Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

mountain lion

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Puma concolor	we-hā'-chit		Mountain lion, also jaguar	loan			Yokuts	Proto-NimYokuts **wehe:sith (Golla 1964:63)			same	underived				C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-449		1		2		0							yes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Puma concolor	toja-tukku-ppiccyh		Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes)	doubtful calque	*tukkuC		English	Stubbs 1306 (2008:200), with toja “mountain”; Comanche does this too			same	phrase	mountain-wildcat			Crapo 1976:112		1		2		0							yes
Cahuilla	Puma concolor	túkwet	ˈtukwet	mountain lion	inheritance	*tuCkuC-wɨ	Californian		S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); note Chumash tuk'em'	WW	%tuku	same	derived	tuku-wet (with augmentative suffix from tukut “wild cat”)	-7aʃ "pet"	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	Seiler & Hioki 1979:220	A relative of humans “of uncertain degree” (Strong 1929:76). A Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	1	One of the four oldest animals created by Mukat. Tukwet was a great shaman (Strong 1929:72)	2	only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63)	no info	hunted	Men	skins		North America, Mexico	Diverse habitats (prefers uplands)	yes
Central Sierra Miwok	Puma concolor	hí:liča-		mountain lion	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In all Mis, Mip				underived				Freeland & Broadbent 1960		1		2		0							yes
Chemehuevi	Puma concolor	tukúmumuntsI		Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes CHM)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan. Tumpisa Shoshone has same compound ( tukkummüüntsi)	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	has -ci ABS ; stem is compound			Merriam 59:521		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Barbareno	Puma concolor	tuk'em'		mountain lion	inheritance	*tVkem'	Proto-Chumash		Widespread Californianism, note NUA *tuCkuC; Klar 1977:98, probably a post P-Ch loan, I think, hence irregularity	WW	%tuku		underived				Beeler 1978:187		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Ineseno	Puma concolor	tuk'em'		mountain lion	inheritance	*tVkem'	Proto-Chumash		Widespread Californianism, note NUA *tuCkuC; Klar 1977:98 but I think post-Proto-Ch, hence irregularity	WW	%tuku		underived				Applegate 192		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Obispeno	Puma concolor	tetʸe, tekš'e		mountain lion	inheritance	*tVkem'	Proto-Chumash		Klar 1977:98 thinks is Proto-Ch but I think is a loan post that period, hence irregularity. This is a widespread arealism.				underived				Klar 1977:98		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Ventureno	Puma concolor	tuk'em' (took-am' (1932), 500-kem' (1905)		mountain lion	inheritance	*tVkem'	Proto-Chumash		Widespread Californianism, note NUA *tuCkuC; Klar 1977:98 but I think loan is post-Proto-Ch, hence irregularity	WW	%tuku		underived				Merriam 55:35		1		2		0							yes
Cocopa	Puma concolor	nymca·		mountain lion	inheritance	*nymi-tay	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91			same	underived	diachronically bobcat-big			Crawford 1989		1		2		0							yes
Comanche	Puma concolor	tɨmahkupa?		panther, mountain lion	unique							same	finite clause?	tɨmah-kupa? clench-strangle (according to R&A			Robinson & Armagost 1990:162		1		2		0							yes
Cupeño	Puma concolor	temevish	ʹtəməviʃ	mountain lion	loan			no information	almost certainly a loan, perhaps from same source as Mono, NP “tunu-wɨ, perhaps Yokuts			same	other complex	ʹtəməvi-ʃ mountain.lion-npn	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Hill & Nolasquez 1973:174	no info	1	ceremonial couplet tukwet, temevish (H&N p. 80)	2	if wildcat eaten, surely this too	no info	hunted	men	skins, claws		Americas	diverse habitats (prefers uplands)	yes
Esselen	Puma concolor	xeke-s (Pinart xekkesipša		mountain lion	unique		Esselen		Shaul 1986:699 notes Rumsen hek				other complex	-s, -p$a classifier suffixes	-s, -p$a		Shaul 1995:227		1		2		0							yes
