Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

fall

Semantic Field: motion
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: caer
Meaning Portuguese: cair

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	káu	káu		unique			See Language page
Aché		waʔa		unknown			See Language page
Aguaruna	iyáut	ijaut		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	damokkang	da'mɔʔkaŋ		inheritance			See Language page
Andoke	yidɨ́ʌtá	ʝidɨ́ʌtá		unique			See Language page
Apalai	epukãko	epukãke		inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	ngopanangaritjinta			semantic shift
Araona		bisa; pai				Also dahaha, fall without a reason. Tacn form is -xaxa.	See Language page
Ashuar	kakéektin	kakɨ:ktin					See Language page
Ayoreo		ĩi'koorãʔ				Means to stumble, fall. To fall inside is ĩi'koorã-haʔ. To fall from above is i'baaseʔ.	See Language page
Baniwa	híwa, wéra	híwa, wéra		inheritance			See Language page
Barasano	kedí-	kedí-					See Language page
Bardi	-jalgu-	-jalku-		inheritance
Bare	hiwina, tʃakabuda	hiwina, tʃakabuda					See Language page
Bará		jã́ã					See Language page
Barí		baɨgkirakbã				Colombia: širəkayrə.	See Language page
Baure	nesta'paika	nesta'paika		inheritance			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	annih “fall”			inheritance
Bora	aakʰítʰʸe	aakʰítʰʲɛ		inheritance			See Language page
Bunuba	jira-wu-			unknown
Burarra	bungga			unknown
Cahuilla	-chavi-			unknown			S&H 1979
Camsa	xotsatɕána	xotsatɕána					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	pantsámaama	pantsámaama		unique			See Language page
Carapana	'jã́ã-	'jã́ã-					See Language page
Carijona	anotarɨ (refl.)			inheritance			See Language page
Cavineña	ribi-ya; pakaka-ya	ribi-ya; pakaka-ya		unique; inheritance			See Language page
Cayuvava		ka'riǰahi; kã; ɲakai'æǰahɨ				Also ripã; šebo ~ hebo.	See Language page
Central Aymara	tinkuña	tinku-ɲa					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	pola:/-ng-			unknown
Cha'palaa		'c̷u-'hi-nu; 'pah'tʸa-nu				Also 'lu'paih-nu; 'bu-'hi-nu. South Barbacoan form is pahta-.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	wy7i/-ku (sg) fall, drop			inheritance
Chipaya		eš; txoḳ-				Respectively: refers to person falling down; cause to fall (people). To fall over is ḳʰatš.	See Language page
Chiriguano		a		inheritance			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		-nuneʔ ~ -nyuneʔ					See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	piliklaw (Wash has piliqlaw)			unknown			Ono 1996:44
Chumash Ineseno	pil-qot'in “to fall” (air-come.down) Applegate 54			unknown
Chumash Obispeno	su/t'u			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ventureno	woloji “fall over (as tree)”, woloqoji “fall (by tripping)”			unknown			JPH
Chácobo	pakɨ-; poṣ̌o-	pakɨ-; poṣ̌o-		inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	SiLy “several to fall”			inheritance
Cofán	amppiye	ãphijɛ				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	typyhery “fall off, away from”			unique
Cubeo	duivᵾ; duruyᵾ	duivɨ; duɾujɨ		unique			See Language page
Cuiva		hópa, óthopa	caer, fall			plural - hopéika, de arriba (from above)	Huber & Reed 1992:358
Cupeño	xalew-yax (singular subject)	[xaloyax]		unknown
Desano	yuridija-ri (to fall from something tall); yurimere-ri (to fall from a lower seat)	juɾidiha-ɾi; juɾimeɾe-ɾi		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	galki			inheritance
Dhuwal	galkirri_x001E_
Dhuwala	wirrdjawirrdja'yun			unknown
Diyari	purri-			inheritance
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	galkirri_x001E_
Djapu	[missing]			missing
Djeoromitxi	hõkü, nõkü, pä	hõkø, nõkø, pǝ					See Language page
Djinang	galmidji			unknown
