Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

bobcat, lynx

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Lynx rufus	too'-nul		Bobcat, Lynx (Lynx rufus)	loan			Yokuts	Proto-NimYokuts *t'ungul (Golla 1964:66); this is a very widespread loan but clearly is in Proto-Yokutsan (check Nichols)	WW	%talom	same	underived				C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-449		1		2		0							no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Lynx rufus	tukku-ppiccih		bobcat (M: Bob-cat (Lynx fasciatus)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:2000)	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	has -piccih ABS			Crapo 1976:112		1		2		0							no
Cahuilla	Lynx rufus	túkut	ˈtukut	wild cat	inheritance	*tuCkuC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism.	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tuku-t	-'kiʎiw “partner”	Possessive classifier -'kiʎiw “partner” (because is moiety animal) (Seiler 1977:306)	Seiler & Hioki 1979:219	totem of Wildcat Moiety	1	lineage-associated ritual, enemy songs	2	Only very old people would eat this animal (Strong 1929:77)	no info	hunted	Men	skins		North America	Diverse habitats	no
Central Sierra Miwok	Lynx rufus	tol:om:a-		lynx	inheritance	*tol:om:a	Miwokan		“Pco to:roma “wildcat” is probably a loan from Miwok” (Callaghan 1997:33)	WW	%talom		underived				Freeland & Broadbent 1960		1		2		0							no
Chemehuevi	Lynx rufus	túkU		Bobcat (Lynx californicus CHM)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan	WW	%tuku	same	underived				Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List		1		2		0							no
Chumash Barbareno	Lynx rufus	ʔanaq-puw		wild cat	inheritance		Central Chumash only		Also in Ineseno				phrase	meaming of elements unknown for lack of dictionary			Applegate 61, Beeler 1978:172		1		2		0							no
Chumash Ineseno	Lynx rufus	ʔanaq-puw		wild cat	inheritance		Central Chumash only		Also in Barbareno				phrase	but unanalyzable			Applegate 61		1		2		0							no
Chumash Obispeno	Lynx rufus	štoLk'ómo		gato montes	unique								phrase	elements unanalyzable			JPH III:1:118		1		2		0							no
Chumash Ventureno	Lynx rufus	7aLxa7i		small gato montes	unique				also 7al7ap'aLpai “big gato montes” JPH				other complex	7al-			Merriam 55:35; JPH III:69:0403		1		2		0							no
Cocopa	Lynx rufus	nymi		bobcat	inheritance	*nymi-	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91			same	underived				Crawford 1989		1		2		0							no
Comanche	Lynx rufus	tɨe tɨmakupa?		wildcat, bobcat	unique							same	phrase	small cougar			Robinson & Armagost 1990:161, 162		1		2		0							no
Cupeño	Lynx rufus	tukut	ʹtukut	wildcat	inheritance	*tuCkuC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism.	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tuku-t wildcat-npn	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Hill & Nolasquez 1973:176	totem of Wildcat Moiety (the junior moiety)	1	ceremonial couplet tukwet, temevish (H&N p. 80	2	“no taboo on eating flesh of moiety animal” (Strong 1929:235)	no info	hunted	men	skins for quivers		North America	diverse habitats	no
Esselen	Lynx rufus	toloma		wildcat	loan			Costanoan	nearly identical forms in Costanoan, Miwokan	WW	%talom		underived				Shaul 1995:227		1		2		0							no
Gabrielino	Lynx rufus	tuku:t	tuˈku:t	gato montes	inheritance	*tuCkuC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism.	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tuˈku:-t wildcat-npn	-ʔaʧ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Harrington 289	totem animal of Wildcat Moiety (McC p. 113)	1		2	not mentioned in any listsof what was eaten McC p. 116;	no info	hunted	men	mainly for hide	hides often trade	North America	Diverse habitats	no
