Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

fear

Semantic Field
mental
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
miedo
Meaning Portuguese
medo

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim tun'-gut, tun-yĕts unknown
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ty7yjah(-n), tyijah(-n) inheritance
Cahuilla -yuki- inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok sheky/j-nge- unknown
Chemehuevi ija/vaga inheritance
Chumash Barbareno 7it'imin “fear, be afraid (B78)”, inheritance Ono 1996:34
Chumash Cruzeno mlity7men “tengo miedo” inheritance JPH
Chumash Ineseno axunushpi A 304 inheritance A 304
Chumash Obispeno tuk/qLnaki “espantar”, miko/ “tengo miedo” 0106R unknown JPH
Chumash Ventureno oxonishpi, oxonyshpi unknown JPH
Cocopa mshya: inheritance
Comanche nanakuya7ary “fearful” unique
Cupeño yekwin-0 [yəˈkʷin] inheritance
Gabrielino kwa7 yo:kroy “tengo miedo” inheritance
Iipay 'Aa meheyaay [məxəˈjaˑi] inheritance
Kawaiisu 7ija-vaga- inheritance
Kiliwa huu; huu-t unknown
Kitanemuk tyhmyk loan
Lake Miwok co/wa unknown
Luiseño na:la- unknown
Maidu jyhe/p, jehe/p inheritance
Mojave masdey= inheritance
Mutsun ha:sin “to be afraid”, asli-n- “to be afraid (as a person alone at night) ; inheritance O 77:122
Nisenan byk', by:k' unknown
Northern Paiute sya7i inheritance Thornes 03:225
Northern Sierra Miwok jalymnge- inheritance
Plains Miwok sel:ajku- inheritance
Salinan A a/xai (A), unknown
Salinan M cxa/lo 'be afraid, frighten' unknown Mason 1918:140
Seri (Comcaac) quiixim unknown
Serrano tiYmq loan
Southern Paiute ija-S, ja:-S, jy7y- (iterative); inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok helaHj-ngHe- inheritance
Southern Ute ijevag'a inheritance
Tübatulabal tsungkil (N); tsungk-ut (V) unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone ti7iwan inheritance
Wappo no:-c'e/u:-she7 unknown
Washo shashu unknown K298
Western Mono syjee- inheritance
Wintu k'ilep inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami o-lo/-yo “afraid” loan into protolanguage, direction unknown CHM Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi pax- inheritance K07:246, G64
Yokuts Yowlumne Thana:yitH inheritance Golla 1964
Yuki 7u7- unknown S&S1984
Yuma mashadhe/k “he is afraid” H2:151 inheritance
Baniwa káaro, whio káaro, whio inheritance See Language page
Carijona narídʒi (M2000) inheritance See Language page
Cubeo jidᵾrõ xidɨɾõ unique See Language page
Dâw ãàm ʔã̂m inheritance See Language page
Desano gu'í- gu'í- missing See Language page
Eñepa yɨnkasɨ (IDS) jɨnkasɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Hodï iti'yu unique See Language page
Waorani dã-dõ gĩyẽ-dõ unique See Language page
Hup ʔɔm- ~ʔɔb- inheritance See Language page
Kakua ʔɨm doubtful loan into proto-language Nadahup: Hup ʔɔm See Language page
Makushi esiʔnɨpɨ (IDS) esiʔnɨpɨ (IDS) unique See Language page
Nheengatu akayémũ akajɛmũ inheritance See Language page
Ninam kiri (EM72) kiɾi inheritance See Language page
Nukak ʔɨɨm3 doubtful loan into proto-language Nadahup, e.g. Hup ʔɔm See Language page
Maihiki bihɨi ja bihɨi xã inheritance See Language page
Pemon narikenak, narik, tesenarimasen (A1981); narik (M2000) naɾikenak, naɾik, tesenaɾimasen (A1981) inheritance See Language page
Sanumá kili (EM72) kili inheritance See Language page
Sikuani esusu (2)(fright), kujunawa (3)(to fear something) esúsu , ku-húnawa (hunáwa 'sentir miedo' - 'be afraid') unique; inheritance See Language page
Tukano uî uî inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Kotiria cuira (Waltz) kuiɾa (Waltz) inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Yanomam kɨri kɨɾi inheritance See Language page
Yanomami kiri-aɨ kiɾi-aɨ inheritance See Language page
Yukuna kero'okajo keroʔokaho inheritance See Language page
Yuhup ʔɔm ~ʔɔb inheritance See Language page
Arabana thadlara waya- inheritance
Bardi -jargi- -jarki- inheritance
Bunuba yirabanngu unknown
Burarra jurkuja unknown
Dhangu biyaṉu unknown
Dhuwal barrari
Dhuwala barrari unknown
Diyari dadla loan Arabana
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu barrari
Djapu barrari unknown
Djinang nguy inydji giri unknown
Gajirrabeng jilba inheritance
