Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

fear

Semantic Field: mental
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: miedo
Meaning Portuguese: medo

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	ká:ʒui	ká:ʒui		inheritance			See Language page
Aché		krɨ̃ba-yã		unique			See Language page
Aguaruna	ishámamu	iʃamamu		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	jiinɨknödok	dʒinɨʔnödɔk		inheritance			See Language page
Andoke	yituíkó ('make afraid')	jituíkó ('make afraid')		unique			See Language page
Apalai	zuno	zuno		inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	thadlara waya-			inheritance
Araona		akeoli; aheni					See Language page
Ashuar	shámamu	tʃamamu					See Language page
Ayoreo		isado'de-riŋai; itodoo-ti'gai					See Language page
Baniwa	káaro, whio	káaro, whio		inheritance			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	tun'-gut, tun-yĕts			unknown
Barasano	gui-	gui-					See Language page
Bardi	-jargi-	-jarki-		inheritance
Bare	kiate	kiate					See Language page
Bará		u'i					See Language page
Barí		doḳtosõn					See Language page
Baure	pi-; 'ni-piko-w	pi-; 'ni-piko-w		inheritance			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	ty7yjah(-n), tyijah(-n)			inheritance
Bora	iči, ičí-tʰʸe, nïʔnéβe, ápʰiičʰóče, áápimʸéi, ámɨtsʰáraʔkʰóče, nóïʔkʰóče	iči, ičí-tʰʲɛ, nɯʔnέβɛ, ápʰiičʰóčɛ, áápimʲέi, ámɨtsʰáraʔkʰóčɛ, nóɯʔkʰóčɛ		inheritance			See Language page
Bunuba	yirabanngu			unknown
Burarra	jurkuja			unknown
Cahuilla	-yuki-			inheritance			S&H 1979
Camsa	xtsawatxána	xtsawatxána					See Language page
Canela		tɛɛ				Jê form is tɔ; *tɔr. Maxacalí form is -to-pahaʔ.	See Language page
Carapana	u'wí-	u'wí-					See Language page
Carijona	narídʒi (M2000)			inheritance			See Language page
Cavineña	bahi-da; moiya-ya; hekotana-ya	bahi-da; moiya-ya; hekotana-ya		unique			See Language page
Cayuvava		čiɲi'æmæ; næhæ				To frighten (someone) is heha.	See Language page
Central Aymara	ajjsaraña	aχsara-ɲa					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	sheky/j-nge-			unknown
Cha'palaa		'hee-; 'hee-'ten-nu				Also 'wa-'pan-nu; and 'he-la (noun form). South Barbarcoan form is hele-.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	ija/vaga			inheritance
Chipaya		c̷ukči; eḳš; isḳs				The former means 'fearful'.	See Language page
Chiriguano		kɨǰe		inheritance			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		xe -fʷey ~ xe -fʷi					See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	7it'imin “fear, be afraid (B78)”,			inheritance			Ono 1996:34
Chumash Cruzeno	mlity7men “tengo miedo”			inheritance			JPH
Chumash Ineseno	axunushpi A 304			inheritance			A 304
Chumash Obispeno	tuk/qLnaki “espantar”, miko/ “tengo miedo” 0106R			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ventureno	oxonishpi, oxonyshpi			unknown			JPH
Chácobo	rakɨ-; ratɨ-	rakɨ-; ratɨ-		inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	mshya:			inheritance
Cofán	dyoye (v.)	dʒojɛ				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	nanakuya7ary “fearful”			unique
Cubeo	jidᵾrõ	xidɨɾõ		unique			See Language page
Cuiva		kunúwa, hunúwa	temer, fear			kunúwa 'tener miedo de algo o alguien' - 'be afraid of something or someone	Huber & Reed 1992:366
Cupeño	yekwin-0	[yəˈkʷin]		inheritance
Desano	gu'í-	gu'í-		missing			See Language page
Dhangu	biyaṉu			unknown
Dhuwal	barrari
Dhuwala	barrari			unknown
Diyari	dadla			loan	Arabana
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	barrari
Djapu	barrari			unknown
Djeoromitxi	djü, pi	dʒø, pi					See Language page
