Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

grizzly bear

Semantic Field
flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

Languages

Language Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim Ursus arctos horribilis mol-loi or naw'-ŏ Grizzly, Bear (nŏ-ŏ ) loan Yokuts Proto-NimYokuts *ngoh7o7 WW %mol same underived C. H. Merriam 72-77, 72-797, 60-449 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone Ursus arctos horribilis to'-să woo'-rah (RV unless otherwise noted) Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) inheritance Numic See N.P. wɨdaɂa ; Grizzly also “white bear” in Comanche same phrase Merriam 61:67 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Cahuilla Ursus arctos horribilis húnwet ˈhunwet bear inheritance *huna-wɨ-ta Californian S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. broader (includes any bear) derived hun-wet “badger-augmentative” (presumably a euphemism) -7aʃ "pet" Seiler & Hioki 1979:60 Grizzly a relative of humans, called “Great-grandfather” (Strong 1929:76) 1 One of the four oldest animals created by Mukat. Grizzly was a great shaman (Strong 1979:72). 2 only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63) no info hunted Men skins, claws, teeth used 0 0 Western North America chaparral, woodlands yes
Central Sierra Miwok Ursus arctos horribilis hopá7-mu- grizzly bear loan unknown WW %paha other complex -mu Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Chemehuevi Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Chumash Barbareno Ursus arctos horribilis xus bear (both grizzly and black) inheritance *qus Central Chumash only underived nunaʃiʃ “animal; beast, devil” Beeler 1978:181 (and used this way in an Ono text, as “(big) vs. (small) animals re hunting preferences Beeler 1978:190 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Chumash Ineseno Ursus arctos horribilis xus bear, grizzly bear inheritance *qus Proto-Chumash underived nunaʃiʃ “animal; beast, devil” Beeler 1978:181 (and used this way in an Ono text, as “(big) vs. (small) animals re hunting preferences Merriam 55:3 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Chumash Obispeno Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Chumash Ventureno Ursus arctos horribilis xus bear (Merriam 55:35 confirms grizzly and black bear) inheritance Proto-Chumash underived nunaʃiʃ “animal; beast, devil” Beeler 1978:181 (and used this way in an Ono text, as “(big) vs. (small) animals re hunting preferences Mamet 2008:57 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Cocopa Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Comanche Ursus arctos horribilis tosa wɨra? white bear inheritance Numic see N.P. wɨdaɂa ; Grizzly also “white bear” in Shoshone unknown Rejon 1995:19 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Cupeño Ursus arctos horribilis hunwet ˈhunwət bear inheritance *huna-wɨ-ta Californian S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. broader (includes all bears) derived ˈhun-wə-t badger-big-npn -ʔaʃ "pet" possessive classifier for animals Hill & Nolasquez 1973:156 no info 1 shamans become bears 2 not eaten by Lu; for Ca., only elderly and shamans can eat no info hunted men mainly for claws, pelt 0 0 claw regalia perhaps traded, no info western North America chaparral, woodlands yes
Esselen Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Gabrielino Ursus arctos horribilis hu:nar ˈhu:nar bear inheritance *huna-wɨ-ta Californian S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). Gabrielino has lost *-w- (regularly), hence the long vowel same other complex ˈhu:na-r bear-npn -ʔaʧ "pet" possessive classifier for animals Harrington 051, 041, 189 no info 1 in shamanism; and a Chingichngish animal (McC 146) 2 McC p. 116 no info hunted men mainly for skin, claws, but according to McC bear meat eaten 0 0 hides often trade Western North America chaparral, woodland yes
Iipay 'Aa Ursus arctos horribilis nem-mool' Grizzly bear (might be jaguar Merriam) unique broader (any bear; although Merriam comments black bear not in this region) underived Merriam 55:199 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Kawaiisu Ursus arctos horribilis pogwitɨ grizzly bear unique same underived Zigmond et al. 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Kiliwa Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Kitanemuk Ursus arctos horribilis hunawɨt ˈhunawɨt Grizzly Bear inheritance *huna-wɨ-ta Californian S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. Why is /w/ retained in this form? same derived ˈhuna-wɨ-t bear-augmentative-npn (Wju -ʔacit "pet" possessive classifier for animals Anderton 1988:322 no info 1 bear shamanism, guardian spirits 2 no info hunted men mainly for hide, claws 0 0 Western North America chaparral, woodland yes
Lake Miwok Ursus arctos horribilis kúle grizzly bear semantic shift Miwokan see “bear” underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Luiseño Ursus arctos horribilis húnwut ʹhunwut bear inheritance *huna-wɨ-ta Californian S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. broader (includes all bears) derived ʹhun-wu-t badger-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (this is a euphemism and is felt as derived) Elliott 1999:358 no info 1 Couplet: hunwut, tukwut (Sparkman 1908: Plate 20); bear claw necklaces worn at certain dances (Sparkman 1908:2100 2 “never eaten” (Sparkman 1908:199) no hunted men skin, claws saved; stone erected at site of death (Sparkman 1908:199) 0 0 Western North America chaparral, woodlands yes
