Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

valley oak

Semantic Field
flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

Languages

Language Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim Quercus lobata kin'-nim Valley oak (Quercus lobata) loan Yokutsan Yowlumne kin'-nim; Wikchamni kah-me'-ahch; gum'-itch; kum-itch; Tinlinne kā-nim same underived C. H. Merriam 72-79, 60-467 2 1 2 0 1 no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone Quercus lobata missing inheritance missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
Cahuilla Quercus lobata kʷíñil ˈkʷiɲil acorn, California black oak inheritance *kwini/*kwiyi- Northern Uto-Aztecan S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan broader (also used for the acorn) other complex ˈkʷiɲi-l -ki7iw7a "waiting, claim" possessive classifier -ki7iw7a "grove of trees growing wild that is assigned to a lineage" (literally, "waiting", "claim" (Seiler and Hioki 1979:300)). Acorns are -chi-7a "gathering". Seiler&Hioki 1979:93 Oak groves were lineage properties. Individual trees belonged to families within the lineage. 2 A “first crop” ceremony held by net; one could not eat the new acorns before this event, on pain of death or sickness. Myths hold acorns were not always bitter, but were changed by a vengeful shaman or perphas by Mukat, angry at his people poisoned by a 1 Very elaborate steps in preparation yields bread (sawish), mush (wiwish), and soup (B&S give no name). 1 ashes of wood and bark in antiseptic wash Gathered (wild but closely managed) All acorns dried, ground, flour prepared through several stages of leaching, grinding in diverse utensils (see Bean & Saubel 1972:127) 0 1 Desert Cahuilla traded for acorns with Wanikik and Mountain Cahuilla groups, although they did have their own groves in upper Murray Canyon Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert no
Central Sierra Miwok Quercus lobata wíl:išy- oak (Quercus lobata) inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Mins other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 2 1 2 0 1 no
Chemehuevi Quercus lobata kwijə-va oak (probably Black Oak, Q. kelloggii JHH) inheritance *kwiN/*kwi Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 1507a (2008:224) probably a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA same other complex has -pɨ ABS Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List 2 1 2 0 1 no
Chumash Barbareno Quercus lobata ta' Q. lobata inheritance *ta' Proto-Chumash Klar 1977:102 underived Timbrook 2007:163 2 1 2 0 1 no
Chumash Ineseno Quercus lobata ta' Valley oak (Q. lobata), also heard for Valley live oak inheritance *ta' Proto-Chumash Klar 1977:102 underived Timbrook 2007:163 2 1 2 0 1 no
Chumash Obispeno Quercus lobata ta' Q. lobata inheritance *ta' Proto-Chumash Klar 1977:102 underived Timbrook 2007:163 2 1 2 0 1 no
Chumash Ventureno Quercus lobata ta Quercus lobata, Valley Oak inheritance *ta' Proto-Chumash Klar 1977:102 underived Timbrook 2007:163 2 1 2 0 1 no
Cocopa Quercus lobata missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
Comanche Quercus lobata tuhuupi, tuhu huupi blackjack oak, barren oak, Q. marilandica unique same phrase black tree Robinson & Armagost 1990:124 2 1 acorns eaten 2 leaves used in cigarettes 0 1 no
Cupeño Quercus lobata kwinily ˈkʷiniʎ Black Oak, Quercus kelloggii, or its acorns inheritance *kwini/*kwiyi- Northern Uto-Aztecan S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan broader (includes tree and acorns) other complex ˈkʷini-ʎ black.oak-npn Hill & Nolasquez 1973:160 groves owned by lineages 2 Guarded Creator's funeral pyre (Hill & Nolasquez 1973:8) 1 “acorns like butter”, the most important food source no info gathered (wild but closely managed) all acorns hulled, ground, leached, made into cakes, mush, soup 0 1 Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert no
