Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

grizzly bear

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Ursus arctos horribilis	mol-loi or naw'-ŏ		Grizzly, Bear (nŏ-ŏ )	loan			Yokuts	Proto-NimYokuts *ngoh7o7	WW	%mol	same	underived					C. H. Merriam 72-77, 72-797, 60-449		1		2		0							yes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Ursus arctos horribilis	to'-să woo'-rah (RV unless otherwise noted)		Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis)	inheritance		Numic		See N.P. wɨdaɂa ; Grizzly also “white bear” in Comanche			same	phrase					Merriam 61:67		1		2		0							yes
Cahuilla	Ursus arctos horribilis	húnwet	ˈhunwet	bear	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California.			broader (includes any bear)	derived	hun-wet “badger-augmentative” (presumably a euphemism)	-7aʃ "pet"			Seiler & Hioki 1979:60	Grizzly a relative of humans, called “Great-grandfather” (Strong 1929:76)	1	One of the four oldest animals created by Mukat. Grizzly was a great shaman (Strong 1979:72).	2	only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63)	no info	hunted	Men	skins, claws, teeth used		Western North America	chaparral, woodlands	yes
Central Sierra Miwok	Ursus arctos horribilis	hopá7-mu-		grizzly bear	loan			unknown		WW	%paha		other complex	-mu				Freeland & Broadbent 1960		1		2		0							yes
Chemehuevi	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing			missing								missing							1		2		0							yes
Chumash Barbareno	Ursus arctos horribilis	xus		bear (both grizzly and black)	inheritance	*qus	Central Chumash only						underived				nunaʃiʃ “animal; beast, devil” Beeler 1978:181 (and used this way in an Ono text, as “(big) vs. (small) animals re hunting preferences	Beeler 1978:190		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Ineseno	Ursus arctos horribilis	xus		bear, grizzly bear	inheritance	*qus	Proto-Chumash						underived				nunaʃiʃ “animal; beast, devil” Beeler 1978:181 (and used this way in an Ono text, as “(big) vs. (small) animals re hunting preferences	Merriam 55:3		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Obispeno	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing			missing								missing							1		2		0							yes
Chumash Ventureno	Ursus arctos horribilis	xus		bear (Merriam 55:35 confirms grizzly and black bear)	inheritance		Proto-Chumash						underived				nunaʃiʃ “animal; beast, devil” Beeler 1978:181 (and used this way in an Ono text, as “(big) vs. (small) animals re hunting preferences	Mamet 2008:57		1		2		0							yes
Cocopa	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing			missing								missing							1		2		0							yes
Comanche	Ursus arctos horribilis	tosa wɨra?		white bear	inheritance		Numic		see N.P. wɨdaɂa ; Grizzly also “white bear” in Shoshone				unknown					Rejon 1995:19		1		2		0							yes
Cupeño	Ursus arctos horribilis	hunwet	ˈhunwət	bear	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California.			broader (includes all bears)	derived	ˈhun-wə-t badger-big-npn	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Hill & Nolasquez 1973:156	no info	1	shamans become bears	2	not eaten by Lu; for Ca., only elderly and shamans can eat	no info	hunted	men	mainly for claws, pelt	claw regalia perhaps traded, no info	western North America	chaparral, woodlands	yes
Esselen	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing			missing								missing							1		2		0							yes
Gabrielino	Ursus arctos horribilis	hu:nar	ˈhu:nar	bear	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). Gabrielino has lost *-w- (regularly), hence the long vowel			same	other complex	ˈhu:na-r bear-npn	-ʔaʧ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Harrington 051, 041, 189	no info	1	in shamanism; and a Chingichngish animal (McC 146)	2	McC p. 116	no info	hunted	men	mainly for skin, claws, but according to McC bear meat eaten	hides often trade	Western North America	chaparral, woodland	yes
