Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

valley live oak

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Etymology Notes	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2					1				no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Quercus agrifolia	missing			inheritance					missing						2		1		2					1				no
Cahuilla	Quercus agrifolia	wíʔasilʸ	ˈwiʔasiʎ	coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia	inheritance	*wiʔaN-si	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224). Cupeno also has this -si increment.	broader (also used for the acorn)	derived	ˈwiʔa-si-ʎ ˈwiʔa-t is Q. chrysolepsis. -si may be frozen diminutive (it is not a productive element)	-ki7iw7a "waiting, claim"	possessive classifier -ki7iw7a "grove of trees growing wild that is assigned to a lineage" (literally, "waiting", "claim" (Seiler and Hioki 1979:300)). Acorns are -chi-7a "gathering".	Seiler&Hioki 1979:243	Oak groves were lineage properties. Individual trees belonged to families within the lineage.	2	A “first crop” ceremony held by net; one could not eat the new acorns before this event, on pain of death or sickness. Myths hold acorns were not always bitter, but were poisoned by a shaman, or perhaps by creator when he got angry at people.	1	Very elaborate steps in preparation yields bread (sawish), mush (wiwish), and soup (B&S give no name). Q. agrifolia was a “secondary source” with Q. kelloggii and Q. chrysolepsis preferred.	1	ashes of wood and bark in antiseptic wash	Gathered (wild but closely managed)	All	acorns dried, ground, flour prepared through several stages of leaching, grinding in diverse utensils (see Bean & Saubel 1972:127)	1	Desert Cahuilla traded for acorns with Wanikik and Mountain Cahuilla groups, although they did have their own groves in upper Murray Canyon	California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak	Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet	no
Central Sierra Miwok	Quercus agrifolia	sá:sa-		live oak (Q. agrifolia)	inheritance	*sa:Ta	Miwokan	Callaghan 1997:19		reduplicated				Freeland & Broadbent 1960		2		1		2					1				no
Chemehuevi	Quercus agrifolia	we'-am'-pe		Valley live oak (Quercus agrifolia)	inheritance	wi'aN, wiyaN	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 1507b (2008:224) probably a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA	same	other complex	has -pɨ ABS			Merriam 59:539		2		1		2					1				no
Chumash Barbareno	Quercus agrifolia	ku'w		Q. agrifolia	inheritance	*kuwu(')	Proto-Chumash	Klar 1977:102		underived				Timbrook 2007:160		2		1		2					1				no
Chumash Ineseno	Quercus agrifolia	ku'w		Valley live oak (Note, Merriam has these reversed)	inheritance	*kuwu(')	Proto-Chumash	Klar 1977:102		underived				Timbrook 2007:160		2		1		2					1				no
Chumash Obispeno	Quercus agrifolia	tʸuwu' Klar)		Q. agrifolia, coast live oak	inheritance	*kuwu(')	Proto-Chumash	Klar 1977:102		underived				Timbrook 2007:160		2		1		2					1				no
Chumash Ventureno	Quercus agrifolia	kuw		Quercus agrifolia, Coast live oak	inheritance	*kuwu(')	Proto-Chumash	Klar 1977:102		underived				Timbrook 2007:160		2		1		2					1				no
Cocopa	Quercus agrifolia	snya·		oak, acorn	inheritance		Delta-California	Iipay Aa ɂesnyaaw	broader (includes acorn)	underived				Crawford 1989		2		1		2					1				no
Comanche	Quercus agrifolia	pa?sa ponii huupi		oak	unique				same	phrase	pa?sa ponii “acorn”, huupi “tree			Robinson & Armagost 1990:165		2		1		2					1				no
Cupeño	Quercus agrifolia	wi'awlat	wiˈʔawlat	Live Oak sp. (see species notes)	inheritance	*wi'aN-	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224); one of diverse derivations on this base for “oak”	broader (includes tree and acorns)	derived	wiˈʔa-wala-t Q.agrifolia-base/greatgrandparent-npn			Hill & Nolasquez 1973:179	groves owned by lineages	2	Ceremonial couplet wi'at, wi'awlet (H&N p. 80	1		no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	acorns hulled, ground, leached, made into cakes, mush, soup	1		California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak	Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet	no