Djinang	nguy inydji giri			unknown
Dâw	ãàm	ʔã̂m		inheritance			See Language page
Epena		neha'sia; wa'wee				Respectively: includes body sensations; respectful fear. Also ãčobee-ʔi'daa 'fear-many' (f. of what will happen).	See Language page
Ese Ejja		-mete; -ʔaxa		unique			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	kia-šo; kia-axa	kia-šo; kia-axa					See Language page
Eñepa	yɨnkasɨ (IDS)	jɨnkasɨ (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	kwa7 yo:kroy “tengo miedo”			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	jilba			inheritance
Gooniyandi	yoowa			inheritance
Guayabero		peh-léw-la		unknown			See Language page
Gupapuyngu	barrari			unknown
Gurindji	wukarra karri-			loan	Miriwung
Hodï	iti'yu			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	sapij	sapix					See Language page
Hup	ʔɔm-	~ʔɔb-		inheritance			See Language page
Ignaciano		'tiɲeʔiča; -pika					See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	meheyaay	[məxəˈjaˑi]		inheritance
Ingá	manchai	mantʃai					See Language page
Iquito	quɨ'ɨraca	kɨ'ɨraka		unique			See Language page
Itonama		samɨhna; wamɨhna					See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	-jarik- [madjaregan]	-jarrik- [majarrekan]		inheritance
Jaru	riwa			loan
Kabiyari	ka:lukeh	ka:lukeh					See Language page
Kaingang	mũmẽg, kamẽg	mũmɛ̃ŋ; kãʔu; kamɛ̃ŋ					See Language page
Kakataibo		ra'kʷɨ-ti; rato-				noo-ti 'to scare, scare away'. Panoan rakʷɨ-; *raʔtɨ.	See Language page
Kakua		ʔɨm		doubtful loan into proto-language	Nadahup: Hup ʔɔm		See Language page
Karajarri	gadjal			unique
Karajá		masaǰua; uberu					See Language page
Kariña	enari	enari	fear				Yamada 2010:730
Karitiana	opipatin (be afraid)	opipatin		unknown			See Language page
Kawaiisu	7ija-vaga-			inheritance
Kija	jilpa			inheritance
Kiliwa	huu; huu-t			unknown
Kitanemuk	tyhmyk			loan
Kokama	aquɨcha (tener miedo)	akɨtʃa		inheritance			See Language page
Koreguaje	βahɨdʒɨ-	βahɨdʒɨ-		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	cuira (Waltz)	kuiɾa (Waltz)		inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
Kwazá	we-	we-					See Language page
Lake Miwok	co/wa			unknown
Lengua		#NAME?				Verbal form.	See Language page
Lokono	amaro	amaro	to be afraid of, to fear				DeGoeje 1928:33
Luiseño	na:la-			unknown
Maca		#NAME?					See Language page
Macaguan		huná		inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
Maidu	jyhe/p, jehe/p			inheritance
Maihiki	bihɨi ja	bihɨi xã		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	güire (also used as a verb 'to be afraid of')	gwiɾe		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	esiʔnɨpɨ (IDS)	esiʔnɨpɨ (IDS)		unique			See Language page
Malyangapa	[missing]			missing
Mangala	rayin			loan	Walmajarri
Mapoyo	uyemu'kuru	ujemu'kuru					See Language page
Mapudungun		lʸika-n				Ranquel form is lʸika- ~ lʸɨka-.	See Language page
Matses	dacuëd	dakuɨd		unknown			See Language page
Minica Witoto	hakḯru.i-te	hakɯ́ru.i-tɛ					See Language page
Miriwung	jilba			inheritance
Mithaka	kinyandu			unique
Mocoví		n-oʔči					See Language page
Mojave	masdey=			inheritance
Mosetén-Chimané		'noiye-dʸeʔ					See Language page
Movima	tino-ka	tino-ka					See Language page
Mudburra	wilanykarra
Mudburra	wilankarra			unique
Muinane	ígi-ʔi, ñɨ́ʔikku-ʔi	ígi-ʔi, ɲɨ́ʔikku-ʔi					See Language page
Muisca	bsiesesuca	βsiesesuka					See Language page
Murui Witoto	hakïnai-te	hakɯnai-tɛ		inheritance/Witoto			See Language page
Mutsun	ha:sin “to be afraid”, asli-n- “to be afraid (as a person alone at night) ;			inheritance			O 77:122