Gooniyandi yoowa inheritance
Gupapuyngu barrari unknown
Gurindji wukarra karri- loan Miriwung
Jabirr-Jabirr -jarik- [madjaregan] -jarrik- [majarrekan] inheritance
Jaru riwa loan
Karajarri gadjal unique
Kija jilpa inheritance
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala rayin loan Walmajarri
Miriwung jilba inheritance
Mithaka kinyandu unique
Mudburra wilanykarra
Mudburra wilankarra unique
Ngamini pandanu unique
Ngandi gunyjiki unique
Ngarluma wayagabu
Ngumbarl wajja <wajja> inheritance
Nhirrpi [missing] missing
Nimanburru -jarg- [ma-j.eregan] -jark- [ma-j.erekan] inheritance
Northern Mangarla rayintarri
Northern Nyangumarta ngarrurta unique
Nyangumarta wirnti loan Ngumpin-Yapa
Nyikina wadji waji inheritance
Nyulnyul -jarg- [midierek] -jark- [midyerek] inheritance
Paakantyi nguuya-la- unique
Pirriya kayalpathawina
Pitta-Pitta thalala inheritance
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu gunydja'dhirri loan
Walmajarri rayinjarri- inheritance
Wangkayutyuru thalaraji- inheritance
Wubuy darr=ngawi unique
Yan-nhangu ḻawaŋdhun unknown
Yandruwandha yabayi, yabali unique
Yarluyandi thadna unique
Yawarrawarrka japa unique
Yawuru -jarik- [madjaregan] -jarrik- [majarrekan] inheritance
Achagua ká:ʒui ká:ʒui inheritance See Language page
Piapoco cáalíri (miedoso) káalíri (miedoso) See Language page
Kabiyari ka:lukeh ka:lukeh See Language page
Yavitero ľ̥asita; ľ̥asia; hiľiha; ka'yunane ľ̥asita; ľ̥asia; hiľiha; kaʔjunane See Language page
Bare kiate kiate See Language page
Wapishana taɽian (be scared, have fear) taɽian (be scared, have fear) doubtful loan Carib, e.g. Waimiri-Atroari teneriki See Language page
Wayuu amomoľia See Language page
Yine pika *Piro-Apuriná form is *'pɨ̃ka. See Language page
Paresi maira maira inheritance See Language page
Ignaciano 'tiɲeʔiča; -pika See Language page
Trinitario -piko See Language page
Baure pi-; 'ni-piko-w pi-; 'ni-piko-w inheritance See Language page
Waurá mɨža; mɨža-'ki mɨža; mɨža-'ki inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa 'hee-; 'hee-'ten-nu Also 'wa-'pan-nu; and 'he-la (noun form). *South Barbarcoan form is *hele-. See Language page
Bora iči, ičí-tʰʸe, nïʔnéβe, ápʰiičʰóče, áápimʸéi, ámɨtsʰáraʔkʰóče, nóïʔkʰóče iči, ičí-tʰʲɛ, nɯʔnέβɛ, ápʰiičʰóčɛ, áápimʲέi, ámɨtsʰáraʔkʰóčɛ, nóɯʔkʰóčɛ inheritance See Language page
Muinane ígi-ʔi, ñɨ́ʔikku-ʔi ígi-ʔi, ɲɨ́ʔikku-ʔi See Language page
Akawaio jiinɨknödok dʒinɨʔnödɔk inheritance See Language page
Apalai zuno zuno inheritance See Language page
Wayana elamhak elamhak unique See Language page
Tiriyó nari ke nai (s/he is afraid) nari ke nai inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo uyemu'kuru ujemu'kuru See Language page
Wai Wai erasɨ (SM) erasɨ (SM) unknown See Language page
Waimiri Atroari teneriki 'afraid' teneriki 'afraid' See Language page
Yukpa jame, kore, öpönsi, piripe, piripi, sasme See Language page
Muisca bsiesesuca βsiesesuka See Language page
Barí doḳtosõn See Language page
Northern Emberá nee õayáa, neoayá neː õayáa, neoayá See Language page
Epena neha'sia; wa'wee Respectively: includes body sensations; respectful fear. Also ãčobee-ʔi'daa 'fear-many' (f. of what will happen). See Language page
Guayabero peh-léw-la unknown See Language page
Macaguan huná inheritance Central+Macaguan subgroup See Language page
Cuiva kunúwa, hunúwa temer, fear kunúwa 'tener miedo de algo o alguien' - 'be afraid of something or someone Huber & Reed 1992:366
Playero hunáwa, ku-húnawa See Language page
Cofán dyoye (v.) dʒojɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Taushiro i'ja iʔxa See Language page
Páez agnú agnú See Language page
Tikuna na-mú (Alv44) naʔmú unique See Language page
Urarina kwaasia (vb.) kwaasia (vb.) unique See Language page
Camsa xtsawatxána xtsawatxána See Language page
Andoke yituíkó ('make afraid') jituíkó ('make afraid') unique See Language page
Pumé uapá See Language page
Puinave mo-õm-yu mo-õm-ju unique See Language page
Ashuar shámamu tʃamamu See Language page
Huambisa sapij sapix See Language page
Aguaruna ishámamu iʃamamu inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect i-ɔ̃ǝm, pǝh inheritance See Language page
Matses dacuëd dakuɨd unknown See Language page
