Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Kakataibo

Family
Panoan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
cbr
Location
-8.70°, -75.42°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Key, Mary Ritchie & R. Michael Tugwell. 2007. Cashibo. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Valle, Daniel. 2017. GRAMMAR AND INFORMATION STRUCTURE OF KAKATAIBO. PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location ma'nã ka'kɨ-ti 'to be above, over'. See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment či-mapo *Panoan *čiʔi mapo. See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body kaṣ̌o *Panoan *ka-; *kaʔtɨ with related meanings 'bone, backbone'. See Language page
bad mal mal quality ʔaisama ɲu'sima 'bad, not understood'. See Language page
belly barriga barriga body poko pičampuru 'side of stomach, the part below the ribs'. *Panoan *poko with related meaning 'intestine'. See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location ši'mu; ṣ̌o'po na'mã 'down, below, under'. See Language page
big grande grande quality čaa; ʔɨo *Panoan *ʔɨwa. See Language page
black negro preto colour to'nã See 'blue'. *Panoan *wiso. See Language page
blood sangre sangue body imi *Panoan *imi See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body See Language page
bone hueso osso body ṣ̌oo *Panoan *ṣ̌ao. See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body ṣ̌oma Breast of bird' ṣ̌oc̷i. *Panoan *ṣ̌ošc̷i. See Language page
child niño, niña criança human βakɨ *Panoan *βakɨ; *pi[s]t[i]a. See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment nɨtɨ 'kʷĩ ṣ̌u'pi-ti 'to cloud up, to dim, darken, to draw toward evening'. βɨna-ti, βɨpa-ti (dial.) 'to become cloudy'. See Language page
cold frío frio quality mac̷i; maṣ̌ɨṣ̌ *Panoan *mac̷i. See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality See Language page
day día dia time nɨtɨ Also means 'country'. *Panoan *nɨtɨ, with related meanings 'country, realm'. See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality mɨ'paski-ti mɨ'taru-ti (dial.) 'to dirty the hands'. See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality ɨ'ɨska-ti ṣ̌ana- 'to become dry, wilt'. See 'hot'. See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment mee poto *Panoan *poto with related meaning 'powder'. See Language page
ear oreja orelha body pa'βi *Panoan *pa-; *paβĩki. See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment mee See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna βac̷i *Panoan *βašc̷i. See Language page
eye ojo olho body βɨro Also means 'seed'. *Panoan *βɨro. See Language page
far lejos longe quality ʔura See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body ṣ̌ɨni *Panoan *ṣ̌ɨni; *ṣ̌oa[CV]. See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship papa *Panoan *papa. See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna pɨči *Panoan *pɨʔi with related meanings 'leaf, thatch'. See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment c̷ii Also ɨ̃'ṣ̌a 'fire for cooking'. *Panoan *čiʔi. See Language page
flower flor flor environment oa Also ɲuu oa [ɲuu 'thing']. *Panoan *oa. See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment kʷe'ẽkoro; nɨtɨ koro ke'ẽkuru (dial.), kʷ'ĩkuru (dial.). *Panoan *koro. See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora βimi *Panoan *βimi. See Language page
good bueno bom quality o'pi a'saβi 'good, well'. *Panoan *šara. See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body βuu tɨ'mɨṣ̌ɨ, tɨ'mɨ̃ṣ̌ɨ (dial.) 'long hair of a woman'; ma'miskuɲu, ma'mɨskuyu (dial.) 'fine and curly hair'. maṣ̌ku-ti 'to cut the hair'. *Panoan *βoo. See Language page
hand mano mão body mɨ'kɨ̃ mɨ- is prefix for 'hand'. *Panoan *mɨkɨnɨ. See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar aa *Panoan *aa. See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body maṣ̌'ka; mapuṣ̌oo Latter form is 'head of animal'. 'Crown of head' is ma'či;. *Panoan *βoṣ̌kata. *Panoan *mapo. See 'ridgepole' 07.530. See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality ʔiɨ *Panoan *ʔiwɨ. See Language page
how? como como grammar See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar ʔɨ- *Panoan *ʔɨ. See Language page
if si se grammar See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body poko-ɲaru See Language page