Maidu Ursus arctos horribilis páno grizzly bear loan unknown WW %paha underived Shipley 1963 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Mojave Ursus arctos horribilis mahwat bear unique broader (any bear) phrase ditto Munro et al.1992 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Mutsun Ursus arctos horribilis 7ores Merriam confirms for “grizzly” also inheritance **7ole$ Costanoan underived Merriam 55:403 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Nisenan Ursus arctos horribilis tah'-kah-pah'; kah'-pah grizzly bear loan unknown WW %paha phrase Merriam 57:227 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Northern Paiute Ursus arctos horribilis padooa Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) (WL), bear (Y) loan unknown WW %paha same underived Merriam 61:133; Yerington Dictionary 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Northern Sierra Miwok Ursus arctos horribilis 7ysy:maTi- grizzly bear inheritance *7y$y-maTi7 Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 1971 (means “bad - creature” phrase Callaghan 1987 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Plains Miwok Ursus arctos horribilis 7ysy:mati-, 7ysym:ati- grizzly bear inheritance *7y$y-maTi7 Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 1971 phrase bad creature Callaghan 1984 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Salinan A Ursus arctos horribilis Taxaí grizzly bear (Merriam confirms 55:365) unique Salinan underived unless /T/ is articular prefix Merriam 55:365 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Salinan M Ursus arctos horribilis T<Axaí' grizzly bear (Merriam confirms 55:365 unique Salinan underived 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Seri (Comcaac) Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Serrano Ursus arctos horribilis hu:na-t grizzly bear (CHM confirms same word 60:95 inheritance *huna-wɨ-ta Californian S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; *hura(p) “badger” is UA etymon. But this only means “bear” in Californian. other complex -t NPN Merriam 60:95 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Southern Paiute Ursus arctos horribilis qwiagantɨ Grizzly bear unique *kwiya Colorado River Numic only; Stubbs 136 (2008:59) same derived looks like a deverbal derivation with -tɨ Sapir 1930:648 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Southern Sierra Miwok Ursus arctos horribilis hus7o- grizzly bear unique underived Broadbent 1964: 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Southern Ute Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Tübatulabal Ursus arctos horribilis ūnal ʔu:ˈnal bear, Grizzly bear inheritance *hula- Uto-Aztecan S105 (Stubbs 2009:53) broader (includes all bears) other complex ʔu:ˈna-l bear-npn Hill 2010:102 no info 1 Bear is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect 2 “A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12) no info hunted men roasted, skin, claws kept although bearkin robes said to be “too heavy” -- they were good for cutting boards, pounding surfaces because thick 0 0 Western North America chaparral, woodland yes
Tümpisa Shoshone Ursus arctos horribilis pahamittsi bear inheritance *paha Proto-Numic Stubbs 135 (2008:59) WW %paha broader (can be generic for bears) other complex pahami-ttsi bear-DIM (showing DIM as “respectful” like in Nahuatl) Dayley 1989 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Wappo Ursus arctos horribilis chíca grizzly bear (CHM confirms 52:563) unique Note Wintun **č'il underived Sawyer 1965 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Washo Ursus arctos horribilis t'ába grizzly bear loan unknown WW %paha underived Merriam 55:297; WPD 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Western Mono Ursus arctos horribilis pahabitsI Gayton2:272 has unu'; Gifford 49 has noho (Yokuts “man”??) bear (Merriam's “grizzly” and “bear”) loan *paha Proto-Numic unknown I had this from Stubbs p. 59 in 2008 but this is wrong (his #135??) WW %paha same (but with prototype in Grizzly) derived Has diminutive (respect form?) Bethel et al.:124 totem for Bear Dancer 1 Grizzly did not take jimsonweed, why he is so mean (Gayton 2:282); bear shamanism; bears believed to carry away people and marry them giving 1/2 bear children (Gifford 51) 2 no info hunted men no info 0 0 yes
Wintu Ursus arctos horribilis wimah grizzly bear (particular aspect) unique Note Proto-Pomo *li:ma (with mima in some dialects); Wappo wima “cougar” Elmendorf 1993:230 underived Pitkin 1985 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Yavapai Ursus arctos horribilis missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Yokuts Palewyami Ursus arctos horribilis t'enšiɂ bear, grizzly unique unique in Kroeber: “Newman gives an alternative Yawe term, t'en, which recurs in Pal” (Kroeber 1961:214 note 178) same underived Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Yokuts Yawdanchi Ursus arctos horribilis ngohoo grizzly bear inheritance *ŋohɂoɂ Nim-Yokuts Golla 1964:60 same underived Kroeber 1961:199 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Yokuts Yowlumne Ursus arctos horribilis noh'o', ngoho'o grizzly bear inheritance *ŋohɂoɂ Nim-Yokuts Golla 1964:60 same underived Kroeber 1961:199 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Yuki Ursus arctos horribilis wah-shit chahl> MWO č'al grizzly bear inheritance *wəšit' Yukian Schlichter 1985 phrase bear white Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 1 2 0 0 0 yes
Yuma Ursus arctos horribilis missing inheritance missing 1 2 0 0 0 yes