Esselen	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2					1				no
Gabrielino	Quercus agrifolia	wi:y	wi:y	bellota	inheritance	*wi'aN-	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224); one of diverse derivations on this base for “oak”	broader (includes tree and acorns)	other complex	wi:-y live.oak-npn	-hi:n	classifier for worthwhile possessions	Harrington 559	no info	2	were once human	1	acorns	1	oak bark as general all-purpose antiseptic wash (McC p. 102)	gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	acorns ground, flour leached, made into mush, soup, bread	1		California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak	Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet	no
Iipay 'Aa	Quercus agrifolia	ɂesnyaaw		Live oak (Merriam confirms Q. agrifolia)	unique		Delta-California	Cocopa snya.	same	underived				Couro & Hutcheson 1973		2		1		2					1				no
Kawaiisu	Quercus agrifolia	kwiiyavɨ		Quercus kelloggii	inheritance	*kwiya	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 1507a (2008:224); a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA	same	other complex	kwiiya-vɨ oak-ABS	bɨ, pɨ	bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees	1981 Zigmond		2		1		2					1				no
Kiliwa	Quercus agrifolia	?+?aal		live oak	unique				same	other complex	? dummy.nominal.element + live.oak			Mixco 1985		2		1		2					1				no
Kitanemuk	Quercus agrifolia	wiʔaht	ˈwiʔaht	oak sp. , a mountain variety with edible acorn	inheritance	*wi'aN-	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224)	broader (tree and acorns)	other complex	ˈwiʔah-t live.oak-npn (probably a loan into Northern UA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan)	-niw	possessive classifier for things	Anderton 1988:568	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild but closely managed	all	acorns ground, leached, used in diverse preparations	1		California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak	Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet	no
Lake Miwok	Quercus agrifolia	şáaTa		live oak (Q. wislizeni CHM57:533)	inheritance	*sa:Ta	Miwokan	Callaghan 1997:19		underived				Callaghan 1965		2		1		2					1				no
Luiseño	Quercus agrifolia	wi'áa$al	wiʹɁa:şal	kind of live oak; Harrington, Quercus agrifolia	inheritance	*wiʔaN-si	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224). Cupeno, Cahuilla have -si increment.	broader (includes tree and acorns)	other complex	wiʹɁa:şa-l coast.live.oak-non.possessed.noun (root is derived etymologically but not synchronically)			Elliott 1999:1046	no info	2	plural forms refer to time when humans were trees	1	next to Black Oak, the most esteemed acorn (Sparkman 1908:193)	no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	acorns ground into flour, which is leached, then cooked into bread, mush, soup	1		California west of Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County to Baja California; only coastal live oak	Concentrated in valleys and on lower hills below 3000 feet	no
Maidu	Quercus agrifolia	hámsin c'á		black oak	unique					phrase	X tree			Shipley 1963		2		1		2					1				no
Mojave	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2					1				no
Mutsun	Quercus agrifolia	you-kish (u-kish)		Q. agrifolia	inheritance		Costanoan	Pinart has in Co II, III, IV as “live oak”		underived				Merriam 55:419		2		1		2					1				no
Nisenan	Quercus agrifolia	bah'-bahk		Q. agrifolia	unique					reduplicated				Merriam 57:245		2		1		2					1				no
Northern Paiute	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2					1				no
Northern Sierra Miwok	Quercus agrifolia	sa:sa-		live oak (CHM's Q. wislizeni)	inheritance	*sa:Ta	Miwokan	Callaghan 1997:19		reduplicated				Callaghan 1987		2		1		2					1				no
Plains Miwok	Quercus agrifolia	sa:sa-		live oak	inheritance	*sa:Ta-	Miwokan	Callaghan 1997:19		reduplicated				Callaghan 1984		2		1		2					1				no
Salinan A	Quercus agrifolia	s'ow'-wut		Valley Live Oak	unique		Salinan			underived				Merriam 55:385		2		1		2					1				no
Salinan M	Quercus agrifolia	s'ow'-wut		Valley live oak	unique		Salinan			underived				Merriam 55:385		2		1		2					1				no