lake lago lago environment ʔi'ã *Panoan *ʔianɨ. See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment pɨi; pɨči Also mean 'feather'. See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body i'taṣ̌ Calf of leg' ipoko. *Panoan *wiʔtaṣ̌ɨ 'shin, lower leg'. *Panoan *wipoko 'calf of leg'. See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment ka'na *Panoan *kanapa. See Language page
liver hígado figado body takʷa *Panoan *takʷa. See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality čaṣ̌'kɨ ta'kiβaɨ 'big, long (e.g. a road, a thin dog)'. See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna ʔia; suku Latter form is 'small louse'. Also šĩ'šĩ 'small louse found in clothes'. *Panoan *ʔia with related meaning 'flea'. See Language page
man/male hombre homem human nukɨ βɨnɨ See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna nami na'ši 'tough meat'; kua-ti, ṣ̌ɨkua-ti (dial.) 'to want to eat meat'. See Language page
moon luna lua environment ʔoṣ̌ɨ Also means 'month'. či'βaṣ̌ki-ti 'to wane (the moon)'. *Panoan *ʔoṣ̌ɨ. See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship tita *Panoan *kai with related meanings 'tribesman, relative, born'. See Language page
mouth boca boca body kʷɨ'βi kʷɨpu, kʷɨ'pu (dial.) 'the white around the mouths of animals'. *Panoan *kʷɨṣ̌a[CV]with related meanings 'lips, chin, river bank'. See Language page
name nombre nome human anɨ *Panoan *anɨ. 'Nominalizing suffix' -ti. *Panoan *-ti. See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body tɨ'ṣ̌a See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body *Panoan *tɨṣ̌o. See Language page
new nuevo novo quality i'o See Language page
night noche noite time i'mɨ *Panoan *yamɨ[CV] with related meanings 'yesterday, tomorrow, dark'. See Language page
no/not no não grammar See Language page
nose nariz nariz body rɨ'kĩ rɨ'mua 'flat-nosed'; uni rɨ'mua 'flat-nosed man [person]'. *Panoan *rɨ-. *Panoan *rɨpa 'long snout, wide tip'. See Language page
old viejo velho quality ṣ̌ɨni a'pã 'older in age'. *Panoan *payo 'worn, rotten'. *Panoan *ṣ̌ɨni. *Panoan yo[o]si with related meanings 'knowledge, ancestors, to grow up'. See Language page
one uno um number 'a'čuuši *Panoan *wɨstita. See Language page
other otro outro grammar See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body ʔi'sĩ- ~ ʔĩ'sĩ Also čua-ti; ɲu-ti. *Panoan *ʔ[ĩ]sĩ-, possibly *ʔ[ĩ]s[t]ĩ-. See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human oni; βɨβo *Panoan *oni; *βɨ̃βo. See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment uɲe; ɨβe; ʔuβe *Panoan *ʔoi. See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour *Panoan *ošini. See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body mɨ'kɨ̃kʷe ~ mɨkʷe mɨ'kɨ̃ke (dial.); mɨkʷe. *Panoan *mɨkɨnɨ kʷaya. 'right-hand, correct'. See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture βai *Panoan *βaʔi. See Language page
root raíz raiz flora ta'põ ta'βuṣ̌ 'fiberous roots'. *Panoan *tapono with related meanings 'tendon, foot'. See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality pisi See Language page
sand arena areia environment masi *Panoan *masṣ̌i. See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality kʷɨno- *Panoan *kʷɨno- with related meanings 'sharp edge, cutting edge, knife, iron, point, tip'. See Language page
short corto curto quality mɨ'tu mɨs'tu (dial.); tɨṣ̌ɨ 'few, short'. See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body tɨ'kɨmpata See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental ra'βĩ- *Panoan *raβĩ- 'embarrassed, ashamed'. See Language page
skin piel pele body βɨṣ̌'βi; ṣ̌a'ka Cf. 'bark, hide'; 06.280 'fur'. *Panoan *βiči. See Language page
sky cielo céu environment na'i *Panoan *naipa. See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality ču'kuma Also čaamarac̷u. See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment c̷ii 'kʷĩ; ko'ĩ *Panoan *koʔini with related meaning 'vapor'. See Language page
star estrella estrela environment ʔispa ʔɨspa (dial.). *Panoan *wištima. See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora ii *Panoan *tara with related meanings 'driftwood, rotten log, fallen tree'. *Panoan *taṣ̌a with related meanings 'driftwood, log jam in river, trees partly submerged'. See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment ma'ṣ̌aṣ̌; mapara ṣ̌aṣ̌o 'large rock; wasps nest'. *Panoan *mãka[n/mV]; *maṣ̌aṣ̌[V]. See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body ina βũ'kã, βũ'kaš (dial.), βũ'ka (dial.) 'tail of a deer'. ɲupa 'part below the tail with no hair'. *Panoan *ina with related meaning 'male genitals'. See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar ato *Panoan form is *ato. See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality kɨṣ̌'to *Panoan *kɨṣ̌to[CV] 'thick, coarse'. See Language page
