Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

deer, mule

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Odocoileus hemionus	hol'		Deer, mule (Odocoileius hemionus	loan			Yokuts	Proto-NimYokuts *xoy (Golla 1964:61)			same	underived					C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-451		2		1		0							no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Odocoileus hemionus	tyhyjya		deer (M: mule deer	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121)			same	underived					Crapo 1976:123		2		1		0							no
Cahuilla	Odocoileus hemionus	súkat	ˈsukat	deer	inheritance	*suCkaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S621 (Stubbs 2009:121)	WW	%sok	narrower (refers only to mule deer; where found, white-tail has a different name)	other complex	suka-t (Seiler & Hioki segment as suk-at)	-7aʃ "pet"	animal is -7ash; the meat is with a meat classifier, usually -sex7a “cooked item” or -wa7 “roasted item” (Seiler 1977:304-5)	suqtam “game” (literally, deer-plural)	Seiler & Hioki 1979:188	no info	2	deer hooves used in ceremonial costumes	1	Deer taken to net's house and distributed. First kill of a young man was given to his mother's clan (Strong 1929:77)	no info	hunted	Men	roasted, stewed		Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
Central Sierra Miwok	Odocoileus hemionus	7ywy/:ja-		deer, deer meat	inheritance	*7ywy-ja-	Eastern Miwokan		Callaghan 1971				other complex	-jaH				Freeland & Broadbent 1960		2		1		0							no
Chemehuevi	Odocoileus hemionus	təhíjA		Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121)			same	underived					Merriam 59:523		2		1		0							no
Chumash Barbareno	Odocoileus hemionus	wɨ		deer	unique		Central Chumash only						underived					Beeler 1978:188		2		1		0							no
Chumash Ineseno	Odocoileus hemionus	wŭ		Mule deer	inheritance		Central Chumash only						underived					Merriam 55:5		2		1		0							no
Chumash Obispeno	Odocoileus hemionus	c'qono		venado	loan			Yokuts	This looks like the Yokutsan form	WW	%sok		other complex	c'-				Harrington III:1:0049		2		1		0							no
Chumash Ventureno	Odocoileus hemionus	wɨ		deer (Merriam confirms All deer, blacktail and mule)	inheritance		Central Chumash only		Central Chumash				underived					Mamet 2008:57;		2		1		0							no
Cocopa	Odocoileus hemionus	kwak xntil		mule deer	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Mojave ɂaqwaq, 'Iipay Aa 'ekwak, Yavapai (ɂ)kʷ/qʷá:qa; this is a loan blend with xntil from Spanish gentil “wild”			same	phrase	deer wild				Crawford 1989		2		1		0							no
Comanche	Odocoileus hemionus	arɨka?		deer	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121); what is the a- increment? 3Pposs? and why no /ia/? Why k??			same	underived					Robinson & Armagost 1990:161		2		1		0							no
Cupeño	Odocoileus hemionus	suqat	ˈsuqat	deer	inheritance	*suCkaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S621 (Stubbs 2009:121)	WW	%sok	same	other complex	ˈsuqa-t deer-npn	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Hill & Nolasquez 1973:172	no info	2	mentioned in Mukat Death songs	1	most important game animal	no info	hunted	men	hunter did not eat own game, taken to net's house and shared, diverse preparations		western North America	diverse habitats	no
Esselen	Odocoileus hemionus	amisah (Henshaw)		deer	unique		Esselen						underived		is sah the -$a classifier?			Turner & Shaul 1981:120		2		1		0							no
Gabrielino	Odocoileus hemionus	$uka:t	şuˈka:t	deer	inheritance	*suCkaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S621 (Stubbs 2009:121)	WW	%sok	narrower (mule deer only)	other complex	şuˈka:-t mule.deer-npn	-ʔaʧ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Harrington 42, 630	no info	2	$u:$ar deer-hoof rattle; deer horns in Chingichngich figure	1	McC p. 116	no info	hunted	men	roasted	hides often traded, hoof regalia traded	Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