Dâw	nõx	nɔ̃x		inheritance			See Language page
Epena		baai-				'To fall down' is tu'du pa-.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		oke-; haaɓičakiani		unique			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	ote-kwe	ote-kwe					See Language page
Eñepa	-uwiɲa- (IDS)	-uwiɲa- (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	pori:no, puri:no (caer, of agua, girl)			unknown
Gajirrabeng	berdbaj			unique
Gooniyandi	gard-			unique
Guayabero		hop (singular)		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban		See Language page
Gupapuyngu	wirrdjawirrdja'yun			unknown
Gurindji	wani-			inheritance
Hodï	ko'lati			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	iyartasa	ijartasa					See Language page
Hup	nɔh-	~dɔh-		inheritance			See Language page
Ignaciano		-'akipaikawa				Also -'estapaikawa; -'emirika; -kahučukawa.	See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	wenall	[wəˈn̯aɫ]		unknown
Ingá	urmai	urmai					See Language page
Iquito	itɨɨni	itɨɨni		inheritance			See Language page
Itonama		oliʔna; serehna; solohke					See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	injalg XXngl he fell	injalk		inheritance
Jaru	wandi-			inheritance
Jawi	nunjalgoo	nunyalku		inheritance
Kabiyari	huʔá	huʔá					See Language page
Kaingang	kutẽ, vom	kutɛ̃					See Language page
Kakataibo		nipakɨ-ti				Panoan pakɨ-.	See Language page
Kakua		bɨ̌gŋ		inheritance			See Language page
Kalapalo	indiga- ('fall down')	indiga- ('fall down')		inheritance			See Language page
Kamayurá	ˀat	ˀat		inheritance			See Language page
Kanamarí	dapoki	dapoki	cair				Magalhães 2018:363
Karajarri	3927			inheritance
Kariña	tywoma	tɨwoma	fall down; be born				Yamada 2010:820
Karitiana	ako, ´ot	ako, ʔot		unknown			See Language page
Katukina		pakɨ-t-					See Language page
Kawaiisu	wy7i-ku-			inheritance
Kija	partal			unique
Kiliwa	tilu “caer uno”, tiilu “uno tras otro”			inheritance
Kitanemuk	hucyk			inheritance
Kokama	uhuari	uwari		inheritance			See Language page
Koreguaje	tãimʉ	tãimʉ		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	bora	boɾa		inheritance			See Language page
Kwazá	bu-, hyja-, pu-, tou-, tsewe-, tuce-, tui-	bu-, hyja-, pu-, tou-, tsewe-, tuce-, tui-					See Language page
Lake Miwok	7u/t-			unknown
Lengua		#NAME?					See Language page
Lokono	thikhidin	tʰikʰidin	fall				Pet 1987:357
Luiseño	hulu/ka!i (singular subject)			unknown
Maca		-am-xuʔ				Cf. 10.550.	See Language page
Macaguan		bókuna		inheritance	Central+Macaguan subgroup		See Language page
Maidu	woda/			inheritance
Maihiki	taiyi, tomeyi	tãĩji, tomeji		inheritance			See Language page
Makiritare	w-eduka-nə (IDS)	w-eduka-nə (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	ñaja-re (mostly used for inanimate things); quedi-re (animate and inanimate)	jaxa-ɾe; kedi-ɾe		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	enaʔpɨ (IDS)	enaʔpɨ (IDS)		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	purdi-			doubtful loan
Mangala	pungka			inheritance
Mapoyo	puhka	puhka					See Language page
Mapudungun		ɨṭ͡ʀɨf-naɣɨ; ṭ͡ʀanɨ				Ranquel forms: ɨṭ͡ʀɨnaw-; ṭ͡ʀan-; naw-.	See Language page
Matses	paëd, uebud (caerse)	paɨd, uebud (caerse)		unknown			See Language page
Minica Witoto	baï.í.de, u.ái-de	baɯ.í.dɛ, u.ái-dɛ					See Language page
Miriwung	jid			unique
Mithaka	puri-			inheritance
Mocoví		w-aa-ɲi				Lit. '(zero) 3p actor-free position-aspect-down'.	See Language page
Mojave	alyaaqv= (of a person),			inheritance
Mosetén-Chimané		hõ'čai				Also means 'drop' 10.160.	See Language page
Movima	tam̉-βos-eɬ	tam̉-βos-eɬ					See Language page
Mudburra	jak
Mudburra	[missing]			missing
Muinane	áákétte-ʔi (inanimate), áíɸe-ʔi (animate)	áákέttɛ-ʔi (inanimatɛ), áíɸɛ-ʔi (animatɛ)					See Language page
