| Bankalachi Toloim |
Puma concolor |
we-hā'-chit |
|
Mountain lion, also jaguar |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Proto-NimYokuts **wehe:sith (Golla 1964:63) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-449 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Puma concolor |
toja-tukku-ppiccyh |
|
Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes) |
doubtful calque |
*tukkuC |
|
English |
Stubbs 1306 (2008:200), with toja “mountain”; Comanche does this too |
|
|
same |
phrase |
mountain-wildcat |
|
|
|
Crapo 1976:112 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Cahuilla |
Puma concolor |
túkwet |
ˈtukwet |
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC-wɨ |
Californian |
|
S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); note Chumash tuk'em' |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
tuku-wet (with augmentative suffix from tukut “wild cat”) |
-7aʃ "pet" |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
|
Seiler & Hioki 1979:220 |
A relative of humans “of uncertain degree” (Strong 1929:76). A Wildcat Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) |
1 |
One of the four oldest animals created by Mukat. Tukwet was a great shaman (Strong 1929:72) |
2 |
only old people, shamans could eat (Bean 1972:63) |
no info |
|
hunted |
Men |
skins |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America, Mexico |
Diverse habitats (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Puma concolor |
hí:liča- |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
In all Mis, Mip |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Freeland & Broadbent 1960 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Puma concolor |
tukúmumuntsI |
|
Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes CHM) |
inheritance |
*tukkuC |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan. Tumpisa Shoshone has same compound ( tukkummüüntsi) |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
other complex |
has -ci ABS ; stem is compound |
|
|
|
Merriam 59:521 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Puma concolor |
tuk'em' |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*tVkem' |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Widespread Californianism, note NUA *tuCkuC; Klar 1977:98, probably a post P-Ch loan, I think, hence irregularity |
WW |
%tuku |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Beeler 1978:187 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Puma concolor |
tuk'em' |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*tVkem' |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Widespread Californianism, note NUA *tuCkuC; Klar 1977:98 but I think post-Proto-Ch, hence irregularity |
WW |
%tuku |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Applegate 192 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Puma concolor |
tetʸe, tekš'e |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*tVkem' |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Klar 1977:98 thinks is Proto-Ch but I think is a loan post that period, hence irregularity. This is a widespread arealism. |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Klar 1977:98 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Puma concolor |
tuk'em' (took-am' (1932), 500-kem' (1905) |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*tVkem' |
Proto-Chumash |
|
Widespread Californianism, note NUA *tuCkuC; Klar 1977:98 but I think loan is post-Proto-Ch, hence irregularity |
WW |
%tuku |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:35 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Puma concolor |
nymca· |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*nymi-tay |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91 |
|
|
same |
underived |
diachronically bobcat-big |
|
|
|
Crawford 1989 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Puma concolor |
tɨmahkupa? |
|
panther, mountain lion |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
finite clause? |
tɨmah-kupa? clench-strangle (according to R&A |
|
|
|
Robinson & Armagost 1990:162 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Puma concolor |
temevish |
ʹtəməviʃ |
mountain lion |
loan |
|
|
no information |
almost certainly a loan, perhaps from same source as Mono, NP “tunu-wɨ, perhaps Yokuts |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹtəməvi-ʃ mountain.lion-npn |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Hill & Nolasquez 1973:174 |
no info |
1 |
ceremonial couplet tukwet, temevish (H&N p. 80) |
2 |
if wildcat eaten, surely this too |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
skins, claws |
0 |
|
0 |
|
Americas |
diverse habitats (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Puma concolor |
xeke-s (Pinart xekkesipša |
|
mountain lion |
unique |
|
Esselen |
|
Shaul 1986:699 notes Rumsen hek |
|
|
|
other complex |
-s, -p$a classifier suffixes |
-s, -p$a |
|
|
Shaul 1995:227 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Puma concolor |
tuku:rut |
tuˈku:rot |
leon |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC-wɨ |
Californian |
|
S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); -ro-t is the regular Gab. augmentative from *wɨ |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
tuˈku:-ro-t wildcat-big-npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Harrington 287 |
no info |
1 |