thin delgado fino quality βɨ̃'c̷ĩ βɨṣ̌'βa 'thin (e.g. cloth, paper)'. See Language page
this este/esta este grammar See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar mii *Panoan *mi. See Language page
throat garganta garganta body tɨro tɨ'pus 'crop, craw, maw of a bird'. See Language page
three tres tres number kimiša See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment See Language page
bite morder morder body βɨ'tan-ti; na'tɨṣ̌- na'tɨṣ̌-ti 'to bite, pinch'. *Panoan *natɨṣ̌[a]-. See Language page
blow soplar soprar body rɨɨka-ti [v.a.]; rɨɨki-ti [v.n.]; ṣ̌u'ũka-ti. See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body o'ĩ-ti *Panoan *oĩ. See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body ča'kuka-ti Also na'ča-ti 'to chew'; ma'čiš-ti, ma'či-ti (dial.) 'to chew cane'. See Language page
climb subir subir motion 'mapɨra'kɨ-ti *Panoan *mapɨ-; *ʔina-. See Language page
come venir vir motion o-ti *Panoan *o-. See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact ʔaru-ti pɨpɨka-ti [v.a.], pɨpɨki-ti [v.n.]; u'nun-ti [v.n.] 'to cook in water'; βɨ'an-ti 'to cook for many people'. See Language page
count contar contar mental See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental ĩ-ti raruma-ti 'to cry, to grieve (e.g. when a relative dies)'; βi'un-ti. *Panoan *wini-. See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact tuka-ti Also tukapa-ti 'to cut apart and let fall'; rani-ti; ka'pɨ-ti; tɨa-ti 'to cut into many pieces'; sɨn-ti 'to saw, to cut'; maṣ̌ku-ti 'to cut the hair'. *Panoan *ṣ̌aʔtɨ- 'to cut off'. See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state βama-ti kasunan-ti 'to leave something to die'. *Panoan *mawa-. See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact naɨ-ti 'To cultivate, to dig'. See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental na'ma-ti kamɨ-ti, ka'mɨ-ti (dial.) 'to dream that others are dead'. *Panoan *nama-. See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body šɨa- *Panoan *šɨʔa- with related meaning 'swallow'. See Language page
eat comer comer body pi-ti; ko- Latter form means 'to eat raw fruit'. *Panoan *pi-; *koko-. See Language page
fall caer cair motion nipakɨ-ti *Panoan *pakɨ-. See Language page
fear miedo medo mental ra'kʷɨ-ti; rato- noo-ti 'to scare, scare away'. *Panoan *rakʷɨ-; *raʔtɨ. See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion ši'oβu-ti *Panoan *βai[CV] with related meanings 'current, field, garden, trail, rise in river'. See Language page
fly volar voar motion no'ã-ti *Panoan *no[ya]-. See Language page
grow crecer crescer state kani-ti ʔɨɨ-ti 'to grow (the river)'; 'pa'paru-ti 'to grow a lot (the river)'. See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental kʷa-ti *Panoan *kʷaʔɨ-, with related meaning 'understand'. *Panoan *nĩka- with related meanings, 'obey, to be alive'. See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion onɨ-ti umpu-ti (dial.). *Panoan *onɨ-. See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact pɨ'ɨ̃ka-ti tu'uṣ̌ka-ti 'to beat rapidly (e.g. carpinter bird)'; ma'taṣ̌ka-ti 'to hit the head'; čɨ'ɨ-ti 'to pound'. See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other tuĩ-ti *Panoan *c̷oma- with related meaning 'seize'. See Language page
kill matar matar impact rɨ-ti kɨ'ɨ̃ka-ti 'to kill; to knock down a tree'. See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental ʔo'nã-ti *Panoan *ʔonã-. See Language page
laugh reír rir mental ʔo'sã *Panoan *ʔosã- with related meaning 'smile'. See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ra'ka-ti *Panoan *raka-. See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other βɨ'oka-ti Transitive verb. ṣ̌ɨ'oka-ti 'to open a door'. See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact See Language page
say decir dizer mental ka-ti [v.a.], ki-ti [v.n.] 'to say'. ɲui-ti 'to say, explain, relate, confess'. ɲoi- 'to say, speak'. See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact See Language page