Esselen Quercus lobata has+ white-oak unique Esselen other complex -s classifier suffix -s Kroeber/Henshaw 55 2 1 2 0 1 no
Gabrielino Quercus lobata kwa:r kʷa:r bellota = tree inheritance *kwini/*kwiyi- Northern Uto-Aztecan S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan broader (includes tree and acorns) other complex kʷa:-r black.oak-npn -hi:n classifier for worthwhile possessions Harrington 125 no info 2 were once human 1 acorns 1 oak bark as general all-purpose antiseptic wash (McC p. 102) gathered (wild but closely managed) all acorns ground, flour leached, made into mush, soup, bread 0 1 Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert no
Iipay 'Aa Quercus lobata kuphaall Black Oak, Quercus kelloggii; )Merriam confirms) C&H “deciduous oak and its acorns, best for eating” unique same underived http://www.powayusd.com/projects/kumeyaay/Ethnobotany.htm; spelling from Couro & Hutcheson 1973 2 1 2 0 1 no
Kawaiisu Quercus lobata šiviidɨbɨ Quercus lobata inheritance *sip Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 1511; a possible Cora cognate, but look for Yokutsan origin? same other complex šiviidɨ-bɨ oak-ABS bɨ, pɨ bɨ, pɨ seem to classify for plants, trees 1981 Zigmond 2 1 2 0 1 no
Kiliwa Quercus lobata kw?il=msi? white oak, sweet acorn doubtful loan Takic Takic *kwinily “Black Oak” (best acorn) same phrase oak=star Mixco 1985 2 1 2 0 1 no
Kitanemuk Quercus lobata šev ˈʃev oak sp., White Oak, Q. lobata inheritance *siˈpiC- Uto-Aztecan S1511 (Stubbs 2009:224), to which add Gabrielino sa-veCH (Merriam). This is a very conservative item. This Kitanemuk form MIGHT be a loan from Gab?? broader (tree and acorns) underived -niw possessive classifier for things Anderton 1988:498 no info 2 1 no info gathered (wild but closely managed all acorns ground, leached, used in diverse preparations 0 1 Southwest Oregon, California to Tehachapis, also on Channel Islands valley floors, riparian areas no
Lake Miwok Quercus lobata hah'-ke-ah al-wah Q. lobata loan Pomoan note Proto Pomo *xa7k'i(b7) “oak, live(?)”. McLendon 1973:83 The resemblance is to the Protolanguage JHH phrase X tree Merriam 57:533 2 1 2 0 1 no
Luiseño Quercus lobata kwíila ʹkʷi:la black oak, acorns of which are best for making mush; acorns of this oak; Bright: Quercus kelloggii inheritance *kwini/*kwiyi- Northern Uto-Aztecan S1507a (Stubbs 2009:224). This is probably a loan into PNUA from Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan broader (includes tree and acorns) other complex ʹkʷi:-la black.oak-non.possessed.noun Elliott 1999:437 no info 2 couplet: $uukat, kwiila. Plural forms refer to time when humans were trees. 1 the most esteemed acorn (Sparkman 1908:193) no info gathered (wild but closely managed) all acorns ground into flour, which is leached, then cooked into bread, mush, soup 0 1 Southwest Oregon and California except in deserts Found in high hills up to 8,000 feet, especially on slopes facing away from the desert no
Maidu Quercus lobata lòwím c'á, wáksapem hámsin c'á valley oak, white oak unique phrase X tree Shipley 1963 2 1 2 0 1 no
Mojave Quercus lobata missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
Mutsun Quercus lobata ar'-rĕk-ky 7arkeh (Callaghan 1992:41 Quercus lobata inheritance *alkweš Utian Callagan 1988:62 underived Merriam 55:421 2 1 2 0 1 no
Nisenan Quercus lobata palla: (CHM pah-lahm chah) water oak unique underived Uldall & Shipley 1966 2 1 2 0 1 no
Northern Paiute Quercus lobata we-ap'; we-ab'-be (wea acorns) Black oak (Quercus californica) inheritance *wiya Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 1507b (2008:224) same other complex has -pi ABS Merriam 61:151 2 1 2 0 1 no
Northern Sierra Miwok Quercus lobata wil:is-y- water oak inheritance Sierra Miwokan only Also in Mics other complex -y nominalizer Callaghan 1987 2 1 2 0 1 no