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		i-ɔ̃ǝm, pǝh		inheritance			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	manchai	mantʃai					See Language page
Ngamini	pandanu			unique
Ngandi	gunyjiki			unique
Ngarluma	wayagabu
Ngumbarl	wajja	<wajja>		inheritance
Nheengatu	akayémũ	akajɛmũ		inheritance			See Language page
Nhirrpi	[missing]			missing
Nimanburru	-jarg- [ma-j.eregan]	-jark- [ma-j.erekan]		inheritance
Ninam	kiri (EM72)	kiɾi		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	byk', by:k'			unknown
Nivaclé		-xoway-i; -xoway	fear, fright; fear, fright			Respectively: noun; trans. verb.	https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	nee õayáa, neoayá	neː õayáa, neoayá					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	rayintarri
Northern Nyangumarta	ngarrurta			unique
Northern Paiute	sya7i			inheritance			Thornes 03:225
Northern Sierra Miwok	jalymnge-			inheritance
Nukak		ʔɨɨm3		doubtful loan into proto-language	Nadahup, e.g. Hup ʔɔm		See Language page
Nyangumarta	wirnti			loan	Ngumpin-Yapa
Nyikina	wadji	waji		inheritance
Nyulnyul	-jarg- [midierek]	-jark- [midyerek]		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	hakḯru.i-de, dʒï.i-de	hakɯ́ru.i-dɛ, dʒɯ.i-dɛ					See Language page
Ocaina	turoohtyóho, tuuro (to fear)	tɯrooʔtʲóʔo, tɯɯro (to fear)		unique			See Language page
Paakantyi	nguuya-la-			unique
Paraguayan Guaraní		kɨhɨǰe; pɨʔa-mirĩ					See Language page
Paresi	maira	maira		inheritance			See Language page
Pemon	narikenak, narik, tesenarimasen (A1981); narik (M2000)	naɾikenak, naɾik, tesenaɾimasen (A1981)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	cáalíri (miedoso)	káalíri (miedoso)					See Language page
Piaroa	ye'e'kua'	jeɁeɁkuaɁ		unknown			See Language page
Pilagá		apkak-ayi					See Language page
Pirriya	kayalpathawina
Pitta-Pitta	thalala			inheritance
Plains Miwok	sel:ajku-			inheritance
Playero		hunáwa, ku-húnawa					See Language page
Puinave	mo-õm-yu	mo-õm-ju		unique			See Language page
Pumé	uapá						See Language page
Páez	agnú	agnú					See Language page
Qawasqar		fte				Also means 'to be afraid'. Sk records kyelo for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record otɬe for South QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	manchay	mantʃaj					See Language page
Rirratjingu	[missing]			missing
Ritharrngu	gunydja'dhirri			loan
Salinan A	a/xai (A),			unknown
Salinan M	cxa/lo 'be afraid, frighten'			unknown			Mason 1918:140
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		neŋayˀ					See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		rakɨ-ati; ratɨ- [loan Chacobo?]					See Language page
Sanumá	kili (EM72)	kili		inheritance			See Language page
Secoya	kaʔda-je	kaʔda-je					See Language page
Selknam		wanyun				Verbal form.	See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	quiixim			unknown
Serrano	tiYmq			loan
Shipibo-Konibo		esikiče					See Language page
Sikuani	esusu (2)(fright), kujunawa (3)(to fear something)	esúsu , ku-húnawa (hunáwa 'sentir miedo' - 'be afraid')		unique; inheritance			See Language page
Siona	wa'hɨ jɨ-hi	wa'hɨ jɨ-hi		inheritance			See Language page
Siriano	guí-	guí-					See Language page
Sirionó	esikiče	esikiče		inheritance			See Language page
Southern Paiute	ija-S, ja:-S, jy7y- (iterative);			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	manchana	mantʃana					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	helaHj-ngHe-			inheritance
Southern Ute	ijevag'a			inheritance