Iipay 'Aa	Lynx rufus	nyemii		bobcat	inheritance	*nymi-	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91			same	underived				Couro & Hutcheson 1973		1		2		0							no
Kawaiisu	Lynx rufus	tuku-ci		Bobcat	inheritance	*tukkuC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tuku-ci wildcat-ABS			Zigmond et al. 287		1		2		0							no
Kiliwa	Lynx rufus	nmi?=pi-y+t-kw+yaq		wildcat, bobcat	inheritance	*nymi-	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION			same	relative clause	nmi?=pi-y+t-kw+yaq cat=wilderness+in-REL-lies “wildnerness cat” (a marking reversal)			Mixco 1985		1		2		0							no
Kitanemuk	Lynx rufus	tukut	ˈtukut	Bobcat	inheritance	*tuCkuC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism.	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	ˈtuku-t wildcat-npn (Old Californianism into early stage of NUA)	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Anderton 1988:545	no info	1		2		no info	hunted	men	mainly for hide is my guess		North America	Diverse habitats	no
Lake Miwok	Lynx rufus	tóleh		wildcat	inheritance	tol:o:a/to:lom:a ?	Miwokan		Perhaps not really Utian, “Pco to:roma 'wildcat' is probably a loan from Miwok” (Callaghan 1997:33)				underived				Callaghan 1965		1		2		0							no
Luiseño	Lynx rufus	túukut	ʹtu:kut	wildcat, lynx	inheritance	*tuCkuC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early because Hopi has regular vocalism.	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	ʹtu:ku-t wildcat-non.possessed.noun			Elliott 1999:1000	no info	1		2	all other predators proscribed, probably this one too	no	hunted	men	skin used for quiver (Harrington 1978:155)		North America	diverse habitats	no
Maidu	Lynx rufus	7ínsepi		wildcat	unique								other complex	-i is stem former			Shipley 1963		1		2		0							no
Mojave	Lynx rufus	nuume		wildcat	inheritance	*nymi-	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91; Yuma name/ Halpern 1:30			same	underived				Munro et al.1992		1		2		0							no
Mutsun	Lynx rufus	toroma		wild-cat	inheritance	tol:om:a/to:lom:a ?	Utian		Callaghan 1988:60; some Co forms may be loans; Possibly Yok-Utian callaghan 1997:33	WW	%talom		reduplicated	from [toram]?			Mason 1916:428		1		2		0							no
Nisenan	Lynx rufus	too'-loo-koo		bobcat	loan			Sierra Miwok	areal form; Miwokan *tol: ...	WW	%tuku		underived				Merriam 57:227		1		2		0							no
Northern Paiute	Lynx rufus	toohoo'oo		Bob-cat (Lynx californicus)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200) -- WHY does this language have /h/ from *kk??? Is this a loan?	WW	%tuku	same	underived				Yerington Dictionary		1		2		0							no
Northern Sierra Miwok	Lynx rufus	tol:om:a-		wildcat	inheritance	*tol: ...	Miwokan			WW	%talom		underived				Callaghan 1987		1		2		0							no
Plains Miwok	Lynx rufus	tol:om:a-		bobcat	inheritance	*tol:om:a-	Miwokan		Possibly Utian, but Callaghan 1997:33 says Pco *to:roma “wildcat” is probably a loan from Miwokan	WW	%talom		underived				Callaghan 1984		1		2		0							no
Salinan A	Lynx rufus	sam'		wildcat	unique		Salinan						underived				Mason 1918:124; Turner 1980:87		1		2		0							no
Salinan M	Lynx rufus	snam		wildcat	unique		Salinan		note n- infixing as in “eagle”. Cute.				other complex	s- animal prefix (or maybe /n/ infix? Antoniano is sam'			Mason 1918:124		1		2		0							no
Seri (Comcaac)	Lynx rufus	nop		bobcat, Lynx rufus	unique				Note Proto-Yuman *nymi-			same	underived				Comcaac Dictionary 454		1		2		0							no
Serrano	Lynx rufus	tukut		bobcat	inheritance	*tuCkuC-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S1306 (Stubbs 2009:200). This is a California Wanderwort; Great Basin forms giving NUA are surely loans. But loan may be early beause Hopi has regular vocalism and Hopi vowel shift definitely before 13th C.	WW	%tuku		other complex	-t NPN			KCHill ms 2001:57		1		2		0							no
