Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Lengua

Family: Mascoyan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: leg
Location: -22.66°, -58.91°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Richards, Elizabeth & Timothy Curtis. 2007. Lengua. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. https://ids.clld.org/

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	koo	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	kyelɬiŋkyi-p	Masc. form; feminine form is kyelɬiŋkyi.	See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	ɬiyi-p; ɬiyi	Respectively: masc.; feminine forms.	See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar		Expressed by means of the personal suffix to the verb.	See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar		Expressed by means of the personal suffix to the verb.	See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	netin	Also means 'sky' 01.510.	See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	makham		See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	#NAME?	Also e-lanoma-thko.	See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	ik-yitetakla -minik		See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	#NAME?		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	tahap		See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	#NAME?		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	yamit impehik	Lit. 'tree skin' 08.600, 04.120.	See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	#NAME?		See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	koniŋ		See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	#NAME?		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	#NAME?		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ema		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	#NAME?	Also 'blow (the wind)' -ky-ithkčah-akme.	See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	#NAME?		See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	#NAME?	This is the generic term; it is commonly used with other morphemes for other body parts, e.g. 'spine' 04.191; 'skull' 04.202; 'jaw' 04.207. See also 04.142, for a similar use of 'hair'.	See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	nime	'Breast (of a man)' is nep-ankuk.	See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	#NAME?	Noun form.	See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	#NAME?		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	#NAME?		See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	(in)sakyaa	The first syllable is often deleted.	See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	#NAME?		See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	yiphopaiya		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	#NAME?	Also -mathka-iyi. Also yiam, means 'winter'; cf. 'ice' 01.770.	See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	#NAME?		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	#NAME?		See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	#NAME?		See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	ik-him	Also means 'sun' 01.520.	See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	#NAME?		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	#NAME?		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	#NAME?		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	meko a-hamtik	Lit. '? sharp'.	See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	ɬapup anik		See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	#NAME?		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	ɬapup		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	#NAME?		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	#NAME?	This must be qualified; thus, tataa-apuk 'hen's egg'. Cf. 'ice' 01.770.	See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	#NAME?	Also means 'seed' 08.311; 'grain' 08.420.	See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	#NAME?		See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	#NAME?		See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	tiyepe		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	pithmuk		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	#NAME?		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	#NAME?	Verbal form.	See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	#NAME?	Also means 'hair' 04.140.	See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	ik-mopaia -aphehik		See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	taɬa		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	#NAME?	Also means 'go' 10.470; cf. 'move' 10.110.	See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	panakte ithnamuk		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	#NAME?		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	tiyam etin	etin is 'smoke' 01.830.	See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	#NAME?		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	ik-yithna		See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	yapakmate	Also means 'blue' 15.670.	See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	#NAME?	Intransitive form.	See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	#NAME?	'Head hair' is -patik a-wa, lit. 'head (poss.)-hair'. See 04.142. Probably has basic meaning of 'covering'. Also means 'feather' 04.393; 'wool' 06.220; 'fur' 06.280; 'leaf' 08.560.	See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	#NAME?		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	#NAME?		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	#NAME?	Other senses are incorporated in this word; see 'feel' 15.720.	See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	wanneya		See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	#NAME?	Also means 'thick' 12.630.	See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	#NAME?		See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	#NAME?		See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	atehe	Also -miɬan-ma.	See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	hathko		See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	ankuk		See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	kanyi		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	nokathwa		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	#NAME?		See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	#NAME?		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	ik-yakyeŋ-waiam		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	#NAME?		See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	a-wa	Probably 'covering'; also means 'hair' 04.140; 'feather' 04.393; 'wool' 06.220; 'fur' 06.280.	See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	#NAME?		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	#NAME?	Also means 'bone'; see 04.160.	See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	#NAME?		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	#NAME?		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	yinnakte -neŋyak	Means 'strength of the chest'.	See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	#NAME?		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	#NAME?	Also -hoɬi.	See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	petim	order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	kohoy		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	enɬit	See 02.100.	See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	apitik	Also means 'flesh' 04.130.	See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	piltin		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	inkyin		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	inkyiɬe		See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	#NAME?		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	#NAME?		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	n-(poss.)-nyetik		See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	kyito		See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	#NAME?		See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	athtaa		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	#NAME?		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	ɬama		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	#NAME?	Also means 'untie' 09.161.	See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	#NAME?	Verbal form.	See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	enɬit	Also means 'man' 02.210, and is the name the people call themselves.	See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	mameyi	The verb is (prefix)-mamaka-iyi.	See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	#NAME?		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	#NAME?		See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	amai e-tkuk		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	#NAME?	Lit. '?-foot' 04.370.	See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	yinkamith		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	#NAME?		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	#NAME?		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	n-(poss.)-ltana		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	#NAME?		See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	#NAME?		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	#NAME?	Cf. 04.213.	See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	netin		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	#NAME?		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	#NAME?	Also -kyitkuk.	See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	etin	Cf. 'fog' 01.740.	See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	#NAME?	Other senses are incorporated in this word; see 'feel' 15.720. Also tikhan-či.	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	#NAME?	Cf. 'dribble' 04.591.	See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	ki-lyitsomaŋ-kyi		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	#NAME?		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	ap-yowa		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	#NAME?		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	yantesiksik		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	mitaimaŋ		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	#NAME?		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	(ik)him	The first syllable is often deleted.	See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	#NAME?	Noun form.	See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	#NAME?		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	#NAME?	yiŋmin is 'water'.	See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	epakyik		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	#NAME?	Lit. 'heavy' 15.810. Also milai 'fat', of persons, animals'.	See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	#NAME?	Lit. 'light'--opposite of 'heavy'; cf. 12.630. Also -yamho-kyi, 'thin', of persons, animals.	See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	-ki-lkyitam-kyi-(poss)-wathwuk	Can be translated as -ki-lkyitam-kyi -(poss)-wathwuk, lit. 'the insides search'; cf. 17.110.	See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	#NAME?		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	#NAME?		See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	takha		See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	#NAME?		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	#NAME?		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	#NAME?	Also means 'beak' 04.241.	See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	#NAME?	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	#NAME?		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	#NAME?		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	#NAME?	Also means 'go' 10.470; cf. 'move'10.110; 'flow' 10.320.	See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	yiŋmin		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	#NAME?		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	yaksa(k)		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar		Can be translated as yaksa ik-him/piltin/hora.	See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	hathko		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	#NAME?		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar		Can be translated as yaksa enɬit/kilana.	See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	#NAME?	Means 'spouse'; see 'husband' 02.310.	See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	ap-yiam; ithky-aha-iam	Means 'south wind'; 'north wind' is ithky-aha-iam.	See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	ɬimpinik		See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	(in)kilana	The first syllable is often deleted.	See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	#NAME?		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	#NAME?		See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	#NAME?		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Phonemicized Form	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	--	See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	koniŋmaktik apto	See Language page		Lit. 'doves' food'.