Muisca	zebenansuca	tʂeβenansuka					See Language page
Murui Witoto	uaìde, caìde	uaìdɛ, kaìdɛ		inheritance			See Language page
Mutsun	7innan “falls”; 7innanin “falls down”			inheritance			O77:28, 144
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		ki-pɨ:ñ, ki-pɨ:j ni (Martins, 1999)		unique			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	urmachina	urmatʃina					See Language page
Ngamini	worantjanta			unique
Ngandi	rukba-			inheritance
Ngarluma	bungga
Nheengatu	wári	waɾi		inheritance			See Language page
Nhirrpi	warlka			unique
Nimanburru	-jalgi- [ma-j.algen]	-jalki- [ma-j.alken]		inheritance
Ninam	ke (EM72)	ke		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	wonda:			inheritance
Nivaclé		-at; nkɔʔt-šaʔne	fall; fall				https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	bhaaí	bhaːí					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	pungka
Northern Nyangumarta	pungkinyi- (V1)			inheritance
Northern Paiute	wi7i			inheritance			Thornes 03:231
Northern Sierra Miwok	ly:mehny-			unknown
Nukak		bɨɨgn2		inheritance			See Language page
Nyangumarta	pungka			inheritance
Nyikina	-jalgV- [ma-j.algen]	-jalkV- [ma-j.alken]		inheritance
Nyulnyul	mad@ialkan	majalkan		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	baï.í.de	baɯ.í.dɛ					See Language page
Ocaina	ooha, joova, faati	ooʔa, hooβa, ɸaati		inheritance?			See Language page
Paakantyi	yāga-			unique
Paraguayan Guaraní		a					See Language page
Paresi	exoa	eʃoa		unique			See Language page
Pemon	ena, esuruka, etiririnka, ataremo (A1981); enan (M2000)	ena, esuɾuka, etiɾiɾinka, ataɾemo (A1981)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	yúuwàacawa	júuwàakawa					See Language page
Piaroa	moa'ćéh	moaɁs'éh		unknown			See Language page
Pilagá		n-ʔ'aḳa-ɲi				Lit. '3pa-fall-down'.	See Language page
Pirriya	[missing]			missing
Pitta-Pitta	kurrha			inheritance
Plains Miwok	joco:n-u-,			unknown
Playero		ita-hópa					See Language page
Puinave	[-dək]	dək		unique			See Language page
Pumé	kjatö chĩnã						See Language page
Páez	guete	gete					See Language page
Qawasqar		c̷eḳar				Also karksayeks. Both forms mean 'slip and fall'. Sk, SpC record korkal for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record alas for South QWS. Cf. 'fly' 10.370.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	wichiy	witʃij					See Language page
Resígaro	ha?vanú, á?nú	haʔvanú, áʔnú		inheritance			See Language page
Rirratjingu	ga:lki
Ritharrngu	galki			inheritance
Salinan A	tom' (A),			unknown
Salinan M	tum'			unknown			Mason 1918:147
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		aptiyakmi; antiyakmi				Also -paliyi.	See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		nenteeyamˀ; nempalleyaamˀ					See Language page
Sanumá	ke (EM72)	ke		inheritance			See Language page
Secoya	taiñe	tãiñɛ					See Language page
Selknam		w-hene; w-yèe; w-a				Various vocabulary have to do with different positions or heights.	See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	hant *cahji/it			unknown
Serrano	huc-q			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		pakɨ-ti					See Language page
Sikuani	jopa (2), otjopa (2), küx (1)	hó:pa, othópa (plural, bóka-hunua 'caerse' - 'fall down, suddenly be lying prone')		inheritance			See Language page
Siona	guruji, tainji	guruhi, tainhi		unknown; inheritance			See Language page
Siriano	burú-ri	burú-ri					See Language page
Sirionó	ŋoɨ; ukɨ; põ ɨ	ŋoɨ; ukɨ; põ ɨ		unique			See Language page
Southern Paiute	wy7i=y “to fall, to drop”			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	urmana	uɾmana					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	peT:a-ngHe-			inheritance