see ver ver mental is-ti *Panoan *is-; *ʔoĩ. See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact ni-ti See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state c̷o'o-ti *Panoan *c̷aʔo-; *yaka-. See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body ʔoṣ̌-ti *Panoan *ʔoṣ̌a-. See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body ṣ̌ɨ-ti βɨ'ṣ̌ɨ-ti 'to smell the face (loved ones)'. See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body tušuka-ti [(v.a.)], tušuki-ti [(v.n.)]. See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact tuka-ti See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact βi'taṣ̌-ti; čɨ'ɨka-ti See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact čači- *Panoan *čaʔči- with meanings 'to pierce, give an injection'. See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state ni-; niru-ti *Panoan *ni-. See Language page
steal robar roubar other mɨkama-ti *Panoan *yomɨc̷o-. See Language page
suck chupar chupar body ʔoɲoka-ti c̷ukuka-ti 'to suck' in Shambuyaco and Pintayo. *Panoan *ʔoyo-. See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion mɨɲo-ti *Panoan *nona-; *nono-. See Language page
think pensar pensar mental si'nã-ti *Panoan *šinã-. See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact po- *Panoan *pota- 'to throw out'. See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact nɨa-ti Also tɨkɨrɨka-ti 'to be tied up'. *Panoan *niʔa-; *nɨṣ̌a-. See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other maia-ti *Panoan *maya- with related meanings 'rotate, twist, roll between palms, braid'. See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body a'na-ti Verbal form of 'tongue'. Also βũ'ṣ̌ã, βu'ṣ̌ã, βũ'ṣ̌a (dial.) 'bile'. *Panoan *anã-. See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion niti mɨta-ti 'to walk, mother and child'; ni- 'to stand, walk'. See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other ɲuu mɨɨti [ɲuu 'thing']. mɨac̷a-ti 'to have a lot of work'. See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body ṣ̌aβa-ti *Panoan *ṣ̌aβa. See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body ana *Panoan *ana. See Language page
tooth diente dente body ṣ̌ɨta *Panoan *ṣ̌ɨta with related meaning 'beak'. See Language page
two dos dois number ra'βɨ *Panoan *raβɨta. See Language page
water agua agua environment ʔõ'paṣ̌ Means 'water in container'. *Panoan *ʔomapaṣ̌a; *waka. *Panoan *ɨnɨ with related meanings 'liquid, broth, river'. See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality ča'βa- *Panoan *mɨʔča-. See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar See Language page
where? donde onde grammar See Language page
white blanco branco colour oṣ̌o *Panoan *oṣ̌o. See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar ui *Panoan *c̷o[a]. See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship ṣ̌a'βiõkɨ *Panoan form is *ʔawini. See Language page
wind viento vento environment soɲo; punapuna su'ɲuã 'strong wind'; βɨ'ɨkiti 'windy'. *Panoan *niwɨ with related meanings, 'earthquake, blow'. See Language page
wing ala asa body See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human ṣ̌ano *Panoan *ʔawĩβo. See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour pã'šĩã kaš'ta 'the color of gold'. *Panoan *pãšini 'red, yellow'. See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar mic̷o *Panoan *m[ato]; *mi. See Language page
foot pie pé body taɨ Cf. 'root'. *Panoan *taʔɨ. See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar See Language page
all todo todos other kamaβi See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body taɨ či'tuṣ̌kã *Panoan *-poṣ̌[V]ko. See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body poi- *Panoan *poʔi-. See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body kaṣ̌aɨṣ̌ See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body niča-ti *Panoan *niskã-. See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body ṣ̌oa- ṣ̌u'an-ti 'to scratch, to scrape'. *Panoan *ṣ̌oa. See Language page
bark corteza casca environment ṣ̌a'ka *Panoan *ṣ̌akata, with related meanings 'skin, husk, empty'. See Language page
fingernail uña unha body ʔõ'c̷is ʔun'c̷ɨ (dial.). *Panoan *mɨ̃c̷is[t]i. See Language page
heart corazón coração body nuitu *Panoan *oĩti. See Language page
sun sol sol time βari kaš'ta-ti 'the sun shining while it is raining'. *Panoan *βari. See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment βaši; ma'nã Also ma'tã, ma'ta (dial.); c̷ira 'tall hill, escarpment'. *Panoan *maʔči *Panoan *mana with related meanings 'above, up, upstream'. See Language page
green verde verde quality See Language page
hot caliente quente quality ʔi'c̷is Also ʔɨ'c̷ɨs (dial.). *Panoan *ʔic̷isa. See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. kašã ~ kãša See Language page Also kaĩša (dial.); kaia (dial.). *Panoan *kaši.