skin could be used for Chingichngich figure (McC:28); a Chingichngish animal (McC 146) |
2 |
not mentioned in any lists McC p. 116; Chingichngich animals not eaten (McC117_ |
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for hide |
0 |
|
0 |
hides often trade |
North America |
diverse habitats (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Puma concolor |
nyemetaay |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*nymi-tay |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91 |
|
|
same |
phrase |
wildcat-big (although -taay not recorded as “big” for 'Iipay Aa by C&H) |
|
|
|
Couro & Hutcheson 1973 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Puma concolor |
tukuu-mɨɨ-ci |
|
cougar |
inheritance |
*tukkuC |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1306 (2008:200; Tumpisa Shosne has same compound ( tukkummüüntsi) |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
other complex |
tukuu-mɨɨ-ci wild.cat-?-ABS |
|
|
|
Zigmond et al. 287 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Puma concolor |
nmi?=tay |
|
cougar |
inheritance |
*-mi(?)-tay cat-big |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Mixco 1978:91, Langdon 1979:638 *nymi-t |
|
|
same |
phrase |
cat-big |
|
|
|
Mixco 1985 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Puma concolor |
tukučuwat |
ˈtukuʧruwat |
Mountain lion |
loan |
|
|
no information |
Probably loaned from another Takic language. The derivation is irregular and non-correspondent. |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
ˈtukuʧruwat obviously derived from tukut but morphology obscure, this whole set of words is very loan-y |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
|
Anderton 1988:545 |
no info |
1 |
|
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
mainly for hide is my guess |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitats (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Puma concolor |
7úppukşe |
|
panther, lion |
unique |
|
|
|
Looks like Pmi 7upuksu “gray ground squirrel”!! A joke? Euphemism? This a “critter” word originally?? |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1965 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Puma concolor |
túkwut |
ʹtukwut |
mountain lion, cougar |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC-wɨ |
Californian |
|
S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200) |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
ʹtuk-wu-t wildcat-augmentative-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
|
Elliott 1999:989 |
no info |
1 |
a Chingichngish animal (Harrington 1978:131) |
2 |
|
no |
|
no info |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitats (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Puma concolor |
pekúni |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*pekun |
Maiduan |
|
Callaghan 2001:333 |
|
|
|
other complex |
-i is stem former |
|
|
|
Shipley 1963 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Puma concolor |
nuumet |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*nymi-tay |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91 |
|
|
same |
phrase |
from nuume - ɂatay bobcat - big |
|
|
|
Munro et al.1992 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Puma concolor |
tammala(h) |
|
mountain lion |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
T<am'ul Mason in both SA and SM; Pinart has only in Co III; Wappo pah'-mah-lah |
WW |
%talom |
|
reduplicated |
Okrand p. 131; final vowel is the reduplicated vowel, -h may be a nominalizing suffix “suggesting that tammarla- might be the reduplicated stem of a verb” |
|
|
|
Okrand 1977;131 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Puma concolor |
hilit' |
|
panther |
loan |
|
|
Sierra Miwok |
Mie *hi:li:ca- |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Uldall & Shipley 1966 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Puma concolor |
kaggwe toohoo'oo 'mountain lion' (matches M forms) |
|
Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes) |
inheritance |
*tukkuC |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1306 (2008:200) -- WHY does this language have /h/ from *kk??? Is this a loan? |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
phrase |
what is kaggwe? It isn't “mountain” |
|
|
|
Merriam 61:133, Yerington Dictionary |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Puma concolor |
hi:li:ca- |
|
mountain lion (Merriam has p- form 57:417) |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
In all Mis (hi:li:ca- form) and Mip; p- form also in Mip |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1987 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Puma concolor |
pa:wuk, hi:li:ca- |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
both forms in both Mis and Mip |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1984 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Puma concolor |
Tá'muL |
|
puma |
loan |
|
Salinan |
unknown |
very widespread word |
WW |
%talom |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:125 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Puma concolor |
T<a'muL |
|
puma |
loan |
|
Salinan |
unknown |
widespread areal form of unknown origin |
WW |
%talom |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:125 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Puma concolor |
xazoj |
|