Gabrielino	Puma concolor	tuku:rut	tuˈku:rot	leon	inheritance	*tuCkuC-wɨ	Californian		S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); -ro-t is the regular Gab. augmentative from *wɨ	WW	%tuku	same	derived	tuˈku:-ro-t wildcat-big-npn	-ʔaʧ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Harrington 287	no info	1	skin could be used for Chingichngich figure (McC:28); a Chingichngish animal (McC 146)	2	not mentioned in any lists McC p. 116; Chingichngich animals not eaten (McC117_	no info	hunted	men	mainly for hide	hides often trade	North America	diverse habitats (prefers uplands)	yes
Iipay 'Aa	Puma concolor	nyemetaay		mountain lion	inheritance	*nymi-tay	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91			same	phrase	wildcat-big (although -taay not recorded as “big” for 'Iipay Aa by C&H)			Couro & Hutcheson 1973		1		2		0							yes
Kawaiisu	Puma concolor	tukuu-mɨɨ-ci		cougar	inheritance	*tukkuC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200; Tumpisa Shosne has same compound ( tukkummüüntsi)	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tukuu-mɨɨ-ci wild.cat-?-ABS			Zigmond et al. 287		1		2		0							yes
Kiliwa	Puma concolor	nmi?=tay		cougar	inheritance	*-mi(?)-tay cat-big	Proto-Yuman		Mixco 1978:91, Langdon 1979:638 *nymi-t			same	phrase	cat-big			Mixco 1985		1		2		0							yes
Kitanemuk	Puma concolor	tukučuwat	ˈtukuʧruwat	Mountain lion	loan			no information	Probably loaned from another Takic language. The derivation is irregular and non-correspondent.	WW	%tuku	same	derived	ˈtukuʧruwat obviously derived from tukut but morphology obscure, this whole set of words is very loan-y	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Anderton 1988:545	no info	1		2		no info	hunted	men	mainly for hide is my guess		North America	diverse habitats (prefers uplands)	yes
Lake Miwok	Puma concolor	7úppukşe		panther, lion	unique				Looks like Pmi 7upuksu “gray ground squirrel”!! A joke? Euphemism? This a “critter” word originally??				underived				Callaghan 1965		1		2		0							yes
Luiseño	Puma concolor	túkwut	ʹtukwut	mountain lion, cougar	inheritance	*tuCkuC-wɨ	Californian		S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200)	WW	%tuku	same	derived	ʹtuk-wu-t wildcat-augmentative-non.possessed.noun			Elliott 1999:989	no info	1	a Chingichngish animal (Harrington 1978:131)	2		no	no info	no info	no info		North America	diverse habitats (prefers uplands)	yes
Maidu	Puma concolor	pekúni		mountain lion	inheritance	*pekun	Maiduan		Callaghan 2001:333				other complex	-i is stem former			Shipley 1963		1		2		0							yes
Mojave	Puma concolor	nuumet		mountain lion	inheritance	*nymi-tay	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91			same	phrase	from nuume - ɂatay bobcat - big			Munro et al.1992		1		2		0							yes
Mutsun	Puma concolor	tammala(h)		mountain lion	loan			unknown	T<am'ul Mason in both SA and SM; Pinart has only in Co III; Wappo pah'-mah-lah	WW	%talom		reduplicated	Okrand p. 131; final vowel is the reduplicated vowel, -h may be a nominalizing suffix “suggesting that tammarla- might be the reduplicated stem of a verb”			Okrand 1977;131		1		2		0							yes
Nisenan	Puma concolor	hilit'		panther	loan			Sierra Miwok	Mie *hi:li:ca-				underived				Uldall & Shipley 1966		1		2		0							yes
Northern Paiute	Puma concolor	kaggwe toohoo'oo 'mountain lion' (matches M forms)		Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200) -- WHY does this language have /h/ from *kk??? Is this a loan?	WW	%tuku	same	phrase	what is kaggwe? It isn't “mountain”			Merriam 61:133, Yerington Dictionary		1		2		0							yes
Northern Sierra Miwok	Puma concolor	hi:li:ca-		mountain lion (Merriam has p- form 57:417)	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In all Mis (hi:li:ca- form) and Mip; p- form also in Mip				underived				Callaghan 1987		1		2		0							yes
Plains Miwok	Puma concolor	pa:wuk, hi:li:ca-		mountain lion	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		both forms in both Mis and Mip				underived				Callaghan 1984		1		2		0							yes
Salinan A	Puma concolor	Tá'muL		puma	loan		Salinan	unknown	very widespread word	WW	%talom		underived				Mason 1918:125		1		2		0							yes
Salinan M	Puma concolor	T<a'muL		puma	loan		Salinan	unknown	widespread areal form of unknown origin	WW	%talom		underived				Mason 1918:125		1		2		0							yes
Seri (Comcaac)	Puma concolor	xazoj		mountain lion	unique							same	underived				Comcaac Dictionary 583		1		2		0							yes