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna ʔisa See Language page *Panoan *ʔiʔsaka 'small bird'.
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes noo ʔaɨ; popo See Language page Widespread noo ʔai (dial.). *Panoan *popo.
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica βoo See Language page Widespread Also tumi 'parrot with a blue head'; βorɨsĩ ~ βoorɨ̃si (dial.) 'large yellow parrot'. *Panoan *βawa. *Panoan *pic̷o 'parakeet'.
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae ɲumakuru; kuma See Language page numakuru (dial.).
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae tɨ'tɨ See Language page *Panoan *tɨtɨpa.
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae ṣ̌ɨtɨ See Language page Widespread South America Also iš'mi 'condor'. *Panoan *ʔišmi[n/mV] or *ʔišamĩ 'condor'. *Panoan *ṣ̌ɨtɨ.
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family no'nõ See Language page *Panoan *nonoma.
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris ka'mõ See Language page Not native; widespread *Panoan *kamano with related meanings 'demon, tiger-like creature, wild dog, felon'.
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata ʔi'pũ ṣ̌ãkara; ṣ̌ɨ'kɨ See Language page ṣ̌o'očača 'small lizard'; ɲũkɨ 'green lizard'; ṣ̌ɨ'mɨ̃ 'lizard with dangling neck'. *Panoan *ṣ̌ɨkɨ[CV].
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. ʔii See Language page *Panoan *ʔiwi with related meaning 'spindle'.
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna rono; pis'ka See Language page Also ru'nĩ 'anaconda'; si'taru, si'tarunu (dial.); pis'ka; kanarũ, kanaru (dial.); ka'moṣ̌ 'kind of snake'. *Panoan *rono; *pisika.
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria ṣ̌aɨ See Language page Widespread ṣ̌a'ɨõ 'large water turtle'. *Panoan *ṣ̌awɨ.
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) kono; ču'rã See Language page *Panoan *kono with related meanings 'mildew, fungus'.
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes binun [βi.ˈnun] binun peach-palm tree Valle 2017: 28
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) ṣ̌apo See Language page secondary scrub vegetation *Panoan *ṣ̌apo; *waṣ̌mɨnɨ.
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden *Panoan *yoči.
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. no'õsi See Language page Means 'banana'. Also kapakuča 'kind of red banana'. *Panoan *mani 'banana leaf'.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) βasi; čuku; ṣ̌uβi See Language page *Panoan *wasi.
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays ṣ̌ɨki See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains 'To shell corn' ṣ̌ɨmɨ-. *Panoan *ṣ̌ɨʔmɨ-. *Panoan *ṣ̌ɨki.
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum romɨ See Language page *Panoan *romɨ.
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna ii See Language page *Panoan *iwi with related meanings 'wood, stick, pole'.
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta ʔac̷a See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. *Panoan *ʔac̷a.
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas kari See Language page *Panoan *kari.
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) ṣ̌ampa; ṣ̌o'pã; ma'sɨ̃ See Language page indigenous gardens *Panoan *ma[s]ɨ[n/mV]; *šatano; *ṣ̌opa[n/mV].
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. βa'rã See Language page *Panoan *wara[n/mV].
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. nisi; ic̷i See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. ʔa'ṣ̌ã-ti See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation *Panoan form is *ʔaṣ̌ã-.
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae ku'tiš See Language page čũkira 'a black ant'; naku'aṣ̌ 'termite, white ant'; βona and ku'tiṣ̌ 'isula'; čišmãkuru, c̷i'mãkakɨ (dial.), and c̷i'mãkuru (dial.) 'kind of large ant like the isula'. Other kinds of ants: nima; ma'is, ma'ɨs (dial.). ma'is, ma'ɨs and ima. *Panoan *mawisi
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata ku'tiṣ̌ See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis βina; ni'šaβu See Language page βɨ'ṣ̌aβu 'kind of small bee'; βuɲa 'arambasa' (bee)' *Panoan *βina with related meaning 'wasp'. *Panoan *βõpa with related meanings, 'a kind of beetle, kind of wasp'.
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae koki See Language page Also means 'flashlight'. *Panoan *koki; *koko[šs]i.
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera pɨmpɨṣ̌oo See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora ṣ̌ɨβɨβɨi; no'ĩ See Language page Also ṣ̌ɨna. *Panoan *noʔi[n/mV].
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda ṣ̌akurũ See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones ču'nookuru; ni'βãta See Language page *Panoan *niβo.