Iipay 'Aa	Ursus arctos horribilis	nem-mool'		Grizzly bear (might be jaguar Merriam)	unique							broader (any bear; although Merriam comments black bear not in this region)	underived					Merriam 55:199		1		2		0							yes
Kawaiisu	Ursus arctos horribilis	pogwitɨ		grizzly bear	unique							same	underived					Zigmond et al.		1		2		0							yes
Kiliwa	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing			missing								missing							1		2		0							yes
Kitanemuk	Ursus arctos horribilis	hunawɨt	ˈhunawɨt	Grizzly Bear	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California. Why is /w/ retained in this form?			same	derived	ˈhuna-wɨ-t bear-augmentative-npn (Wju	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Anderton 1988:322	no info	1	bear shamanism, guardian spirits	2		no info	hunted	men	mainly for hide, claws		Western North America	chaparral, woodland	yes
Lake Miwok	Ursus arctos horribilis	kúle		grizzly bear	semantic shift		Miwokan		see “bear”				underived					Callaghan 1965		1		2		0							yes
Luiseño	Ursus arctos horribilis	húnwut	ʹhunwut	bear	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; badger, *hura(p), is UA etymon. But only means “bear” in California.			broader (includes all bears)	derived	ʹhun-wu-t badger-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (this is a euphemism and is felt as derived)				Elliott 1999:358	no info	1	Couplet: hunwut, tukwut (Sparkman 1908: Plate 20); bear claw necklaces worn at certain dances (Sparkman 1908:2100	2	“never eaten” (Sparkman 1908:199)	no	hunted	men	skin, claws saved; stone erected at site of death (Sparkman 1908:199)		Western North America	chaparral, woodlands	yes
Maidu	Ursus arctos horribilis	páno		grizzly bear	loan			unknown		WW	%paha		underived					Shipley 1963		1		2		0							yes
Mojave	Ursus arctos horribilis	mahwat		bear	unique							broader (any bear)	phrase	ditto				Munro et al.1992		1		2		0							yes
Mutsun	Ursus arctos horribilis	7ores		Merriam confirms for “grizzly” also	inheritance	**7ole$	Costanoan						underived					Merriam 55:403		1		2		0							yes
Nisenan	Ursus arctos horribilis	tah'-kah-pah'; kah'-pah		grizzly bear	loan			unknown		WW	%paha		phrase					Merriam 57:227		1		2		0							yes
Northern Paiute	Ursus arctos horribilis	padooa		Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) (WL), bear (Y)	loan			unknown		WW	%paha	same	underived					Merriam 61:133; Yerington Dictionary		1		2		0							yes
Northern Sierra Miwok	Ursus arctos horribilis	7ysy:maTi-		grizzly bear	inheritance	*7y$y-maTi7	Eastern Miwokan		Callaghan 1971 (means “bad - creature”				phrase					Callaghan 1987		1		2		0							yes
Plains Miwok	Ursus arctos horribilis	7ysy:mati-, 7ysym:ati-		grizzly bear	inheritance	*7y$y-maTi7	Eastern Miwokan		Callaghan 1971				phrase	bad creature				Callaghan 1984		1		2		0							yes
Salinan A	Ursus arctos horribilis	Taxaí		grizzly bear (Merriam confirms 55:365)	unique		Salinan						underived	unless /T/ is articular prefix				Merriam 55:365		1		2		0							yes
Salinan M	Ursus arctos horribilis	T<Axaí'		grizzly bear (Merriam confirms 55:365	unique		Salinan						underived							1		2		0							yes
Seri (Comcaac)	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing			missing								missing							1		2		0							yes
Serrano	Ursus arctos horribilis	hu:na-t		grizzly bear (CHM confirms same word 60:95	inheritance	*huna-wɨ-ta	Californian		S132 (Stubbs 2009:59). This is “big badger”; *hura(p) “badger” is UA etymon. But this only means “bear” in Californian.				other complex	-t NPN				Merriam 60:95		1		2		0							yes