Kakataibo ra'kʷɨ-ti; rato- noo-ti 'to scare, scare away'. *Panoan *rakʷɨ-; *raʔtɨ. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo esikiče See Language page
Yaminahua uapa See Language page
Chácobo rakɨ-; ratɨ- rakɨ-; ratɨ- inheritance See Language page
Yagua jnutay; junutay; juntay (to be afraid) xnutaj; xu:nutaj; xu:ntaj unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua manchana mantʃana See Language page
Ingá manchai mantʃai See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua manchai mantʃai See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano manchay mantʃaj See Language page
Piaroa ye'e'kua' jeɁeɁkuaɁ unknown See Language page
Sáliva tecue tekʷe unknown See Language page
Bará u'i See Language page
Barasano gui- gui- See Language page
Carapana u'wí- u'wí- See Language page
Makuna güire (also used as a verb 'to be afraid of') gwiɾe inheritance See Language page
Yuruti 'kúi- 'kúi- See Language page
Waikhana ku'e- ku'e- See Language page
Siriano guí- guí- See Language page
Tanimuca kĩ'ki ri'ka kĩ'ki ri'ka unknown See Language page
Tatuyo u'wí- u'wí- See Language page
Tuyuka ku'í ku'í See Language page
Waimaja u'wí- u'wí- See Language page
Koreguaje βahɨdʒɨ- βahɨdʒɨ- inheritance See Language page
Siona wa'hɨ jɨ-hi wa'hɨ jɨ-hi inheritance See Language page
Secoya kaʔda-je kaʔda-je See Language page
Karitiana opipatin (be afraid) opipatin unknown See Language page
Kokama aquɨcha (tener miedo) akɨtʃa inheritance See Language page
Wayampi -kɨyɛ -kɨyɛ inheritance See Language page
Aché krɨ̃ba-yã unique See Language page
Chiriguano kɨǰe inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní kɨhɨǰe; pɨʔa-mirĩ See Language page
Sirionó esikiče esikiče inheritance See Language page
Ocaina turoohtyóho, tuuro (to fear) tɯrooʔtʲóʔo, tɯɯro (to fear) unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto hakḯru.i-de, dʒï.i-de hakɯ́ru.i-dɛ, dʒɯ.i-dɛ See Language page
Minica Witoto hakḯru.i-te hakɯ́ru.i-tɛ See Language page
Murui Witoto hakïnai-te hakɯnai-tɛ inheritance/Witoto See Language page
Iquito quɨ'ɨraca kɨ'ɨraka unique See Language page
Záparo p+r+nu (tener miedo) pɨɾɨnu See Language page
Wari yinʔ jinʔ See Language page
Araona akeoli; aheni See Language page
Ese Ejja -mete; -ʔaxa unique See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo kia-šo; kia-axa kia-šo; kia-axa See Language page
Cavineña bahi-da; moiya-ya; hekotana-ya bahi-da; moiya-ya; hekotana-ya unique See Language page
Central Aymara ajjsaraña aχsara-ɲa See Language page
Cayuvava čiɲi'æmæ; næhæ To frighten (someone) is heha. See Language page
Itonama samɨhna; wamɨhna See Language page
Kwazá we- we- See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané 'noiye-dʸeʔ See Language page
Movima tino-ka tino-ka See Language page
Trumai (ha) ɨtɨ (ha) ɨtɨ unique See Language page
Kaingang mũmẽg, kamẽg mũmɛ̃ŋ; kãʔu; kamɛ̃ŋ See Language page
Canela tɛɛ *Jê form is *tɔ; *tɔr. Maxacalí form is -to-pahaʔ. See Language page
Karajá masaǰua; uberu See Language page
Djeoromitxi djü, pi dʒø, pi See Language page
Chipaya c̷ukči; eḳš; isḳs The former means 'fearful'. See Language page
Mocoví n-oʔči See Language page
Pilagá apkak-ayi See Language page
Toba #NAME? See Language page
Lengua #NAME? Verbal form. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité neŋayˀ See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet rakɨ-ati; ratɨ- [loan Chacobo?] See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay nowaye See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja xe -fʷey ~ xe -fʷi See Language page
Maca #NAME? See Language page
Nivaclé -xoway-i; -xoway fear, fright; fear, fright Respectively: noun; trans. verb. https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo isado'de-riŋai; itodoo-ti'gai See Language page
Mapudungun lʸika-n Ranquel form is lʸika- ~ lʸɨka-. See Language page
Qawasqar fte Also means 'to be afraid'. Sk records kyelo for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record otɬe for South QWS. See Language page
Selknam wanyun Verbal form. See Language page
Tehuelche e'yon- See Language page
Lokono amaro amaro to be afraid of, to fear DeGoeje 1928:33
Kariña enari enari fear Yamada 2010:730