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera nakʷa; sia See Language page Latter is 'small fly'; ʔampa; puiβɨra; sa'mũ 'large fly'. *Panoan *nakʷa; *šio.
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. βii See Language page *Panoan *βii.
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita βina See Language page 'A kind of small wasp'; ṣ̌o'õβina 'kind of large wasp'; βi'noõ ' (wasp)'; βaa 'larva or egg of wasp'.
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda nočo; noβo See Language page Latter is 'large river snail'. Also ʔa'βũku 'kind of snail'; pi'nĩ; či'rumpini (dial.) 'land snail'; βu'tũ, u'tũ (dial.) (congompe) a large snail'. *Panoan *noʔčo; *noβo.
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae ṣ̌ɨ'tã ʔa'kanãkɨ See Language page 'A kind of large spider'; ʔam'ɨ̃čaru 'kind of spider that walks on water'. *Panoan *šina.
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae ma'ṣ̌u See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus ma'kõ See Language page *Panoan *maka; *ṣ̌oya.
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus čaṣ̌o See Language page *Panoan *čaṣ̌o.


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material ka'kã; ta'sa ka'ki 'rope basket'; tamakariokɨ 'woven basket or mat'; pɨ'ku 'small basket made of cane or leaves'; si'tã 'small basket made of cane'. *Panoan *kakano; *tasa. See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material muru Beads, [kind of] seeds [strung for decoration]'. See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material *Panoan *nisši is 'hammock' with related meaning 'vine'. See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material kʷɨ'nã *Panoan *kʷɨna[n/mV], 'bench, stool'. See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology *Panoan *yoβɨka. See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology čupa; ha'pa *Panoan *tari 'tunic'. See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other karo *Panoan *ka[a]ro. See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology rɨɨ *Panoan *rɨwɨ. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material či'čika See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool roɨ; manɨ Respectively: 'stone ax; metal ax and things of foreign origin'. *Panoan *roɨ; *manɨ. *Panoan *yami with related meanings 'iron, machete, metal'. See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool pia *Panoan *pia. See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool ma'sĩβũ ma'siβũ (dial.). Also means 'arrow with points at each end'. See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool kãti *Panoan *kan[o/a]ti. See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport ina-ti *Panoan *wina-. See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material kɨ̃'ča *Panoan *kɨ̃ča[CV]. See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool ɲutɨ; manɨ kɨ̃ti Latter is 'metal cooking pot'. *Panoan *kɨ̃; *kɨṣ̌ɨ; *kɨ̃ti[CV] 'pot, bowl, potsherd'. See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material kɨ̃'ča See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other βo'i *Panoan *βoičo with related meaning 'resin'. See Language page
honey miel mel food rɨpa only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture nisi mɨṣ̌i 'bowstring'; ic̷i 'rope made of twisted vine'. *Panoan *risβiči. See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material ṣ̌ɨo See 'weave, hammock, net bag'. See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology na'ma-ti kamɨ-ti, ka'mɨ-ti (dial.) 'to dream that others are dead'. *Panoan *nama-. See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation ṣ̌ai *Panoan *ṣ̌awi. See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress taṣ̌aka See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation ʔirapa Also ii tɨn'tũɲu. See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress maɲo-ti Means 'headdress, headband'. *Panoan *maiti. See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology ʔapu [Quechua loan] See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool ino sɨkʷɨrɨnti, ṣ̌ɨkʷɨrɨn-ti (dial.) 'club, hammer'. *Panoan *wino. See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food taši; ta'šĩ-ti nami tašĩ-ti 'to salt meat' [lit. 'meat (to) salt']. *Panoan *taši. See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology tupu-ti ša'ku-ti 'sing for the dance before a fight'. See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food ɲua-ti ɲuu βari-ti 'to hunt' [ɲuu 'thing']. See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food ɲuina Also ɲoina 'animal (possibly only edible animal)'. See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool ṣ̌ampa; ṣ̌o'pã; ma'sɨ̃ *Panoan *ma[s]ɨ[n/mV]; *šatano; *ṣ̌opa[n/mV]. See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool Platform' is tapo. *Panoan *taʔpas[V] with related meanings 'hanging shelf, shelter, house, roof'. *Panoan *tapo with related meanings 'platform, raised floor, bridge'. See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other ṣ̌oβo; ma'pũkɨ Also ma'pũki (dial.). *Panoan *ṣ̌oβo with related meanings 'shelter, blind for hunting'. See Language page