Iipay 'Aa	Odocoileus hemionus	ɂekwak		deer	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Yavapai (ɂ)kʷ/qʷá:qa; M. ɂaqwaq			same	underived					Couro & Hutcheson 1973		2		1		0							no
Kawaiisu	Odocoileus hemionus	tɨhɨya		deer	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121)			same	underived					Zigmond et al.		2		1		0							no
Kiliwa	Odocoileus hemionus	xaq=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq		deer (modern way to say)	unique							same	relative clause	xaq=pi-y-l=t-kw+yaq meat=wilderness-in=NMR-REL-lies “wilderness meat” (a marking reversal)				Mixco 1985		2		1		0							no
Kitanemuk	Odocoileus hemionus	hukaht	ˈhukaht	deer	inheritance	*suCkaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S621 (Stubbs 2009:121)	WW	%sok	narrower (mule deer only, I assume)	other complex	ˈhukah-t deer-npn	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals		Anderton 1988:319	no info	2		1		no info	hunted	men	roasted, boiled		Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
Lake Miwok	Odocoileus hemionus	şúkki		deer, meat	loan			unknown	widespread form, may be from Yokuts "elk" word	WW	%sok		underived					Callaghan 1965		2		1		0							no
Luiseño	Odocoileus hemionus	$úukat	ʹşu:kat	deer	inheritance	*suCkaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S621 (Stubbs 2009:121)	WW	%sok	narrower (refers only to mule deer; where found, white-tail has a different name)	other complex	ʹşu:ka-t mule.deer-non.possessed.noun			tó'wiyam “wild animals, principally edible meat animals”; the sixth stage of Creation (Harrington 1978:116)	Elliott 1999:885	Clan name at Potrero (Cuca Ranch) (Strong 1929:277)	2	adornments of deer hooves worn at certain dances (Sparkman 1908:208)	1	largest game animal (Sparkman 1908); hunter does not eat own kill; the not distributes (White 1963:150)	no info	hunted	men	broiled on hot coals, or roasted in earth oven; more rarely boiled. Roasted could be ground and saved.		Western North America	diverse habitats	no
Maidu	Odocoileus hemionus	sy\mí		deer	unique								other complex	-i is stem former				Shipley 1963		2		1		0							no
Mojave	Odocoileus hemionus	ɂaqwaq		deer	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Cocopa kwak xntil; IA ɂekwak; Maricopa qwaaq			same	underived					Munro et al.1992		2		1		0							no
Mutsun	Odocoileus hemionus	to:Te		deer, meat (Merriam has this word under “Blacktail deer”)	inheritance		Costanoan		Kroeber 1910 has in Mont, Scr, SF				underived					Okrand 1977:112		2		1		0							no
Nisenan	Odocoileus hemionus	k'ut'		deer	inheritance	*k'ut'	Maiduan		Ultan 1964: 364 # 146				underived					Uldall & Shipley 1966		2		1		0							no
Northern Paiute	Odocoileus hemionus	tuhudda		deer (M: Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus group)	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121); what is the -da stuff??			same	underived					Yerington Dictionary		2		1		0							no
Northern Sierra Miwok	Odocoileus hemionus	7ywy:ja-		deer	inheritance	*7ywy-ja-	Eastern Miwokan		Callaghan 1971				other complex	-ja				Callaghan 1987		2		1		0							no
Plains Miwok	Odocoileus hemionus	7ywy:ja-		deer	inheritance	*7ywy-ja-	Eastern Miwokan		Callaghan 1971 ; looks a bit like Chumashan *wy:				underived					Callaghan 1984		2		1		0							no
Salinan A	Odocoileus hemionus	Ta7á7		deer (Merriam 55:367 confirms mule deer)	unique		Salinan						reduplicated					Mason 1918:125; Turner 1980:72		2		1		0							no
Salinan M	Odocoileus hemionus	Taá'p		deer (Merriam 55:367 confirms mule deer)	unique		Salinan						underived					Mason 1918:125		2		1		0							no