mountain lion |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Comcaac Dictionary 583 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Puma concolor |
wana-T |
|
mountain lion (CHM has tukut-troit/ tro'-ŭt 60>33, 72:27 |
inheritance |
*wana- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
I'll bet this is S557a *wanci7a “fox” which must be *wana-ci7a with a diminutive ; these forms attest to an additional vowel. In Central and Southern Numic. May be an arealism/loan. Note Yokutsan * *ɂawčhaɂ 'fox' |
|
|
|
other complex |
-t NPN |
|
|
|
KCHill ms 2001:62 |
|
1 |
Coyote's older brother |
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Puma concolor |
tuqumumutsI |
|
Panther (Merriam: Mountain Lion (Puma concolor) |
inheritance |
*tukkuC |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this is an ancient loan. T Shoshone has same increment |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
other complex |
tuqu-mumutsI; -mumutsI only in this item (Sapir 1930:572); has -tsi ABS |
|
|
|
Sapir 1930:693 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Puma concolor |
hi:li:ca- |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
In all Mis, MIP |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Broadbent 1964: |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Puma concolor |
tukU |
|
puma, cougar |
semantic shift |
*tukkuC “bobcat” |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1306 (2008:200); this form usually means “bobcat” but Ute has had a marking reversal, probably very recent; see discussion of “bobcat” above |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Givon 1979 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Puma concolor |
tūkūkwüt |
tu:gu:gˈwɨt |
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*tuCkuC-wɨ |
Californian |
|
S1306b (Stubbs 2009;200); widespread Californianism |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
derived |
tu:gu:g-ˈwɨ-t mountain.lion-augmentative-npn |
|
|
|
Hill 2010:93 |
no info |
1 |
I'm sure is special, but not noted in Voegelin's lists |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted, pelt for diverse uses |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North America |
diverse habitas (prefers uplands) |
yes |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Puma concolor |
tukkummüüntsi |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*tukkuC- |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1306 (2008:200) with derivationl Kawaiisu has same compound (tukuu-mɨɨ-ci) |
WW |
%tuku |
same |
other complex |
tukku-mmüün-tsi wildcat-?-DIM |
|
|
|
Dayley 1989:303 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Puma concolor |
wíma |
|
panther? (CHM has kah'-tah-mah, wim-mah as “wolf”) |
unique |
|
|
|
Wintu wima “grizzly” |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer 1965 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Puma concolor |
hilí:za |
|
Mountain lion |
loan |
|
|
Northern Sierra Miwok |
Mins hi:li:ca-; this is Pmie |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:297; WPD |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Puma concolor |
wiheesitI |
|
mountain lion |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Proto-NimYokuts **wehe:sith (Golla 1964:63) |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Bethel et al.:283 |
a totem animal Gayton 2:272 in Pakwihu moiety Gifford p. 37 |
1 |
source of special hunting powers (Spier 1978:428) |
2 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Puma concolor |
patet |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*pate |
Wintun |
|
Shepherd 2005 |
|
|
|
other complex |
pat “outside”; “the one from outside, from the wild” |
|
|
|
Pitkin 1985 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Puma concolor |
ɲmīta |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*nymi-tay |
Proto-Yuman |
|
Langdon 1979:638 LION, Mixco 1978:91 |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Shaterian 1983 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Puma concolor |
wihi·šet |
|
mountain lion |
inheritance |
*wehe:sith |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:333 “Wp wok'en 'mountain lion' matches the Proto-Yokuts form” |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Gamble 1991 (from Harrington) |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Puma concolor |
wöhöcit |
|
puma |
inheritance |
*wehe:sith |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:333 “Wp wok'en 'mountain lion' matches the Proto-Yokuts form” |
|
|
same |
underived |
probably complex but no possibility of analysis |
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Puma concolor |
wehèsit, wehe:sit |
N wehe:sit 199 |
puma |
inheritance |
*wehe:sith |
Yokutsan |
|
Golla 1964:63; Callaghan 2001:333 “Wp wok'en 'mountain lion' matches the Proto-Yokuts form” |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:200 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Puma concolor |
>kam'-mo MWO; k'amul' A |
|
mountain lion, panther |
inheritance |
*k'amol' |
Yukian |
|
Schlichter 1985; Check Costanoan, Mil; note Wappo k'atama ? |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Puma concolor |
haht'-ah-kool' |
|
Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes) |
inheritance |
|
Colorado River Yuman only |
|
Looks like the Maricopa “wolf” word, hatkult |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 61:449 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
yes |
|
|
|