Serrano	Puma concolor	wana-T		mountain lion (CHM has tukut-troit/ tro'-ŭt 60>33, 72:27	inheritance	*wana-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		I'll bet this is S557a wanci7a “fox” which must be wana-ci7a with a diminutive ; these forms attest to an additional vowel. In Central and Southern Numic. May be an arealism/loan. Note Yokutsan * *ɂawčhaɂ 'fox'				other complex	-t NPN			KCHill ms 2001:62		1	Coyote's older brother	2		0							yes
Southern Paiute	Puma concolor	tuqumumutsI		Panther (Merriam: Mountain Lion (Puma concolor)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan. T Shoshone has same increment	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tuqu-mumutsI; -mumutsI only in this item (Sapir 1930:572); has -tsi ABS			Sapir 1930:693		1		2		0							yes
Southern Sierra Miwok	Puma concolor	hi:li:ca-		mountain lion	inheritance		Eastern Miwokan		In all Mis, MIP				underived				Broadbent 1964:		1		2		0							yes
Southern Ute	Puma concolor	tukU		puma, cougar	semantic shift	*tukkuC “bobcat”	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this form usually means “bobcat” but Ute has had a marking reversal, probably very recent; see discussion of “bobcat” above	WW	%tuku	same	underived				Givon 1979		1		2		0							yes
Tübatulabal	Puma concolor	tūkūkwüt	tu:gu:gˈwɨt	mountain lion	inheritance	*tuCkuC-wɨ	Californian		S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); widespread Californianism	WW	%tuku	same	derived	tu:gu:g-ˈwɨ-t mountain.lion-augmentative-npn			Hill 2010:93	no info	1	I'm sure is special, but not noted in Voegelin's lists	2		no info	hunted	men	roasted, pelt for diverse uses		North America	diverse habitas (prefers uplands)	yes
Tümpisa Shoshone	Puma concolor	tukkummüüntsi		mountain lion	inheritance	*tukkuC-	Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200) with derivationl Kawaiisu has same compound (tukuu-mɨɨ-ci)	WW	%tuku	same	other complex	tukku-mmüün-tsi wildcat-?-DIM			Dayley 1989:303		1		2		0							yes
Wappo	Puma concolor	wíma		panther? (CHM has kah'-tah-mah, wim-mah as “wolf”)	unique				Wintu wima “grizzly”				underived				Sawyer 1965		1		2		0							yes
Washo	Puma concolor	hilí:za		Mountain lion	loan			Northern Sierra Miwok	Mins hi:li:ca-; this is Pmie				underived				Merriam 55:297; WPD		1		2		0							yes
Western Mono	Puma concolor	wiheesitI		mountain lion	loan			Yokuts	Proto-NimYokuts **wehe:sith (Golla 1964:63)			same	underived				Bethel et al.:283	a totem animal Gayton 2:272 in Pakwihu moiety Gifford p. 37	1	source of special hunting powers (Spier 1978:428)	2		no info	hunted	men	no info				yes
Wintu	Puma concolor	patet		mountain lion	inheritance	*pate	Wintun		Shepherd 2005				other complex	pat “outside”; “the one from outside, from the wild”			Pitkin 1985		1		2		0							yes
Yavapai	Puma concolor	ɲmīta		mountain lion	inheritance	*nymi-tay	Proto-Yuman		Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91				unknown				Shaterian 1983		1		2		0							yes
Yokuts Palewyami	Puma concolor	wihi·šet		mountain lion	inheritance	*wehe:sith	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:333 “Wp wok'en 'mountain lion' matches the Proto-Yokuts form”			same	underived				Gamble 1991 (from Harrington)		1		2		0							yes
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Puma concolor	wöhöcit		puma	inheritance	*wehe:sith	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:333 “Wp wok'en 'mountain lion' matches the Proto-Yokuts form”			same	underived	probably complex but no possibility of analysis			Kroeber 1961:200		1		2		0							yes
Yokuts Yowlumne	Puma concolor	wehèsit, wehe:sit	N wehe:sit 199	puma	inheritance	*wehe:sith	Yokutsan		Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:333 “Wp wok'en 'mountain lion' matches the Proto-Yokuts form”			same	underived				Kroeber 1961:200		1		2		0							yes
Yuki	Puma concolor	>kam'-mo MWO; k'amul' A		mountain lion, panther	inheritance	*k'amol'	Yukian		Schlichter 1985; Check Costanoan, Mil; note Wappo k'atama ?				underived				Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		1		2		0							yes
Yuma	Puma concolor	haht'-ah-kool'		Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes)	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		Looks like the Maricopa “wolf” word, hatkult				unknown				Merriam 61:449		1		2		0							yes


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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