Southern Paiute	Lynx rufus	tuqutsI		Bobcat (Lynx californicus)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	has -tsi ABS			Sapir 1930:693		1		2		0							no
Southern Sierra Miwok	Lynx rufus	tol:om:a-		wildcat	inheritance	*tol:om:a-	Miwokan		Costanoan forms “probably a loan from Miwok” (Callaghan 1997:33); if not, Utian. Note Yokutsan **t'ol'an	WW	%talom		underived				Broadbent 1964:		1		2		0							no
Southern Ute	Lynx rufus	múusa-túku		bobcat	inheritance	musV-tukkuC	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); the compound here is unique; tukkuC is an ancient loan, but musV is good UA, cf. Nahuatl mistontli, sometimes considered a European loan from mis-mis-mis “kitty-kitty-kitty” in Spanish ??? But if so, would not be cognate in UA!	WW	%tuku	same	phrase	cat-bobcat-ABS			Givon 1979		1		2		0							no
Tübatulabal	Lynx rufus	muppippīt	mupiˈpi:t	wildcat, the one who is without a nose	unique				Good UA etyma, unique formation (but this epithet used elsewhere for wildcat)			same	derived	mupiˈ-pi:-t nose-deprived.of-npn			Hill 2010:49	no info	1	must be significant somehow	2		no info	hunted	men	roasted, pelt for diverse uses		North America	Diverse habitats	no
Tümpisa Shoshone	Lynx rufus	tukkupittsi		bobcat, wildcat	inheritance	*tukkuC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200)	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tukkupi-ttsi wildcat-DIM (what is -pi?)			Dayley 1989:303		1		2		0							no
Wappo	Lynx rufus	pah'-mah-lah		bobcat	loan			Patwin	Wintun *p'a ..l ..m-; Salinan Tam'ul, Mutsun tammalah	WW	%talom		underived				Merriam 52:563		1		2		0							no
Washo	Lynx rufus	dumšé:gɨl		bobcat	unique								phrase	elements unknown			Merriam 55:297; WPD		1		2		0							no
Western Mono	Lynx rufus	tonoowi'		bobcat	loan			Yokuts	Proto-NimYokuts *t'ungul (Golla 1964:66); this is a very widespread loan but clearly is in Proto-Yokutsan (check Nichols)	WW	%talom	same	derived		-wi???	-wi is an old animal classifier, rare in Mono	Bethel et al.:234	totem in Pakwihu (II) moiety (Gifford p. 37)	1		2		no info	hunted	men	no info				no
Wintu	Lynx rufus	p'aLimet		bobcat, lynx	inheritance	*p'a ..l ..m-	Wintun		Shepherd 2005; she assumes metathesis in P p'amalay				relative clause	-met; but p'aLi probably part of a loan word			Schlichter 1981		1		2		0							no
Yavapai	Lynx rufus	missing			missing								missing						1		2		0							no
Yokuts Palewyami	Lynx rufus	ung-yōk'	ongiok (Kroeber 1961:199	Bob-cat	unique				unique in Kroeber			same	underived				Merriam 58:515		1		2		0							no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Lynx rufus	t'ungod		wildcat	inheritance	t'onol < *t'ol'an	Yokutsan		Callaghan 1997:32 (Gamble's reconstruction), note Pmi *tol:o:m:a “wildcat”			same	underived	complex, -god probably separable, but no analysis possible with available sources			Kroeber 1961:200		1		2		0							no
Yokuts Yowlumne	Lynx rufus	t'unul		wildcat	inheritance	t'onol < *t'ol'an	Yokutsan		Callaghan 1997:32 (Gamble's reconstruction), note Pmi *tol:o:m:a “wildcat”	WW	%talom	same	underived				Kroeber 1961:200		1		2		0							no
Yuki	Lynx rufus	>kam'-mĕ-litch> MWO		bobcat	inheritance	*k'amol'	Yukian		Schlichter 1985				other complex	panther--ič 'close,near, similar to”			Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		1		2		0							no
Yuma	Lynx rufus	nah-mĕ'		Bob-cat (Lynx californicus)	inheritance	*nymi-	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91; Yuma name/ Halpern 1:30				unknown				Merriam 61:449		1		2		0							no


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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