Southern Paiute	Ursus arctos horribilis	qwiagantɨ		Grizzly bear	unique	*kwiya			Colorado River Numic only; Stubbs 136 (2008:59)			same	derived	looks like a deverbal derivation with -tɨ				Sapir 1930:648		1		2		0							yes
Southern Sierra Miwok	Ursus arctos horribilis	hus7o-		grizzly bear	unique								underived					Broadbent 1964:		1		2		0							yes
Southern Ute	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing			missing								missing							1		2		0							yes
Tübatulabal	Ursus arctos horribilis	ūnal	ʔu:ˈnal	bear, Grizzly bear	inheritance	*hula-	Uto-Aztecan		S105 (Stubbs 2009:53)			broader (includes all bears)	other complex	ʔu:ˈna-l bear-npn				Hill 2010:102	no info	1	Bear is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect	2	“A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12)	no info	hunted	men	roasted, skin, claws kept although bearkin robes said to be “too heavy” -- they were good for cutting boards, pounding surfaces because thick		Western North America	chaparral, woodland	yes
Tümpisa Shoshone	Ursus arctos horribilis	pahamittsi		bear	inheritance	*paha	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 135 (2008:59)	WW	%paha	broader (can be generic for bears)	other complex	pahami-ttsi bear-DIM (showing DIM as “respectful” like in Nahuatl)				Dayley 1989		1		2		0							yes
Wappo	Ursus arctos horribilis	chíca		grizzly bear (CHM confirms 52:563)	unique				Note Wintun **č'il				underived					Sawyer 1965		1		2		0							yes
Washo	Ursus arctos horribilis	t'ába		grizzly bear	loan			unknown		WW	%paha		underived					Merriam 55:297; WPD		1		2		0							yes
Western Mono	Ursus arctos horribilis	pahabitsI	Gayton2:272 has unu'; Gifford 49 has noho (Yokuts “man”??)	bear (Merriam's “grizzly” and “bear”)	loan	*paha	Proto-Numic	unknown	I had this from Stubbs p. 59 in 2008 but this is wrong (his #135??)	WW	%paha	same (but with prototype in Grizzly)	derived	Has diminutive (respect form?)				Bethel et al.:124	totem for Bear Dancer	1	Grizzly did not take jimsonweed, why he is so mean (Gayton 2:282); bear shamanism; bears believed to carry away people and marry them giving 1/2 bear children (Gifford 51)	2		no info	hunted	men	no info				yes
Wintu	Ursus arctos horribilis	wimah		grizzly bear (particular aspect)	unique				Note Proto-Pomo *li:ma (with mima in some dialects); Wappo wima “cougar” Elmendorf 1993:230				underived					Pitkin 1985		1		2		0							yes
Yavapai	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing			missing								missing							1		2		0							yes
Yokuts Palewyami	Ursus arctos horribilis	t'enšiɂ		bear, grizzly	unique				unique in Kroeber: “Newman gives an alternative Yawe term, t'en, which recurs in Pal” (Kroeber 1961:214 note 178)			same	underived					Gamble 1991 (from Harrington)		1		2		0							yes
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Ursus arctos horribilis	ngohoo		grizzly bear	inheritance	*ŋohɂoɂ	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:60			same	underived					Kroeber 1961:199		1		2		0							yes
Yokuts Yowlumne	Ursus arctos horribilis	noh'o', ngoho'o		grizzly bear	inheritance	*ŋohɂoɂ	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:60			same	underived					Kroeber 1961:199		1		2		0							yes
Yuki	Ursus arctos horribilis	wah-shit chahl> MWO	č'al	grizzly bear	inheritance	*wəšit'	Yukian		Schlichter 1985				phrase	bear white				Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		1		2		0							yes
Yuma	Ursus arctos horribilis	missing			inheritance								missing							1		2		0							yes


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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