Seri (Comcaac)	Odocoileus hemionus	hap		mule deer	unique							same	underived					Comcaac Dictionary 335		2		1		0							no
Serrano	Odocoileus hemionus	hukaht		deer	inheritance	*suCkaC-	Uto-Aztecan		S621 (Stubbs 2009:121)	WW	%sok		other complex	-t NPN				KCHill ms 2001:15		2		1		0							no
Southern Paiute	Odocoileus hemionus	tɨgia		Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121)			same	underived					Sapir 1930:681		2		1		0							no
Southern Sierra Miwok	Odocoileus hemionus	hikaHh-, 7ywy:-j-aH- (Yosemite)		deer	unique				Callaghan 1971 has Yosemite form as cognate, note resemblance to Chumashan word				underived					Broadbent 1964:		2		1		0							no
Southern Ute	Odocoileus hemionus	tųíYĮ		deer	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121)			same	underived					Givon 1979		2		1		0							no
Tübatulabal	Odocoileus hemionus	tohhīl	toˈhi:l	deer, hunting	loan			Numic	Proto-Numic *tɨhɨya			same	other complex	toˈhi:-l deer-npn				Hill 2010:88	no info	2	Deer is a supernatural being, a yümükīwal, and must be treated with respect	1		no info	hunted	men	roasted, diverse uses for skin, horn, etc.		Western North America	Diverse habitats	no
Tümpisa Shoshone	Odocoileus hemionus	tühüya(n)		deer	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121)			same	underived	probably related to “hunt”, or perhaps vice versa				Dayley 1989:315		2		1		0							no
Wappo	Odocoileus hemionus	(hìntil') k'éšu		deer (lit. “Indian meat”)	unique				gentil “gentile, non-missionized Indian”				underived	“There appears to be no single word for deer” (perhaps taboo?) (Sawyer 1965:28)see “other notes”				Sawyer 1965		2		1		0							no
Washo	Odocoileus hemionus	memdé:wi		mule deer	unique								underived	must be etymologically complex				Merriam 55:299; WPD		2		1		0							no
Western Mono	Odocoileus hemionus	tɨhɨtA		deer	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121); S links to Southern *ciki “white-tail”; probably not.			same	underived					Bethel et al.:217	no info	2	Deer is a dream helper but not a totem animal (Gayton 2:282)	1		no info	hunted	men	no info				no
Wintu	Odocoileus hemionus	no:p		deer, buck, venison	inheritance	*no:p	Wintun		Shepherd 2005				underived					Pitkin 1985		2		1		0							no
Yavapai	Odocoileus hemionus	(ɂ)kʷ/qʷá:qa		deer	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Iipay Aa 'ekwak, Mojave ɂaqwaq				unknown					Shaterian 1983		2		1		0							no
Yokuts Palewyami	Odocoileus hemionus	şiţ'ihal	cedillas are subdots in original	deer	unique				unique in Kroeber			same	underived					Gamble 1991 from Harrington		2		1		0							no
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Odocoileus hemionus	xoi		deer	inheritance	*xoy	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:61			same	underived					Kroeber 1961:200		2		1		0							no
Yokuts Yowlumne	Odocoileus hemionus	xoi, xoy, xo:y	xO(:)y N 176	deer	inheritance	*xoy	Nim-Yokuts		Golla 1964:61			same	underived					Kroeber 1961:200		2		1		0							no
Yuki	Odocoileus hemionus	mile, mili A		deer (black-tail, O. columbianus)	inheritance	*mil	Yukian		Schlichter 1985; note that “Yukian” is also known as “North Yukian”, and Yuki-Wappo as “Yukian” in the literature				underived					Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		2		1		0							no
Yuma	Odocoileus hemionus	ah-kwah', kwak in combining form (also mule deer)		Deer, blacktail (Odocoileus columbianus)	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Cocopa kwak xntil; IA ɂekwak; Maricopa qwaaq				unknown					Merriam 61:451		2		1		0							no


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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