|
horned toad (CHM confirms 60:109) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
phrase |
note qRi:ñiñi “dragonfly” (p. 58); I have no idea what this means, insufficient lexical information |
|
|
|
KCHill ms 2001:8 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Phrynosomatidae |
paqatcatsI |
|
Horned toad (Phrynosoma) |
inheritance |
*makaCta |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1333 (2008:202); here this has been folk-etymologized with initial pa-, not ma- |
|
|
same |
other complex |
has -tsi ABS |
|
|
|
Sapir 1930:604 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Phrynosomatidae |
cotpo:po- |
|
horned toad |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Note Yokutsan chichpaapu in all Merriam lists |
|
|
|
reduplicated |
|
|
|
|
Broadbent 1964: |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Phrynosomatidae |
maqác?ą-cI |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
*makaCta |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1333 (2008:202) |
|
|
same |
other complex |
has -ci ABS |
|
|
|
Givon 1979 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Phrynosomatidae |
mah-kah-seet' 72-79, 60-497 |
ma:kaˈsit (?) |
horned toad |
loan |
|
|
Kawaiisu |
S1333 *makaCta (Stubbs 2009:202) have all attestations in Numic. Kawaiisu makaca-zi seems like an excellent candidate for source word |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ma:kaˈsi-t horned.toad-npn |
|
|
|
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n479/mode/2up; p. 497 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
no reptiles eaten (Voegelin 1938:6) |
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Western U.S. and Mexico |
hot, dry, sandy areas |
no |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Phrynosomatidae |
mahittsakkaa |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
*makaCta |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
Problematic etymology but clearly related to forms in Stubbs 1333 (2008:202) |
|
|
same |
underived |
mahittsakkaa surely a complex form -- ma- “with hand”??? |
|
|
|
Dayley 1989:90 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Phrynosomatidae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Phrynosomatidae |
tah'-ge de-soo'-sĕ |
|
horned toad |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
phrase |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:311 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Phrynosomatidae |
toGoqatai'nupI |
|
horned toad (lizard) |
unique |
|
|
|
Includes word for “snake”, toGoqa |
|
|
same |
derived |
toGoqA “snake”, plus unanalyzable material |
-pi |
|
|
Bethel et al.231 |
no info |
2 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
Merriam 59:81: “catch by tail & hold against forehead, cure headache |
hunted |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Phrynosomatidae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Phrynosomatidae |
tlkʷăm |
breve is hachek |
horned toad |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Shaterian 1983 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Phrynosomatidae |
chēch-pah'-bo |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
Merriam has this form everywhere |
|
|
same |
underived |
probably etymologically complex but elements have no obvious analysis |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:529 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Phrynosomatidae |
djitcpaapu |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
Merriam has this form in lists for every subgroup of Yokutsan |
|
|
same |
underived |
must be complex etymologically |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1907:242 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Phrynosomatidae |
cheet'-pah'-po |
|
horned toad |
inheritance |
|
Yokutsan |
|
Merriam has this form in lists for every subgroup of Yokutsan |
|
|
same |
underived |
probably complex but unanalyzable given available materials |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:561 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Phrynosomatidae |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Phrynosomatidae |
met'-kwin'-ne-ask' |
|
Horned toad (Phrynosoma) |
inheritance |
|
|
|
Note Cocopa cxnyaş which seems to end with same element but is simplex in Cocopa |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 61:463 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