Southern Ute	wi7I, wii			inheritance
Suyá	teme	teme					See Language page
Sáliva	llahbajaha	ʤaʔbahaʔa		unknown			See Language page
Tacana		dahaha-					See Language page
Tanimuca	dyãʔ'ãrĩ ri'ka	ʎãʔ'ãrĩ ri'ka		inheritance			See Language page
Tariana	whá	wʰá		inheritance			See Language page
Tatuyo	jã'ã́	jã'ã́					See Language page
Taushiro	o'ce	oʔkɨ					See Language page
Tehuelche		'w-at-; 'w-ahe-					See Language page
Tikuna	inangu (he/they fall) [1, 2, 3-5]	inaŋu		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	anota	anota		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		w-a-ɲi				Lit. '(zero) 3p actor-free position-aspect-down'.	See Language page
Trinitario		-'wenopo; -pakareko					See Language page
Trumai	uapta(-n)	uapta(-n)		unique			See Language page
Tukano	bɨrɨ̂	bɨrɨ̂		inheritance			See Language page
Tuyuka	jã'ã́	jã'ã́					See Language page
Tübatulabal	ujuuk-at			unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone	hapikkwan, hapikkun “fall down”;			inheritance
Urarina	kumu (fall down)	kumu		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	eΦɨrka-ra	eΦɨrka-ra		inheritance			See Language page
Waikhana	bo'ra-	bo'ra-					See Language page
Waimaja	ñã́ã̀	ɲã́ã̀					See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	-ym-	-ɨm-					See Language page
Walmajarri	wanti-			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	kurra-			inheritance
Waorani	tæ̃ wæ̃æ̃			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	wautʰa-n	wautʰa-n		inheritance?			See Language page
Wappo	me/khshi7			unknown
Wari	panʔ; kamaraʔ	panʔ; kamaraʔ					See Language page
Warrwa	jalwiny; -jalu- XXngl note that pv = root here.	jalwiny; -jalu-		inheritance
Washo	dipi/ti7i			unknown			J237
Waurá	taka	taka		unique			See Language page
Wayampi	-ʔa	-ʔa		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	anoka (tr), anota (intr)	anoka (tr), anota (intr)		inheritance			See Language page
Wayuu		ohutu-waa					See Language page
Western Mono	wi/7i-			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		ni-čot-'čoʔ					See Language page
Wintu	dile			inheritance
Wubuy	rabi			inheritance
Yabarana		waska'sapɜ, ehnuwɜs'kaɾi					See Language page
Yagua	jupatye, juy (int.); ray, rumiy (refl.)	xu:patje, xuj; ra:j, rumij		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		pakɨ-kĩ				Also means 'drop' 10.160.	See Language page
Yan-nhangu	dhululu'yun			inheritance
Yandruwandha	kari, warlka, warlkatharra			inheritance
Yanomam	ke	ke		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	ke-aɨ	ke-aɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	[missing]			missing
Yavitero	núma	núma					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	panpangariri			unique
Yawuru	-jalkujalku- XXgl fall down repeatedly	-jalkujalku-		inheritance
Yine		hixrɨ-ka				Piro-Apuriná form is hi-ki-rɨ-ka-.	See Language page
Yokuts Yawdanchi	wox “fall over”			unknown			K07:254
Yokuts Yowlumne	*baT'an “fall down” N 75;			unknown			N1944:75
Yuhup	dɔ̃h	~dɔh		inheritance			See Language page
Yuki	p'a:n- “fall 1”			unknown			S&S 1984
Yukpa	antapoma, atana, atapo, nata, na						See Language page
Yukuna	ja'akajo	haʔakaho		inheritance			See Language page
Yuma	a:lyaqv H5:93			inheritance
Yuruti	'jã́ã-	'jã́ã-					See Language page
Záparo	ɨtɨkwanu	ɨtɨkwanu					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Barasano
Bardi
Bare
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jawi
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Kalapalo
Kamayurá
Kanamarí
Karajarri
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wubuy
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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