Seri (Comcaac)	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2					1				no
Serrano	Quercus agrifolia	wi7aht		mountain Live Oak (Merriam def.)	inheritance	*wi7aN-	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S1507b (Stubbs 2009:224)		other complex	-t NPN			KCHill ms 2001:		2		1		2					1				no
Southern Paiute	Quercus agrifolia	qwiyavɨ		scrub oak	inheritance	kwiN/kwi-	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 1507a (2008:224) probably a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA	same	other complex	has -pɨ ABS			Sapir 1930:651		2		1		2					1				no
Southern Sierra Miwok	Quercus agrifolia	sa:sa-		scrub or interior live oak	inheritance	*sa:Ta-	Miwokan	Callaghan 1997:19		reduplicated				Broadbent 1964:		2		1		2					1				no
Southern Ute	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2					1				no
Tübatulabal	Quercus agrifolia	wa'anul	waʔaˈnul	Canyon live oak, Quercus chrysolepsis	inheritance	*wi7a(N)	Northern Uto-Aztecan	S2507b (Stubbs 2009:224); vocalism bad but first /a/ could just be harmony across the glottal stop. Surely it is this etymon.	same	other complex	waʔaˈnu-l q.chrysolepsis-npn (really has -u- deriv. suffix but perhaps not synchronic)			Hill 2010:115	no info	2		1		no info		gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	acorns shelled, ground into flour, leached, prepared in diverse ways	1		Southwestern U.S. to Sierra Nevada	up to 2700 meters, likes north-facing slopes in hot areas, tolerant of steep slopes, rocky soil	no
Tümpisa Shoshone	Quercus agrifolia	wiyampippüh		oak (Merriam's Q. kelloggii “Black Oak”	inheritance	*wiya	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 1507b (2008:224)	same	other complex	wiyam-pi-ppüh	ppüh	wiyampi “acorn”, wiyampi-ppüh “acorn-tree”	Dayley 1989:387		2		1		2					1				no
Wappo	Quercus agrifolia	híšo		live oak (Q. wislizeni CHM 52:581)	inheritance		Yukian-Wappo	Yuki ha:s, hah”-sĕ; note Yokutsan forms like “esin” for Black Oak; Sawyer 1991:33 says -i:š- is “oak”		other complex	-o for tree			Sawyer 1965		2		1		2					1				no
Washo	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2					1				no
Western Mono	Quercus agrifolia	wiyapɨ		California black oak tree (Quercus kelloggii)	inheritance	*wiya	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan	Stubbs 1507b (2008:224)	same	derived		-pɨ		Bethel et al.285	no info	2		1	makes the best mush (Gayton 2:224)	no info		Gathered (wild but closely managed)	all	acorns ground, leached, cooked in diverse preparations	1	“acorns moved eastward” to E. Mono (Spier 1978:427)			no
Wintu	Quercus agrifolia	ta:sal		live oak (Q. chrysolepis CHM 56:51)	unique					underived				Schlichter 1981		2		1		2					1				no
Yavapai	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2					1				no
Yokuts Palewyami	Quercus agrifolia	e'-sen-ne		Black oak (Q. californica (= kelloggii?)	inheritance		Yokutsan	Kroeber lists similar forms (he has Pal isen) widespread	same	underived				Merriam 58:533		2		1		2					1				no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Quercus agrifolia	öcün		black oak; Merriam confirms Q. californica Black Oak 58:375	inheritance		Yokutsan	Kroeber and Merriam both have the cognate form for Palewyami (es-sen-ne in Merriam, esin in Kroeber); note Eappo -i:š- “oak” (Sawyer 1991:33)	same	underived				Kroeber 1961:211 (#165)		2		1		2					1				no
Yokuts Yowlumne	Quercus agrifolia	?e:şin'		black oak (Newman 1944:160 confirms transcription and gloss; Newman 1964:9 to:wixit “white oak”	inheritance		Yokutsan	Kroeber and Merriam both have the cognate form for Palewyami (es-sen-ne in Merriam, esin in Kroeber)	same	underived				Kroeber 1961:211 (#212)		2		1		2					1				no
Yuki	Quercus agrifolia	hah''-sĕ MWO, ha:s U		Q. chrysolepis, Mountain live oak	inheritance		Yukian-Wappo	Note Yokutsan forms like “esin” ?? for Black Oak Q. Californica; Wappo híšo		underived				Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		2		1		2					1				no
Yuma	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing					missing						2		1		2					1				no


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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