Plains Miwok Quercus lobata 7oca:pa- water oak unique underived Callaghan 1984 2 1 2 0 1 no
Salinan A Quercus lobata 7at white oak (Merriam confirms as “ut” 55:387) unique Salinan same as “tree” underived Mason 1918:126; Turner 1980:78 2 1 2 0 1 no
Salinan M Quercus lobata p<á:<t (p'at Turner 1983:230) white oak (Merriam confirms Q. lobata 55:385) unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:129 2 1 2 0 1 no
Seri (Comcaac) Quercus lobata missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
Serrano Quercus lobata ipaaT CHM says is Valley Oak (cognates are Q. dumosa) inheritance *pawa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 1504 (2008:223); the initial 7i- is obscure, the rest is excellent. other complex -t NPN Merriam 60:113; KCHill ms 2001:18 2 1 2 0 1 no
Southern Paiute Quercus lobata pagwi:avɨ red oak growing along rivers inheritance *kwiN/*kwi- Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 1507a (with pa- “water”? increment) same phrase water-oak Sapir 1930:597 2 1 2 0 1 no
Southern Sierra Miwok Quercus lobata tele-:liH-; le:ka- black oak; white or scrub oak inheritance *tele-:li- Eastern Miwokan Callaghan 1971:25 underived Broadbent 1964: 2 1 2 0 1 no
Southern Ute Quercus lobata kwiá-vŲ oak inheritance *kwiN/*kwi Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 1507a (2008:224) probably a Kiowa-Tanoan loan into PNUA same other complex has -pɨ ABS Givon 1979 2 1 2 0 1 no
Tübatulabal Quercus lobata shīpī'ül ʃi:bi:ˈʔɨl Valley Oak, Quercus lobata inheritance *siˈpiC- Uto-Aztecan S1511 (Stubbs 2009:224), to which add Gabrielino sa-veCH (Merriam). This is a very conservative item. same other complex ʃi:bi:ˈʔɨ-l valley.oak-npn (root perhaps a loan? See Kitanemuk shef) Hill 2010:79 no info 2 1 no info gathered (wild but closely managed) all acorns shelled, ground into flour, leached, prepared in diverse ways 0 1 sometimes traded from Yokuts Southwest Oregon, California to Tehachapis, also on Channel Islands valley floors, riparian areas no
Tümpisa Shoshone Quercus lobata missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no
Wappo Quercus lobata p'í:pho white oak, valley oak (CHM confirms 52:581) unique -ho from -hol "tree" according to Sawyer 1991 other complex -o for tree Sawyer 1965 2 1 2 0 1 no
Washo Quercus lobata malŋá:c'i Black oak acorn unique derived --a:c'i diminutive Merriam 55:315; WPD 2 1 2 0 1 no
Western Mono Quercus lobata sodobɨ Water oak tree (Quercus sp.) (Merriam's Q. lobata) unique Possible Yokuts loan, see Chukchansi sow'-wah “black oak”, same derived -pɨ Bethel et al.:184 no info 2 1 no info Gathered (wild but closely managed) all acorns ground, leached, cooked in diverse preparations 0 1 “acorns moved eastward” to E. Mono (Spier 1978:427) no
Wintu Quercus lobata sulehmi valley oak (CHM confirms) unique compound sule “valley oak acorns” (Pitkin 1985) Schlichter 1981 2 1 2 0 1 no
Yavapai Quercus lobata tɲík white oak unique unknown Shaterian 1983 2 1 2 0 1 no
Yokuts Palewyami Quercus lobata to'-kŏt Valley oak (Q. lobata) unique Kroeber has kimiax “plains oak”; I trust Merriam same underived Merriam 58:533 2 1 2 0 1 no
Yokuts Yawdanchi Quercus lobata k'ömiux plains oak (Merriam confirms Q. lobata 58:375 inheritance Yok-Utian Note Kroeber's Palewyami kimiax (where Yowl has k'inim) broader (includes acorns) underived Kroeber 1961:198 2 1 2 0 1 no
Yokuts Yowlumne Quercus lobata k'inim plains oak (Merriam confirms Q. lobata 58:565, also means the acorn) inheritance *k'inim Nim-Yokuts Golla 1964:60 broader (includes the acorns) underived Kroeber 1961:198 2 1 2 0 1 no
Yuki Quercus lobata ki-e'-me MWO, káN-yi-mi Cs Q. lobata inheritance *kəyam 7ol “valley oak” Yukian Schlichter 1985 compound -mi "tree" Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 2 1 2 0 1 no
Yuma Quercus lobata missing missing missing 2 1 2 0 1 no