Sáliva	tecue	tekʷe		unknown			See Language page
Tanimuca	kĩ'ki ri'ka	kĩ'ki ri'ka		unknown			See Language page
Tatuyo	u'wí-	u'wí-					See Language page
Taushiro	i'ja	iʔxa					See Language page
Tehuelche		e'yon-					See Language page
Tikuna	na-mú (Alv44)	naʔmú		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	nari ke nai (s/he is afraid)	nari ke nai		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		#NAME?					See Language page
Trinitario		-piko					See Language page
Trumai	(ha) ɨtɨ	(ha) ɨtɨ		unique			See Language page
Tukano	uî	uî		inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
Tuyuka	ku'í	ku'í					See Language page
Tübatulabal	tsungkil (N); tsungk-ut (V)			unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone	ti7iwan			inheritance
Urarina	kwaasia (vb.)	kwaasia (vb.)		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	erasɨ (SM)	erasɨ (SM)		unknown			See Language page
Waikhana	ku'e-	ku'e-					See Language page
Waimaja	u'wí-	u'wí-					See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	teneriki 'afraid'	teneriki 'afraid'					See Language page
Walmajarri	rayinjarri-			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	thalaraji-			inheritance
Waorani	dã-dõ gĩyẽ-dõ			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	taɽian (be scared, have fear)	taɽian (be scared, have fear)		doubtful loan	Carib, e.g. Waimiri-Atroari teneriki		See Language page
Wappo	no:-c'e/u:-she7			unknown
Wari	yinʔ	jinʔ					See Language page
Washo	shashu			unknown			K298
Waurá	mɨža; mɨža-'ki	mɨža; mɨža-'ki		inheritance			See Language page
Wayampi	-kɨyɛ	-kɨyɛ		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	elamhak	elamhak		unique			See Language page
Wayuu		amomoľia					See Language page
Western Mono	syjee-			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		nowaye					See Language page
Wintu	k'ilep			inheritance
Wubuy	darr=ngawi			unique
Yagua	jnutay; junutay; juntay (to be afraid)	xnutaj; xu:nutaj; xu:ntaj		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		uapa					See Language page
Yan-nhangu	ḻawaŋdhun			unknown
Yandruwandha	yabayi, yabali			unique
Yanomam	kɨri	kɨɾi		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	kiri-aɨ	kiɾi-aɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	thadna			unique
Yavitero	ľ̥asita; ľ̥asia; hiľiha; ka'yunane	ľ̥asita; ľ̥asia; hiľiha; kaʔjunane					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	japa			unique
Yawuru	-jarik- [madjaregan]	-jarrik- [majarrekan]		inheritance
Yine		pika				Piro-Apuriná form is 'pɨ̃ka.	See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	o-lo/-yo “afraid”			loan into protolanguage, direction unknown			CHM Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi	pax-			inheritance			K07:246, G64
Yokuts Yowlumne	Thana:yitH			inheritance			Golla 1964
Yuhup	ʔɔm	~ʔɔb		inheritance			See Language page
Yuki	7u7-			unknown			S&S1984
Yukpa	jame, kore, öpönsi, piripe, piripi, sasme						See Language page
Yukuna	kero'okajo	keroʔokaho		inheritance			See Language page
Yuma	mashadhe/k “he is afraid” H2:151			inheritance
Yuruti	'kúi-	'kúi-					See Language page
Záparo	p+r+nu (tener miedo)	pɨɾɨnu					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bare
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Canela
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Karajarri
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tanimuca
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wubuy
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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