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	topili	See Language page		Many varieties, e.g. pas-kam-kam; el-yowa-apkatkuk (big head); hapuŋ; nakte maliŋ; pithyiŋkyi.
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum		See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.		See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	yam-kamuk	See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	mepop	See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	kilaikyi	See Language page		Also other varieties, such as katai; yam-painakmo-nime-aktik.
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		nata	See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala		See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba		See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	yapa	See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	kyaiyi	See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']		See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	se-lik-lik	See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris		See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	ɬamok-mek	See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea		See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	[uva] yamit	See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	From Span. 'uva' (grape) + 'tree'.
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	pikma	See Language page		Also yatapikmin.
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	yata-pomap ap-kilnowu	See Language page		yata- is prefix meaning 'like a'.
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	yatepepe	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura		See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae		See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	popyit	See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	simhiŋ	See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	koniŋmaktik	See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	mittiktiŋ	See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus		See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	tenakyak	See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		kilasma	See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.		See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	maliŋ askuk	See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana		See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis		See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	paat	See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans		See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba		See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti		See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola		See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi		See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	me'wa	See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	yohena	See Language page		Many varieties, e.g. naamaŋ; peyim; yam-yohena ('like a bee').
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus		See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae		See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.		See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.		See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic		See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca		See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura		See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra		See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	latsehe	See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.		See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	sappo	See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	paiyi	See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera		See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	pomoo	See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)		See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis		See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	pokwe	See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	sowaiyi	See Language page	Widespread	Many varieties, e.g. el-yowa-aktik 'prefix-big-eyes'; sep-hik-hik.
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.		See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana		See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	taawe	See Language page	Widespread	Many varieties, e.g. kasik; papai; satawaiyi; tamnosa.
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes		See Language page
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea		See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus		See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	piheyi	See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae		See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	yittaha	See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua		See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	sittaha	See Language page		Other varieties, such as piŋyathnyia; poma; sittait.
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	akpoŋ	See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		yewa	See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox		See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	yowaikyi	See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	yan-siŋheyi; yakteba	See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae		See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.		See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.		See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera		See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea		See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura		See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	hena	See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	yatnata	See Language page	Widespread	Other varieties, such as nata; pankalwuk.
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		yamit	See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella		See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui		See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	mama	See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	kinawit; maha	See Language page		Many other varieties, e.g. pupum.
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons		See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	netin	Also means 'sky' 01.510; 'up' 12.080.	See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	yanči	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	pote	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	hopuku		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	ho-winak apɬankuk	Lit. 'like a jaiburu's house (nest)'.	See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	lamum		See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	#NAME?		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	#NAME?		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	pithpath	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	ky-athny-as-čama		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	yant-ak-paihe		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	kames		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	tataa e-tkuk		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	wiši		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	apawa		See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	[Dios]	From Span. 'Dios'.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	#NAME?		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	waiŋ-kyi		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	aɬa-awa	esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	ap-hathta	may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	anmin	prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other			See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	yant-apuk		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	kilasma tama		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	ho-tahap	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	aksak nohak	Refers to wild animal; domestic animal is aksak nin-tošama.	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	haŋak	This word is used to speak of a person's soul (16.110), usually after death.	See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	kyaiyi		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	takhathpup		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	yakhap-makɬa aksak		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	maɬik	agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	enmaŋa		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress		Can be translated as niŋ-at-čis-čama im-patik 'in what we put our head'.	See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology		Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	yam-yohena	Same as a type of 'bee' 03.820.	See Language page
house			other		Also tiŋma.	See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	#NAME?		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	sowu		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	memoŋ athwa		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport			See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology			See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	waikyahak		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	#NAME?		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	ɬapup		See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	aksak paihe		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	soŋwaiŋ-kyi		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	kyaiyi		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tama		See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	yasik		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	yihothma	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress		Can be translated as ne-l-at-čis-čama niŋ-mankuk 'in what we put our feet'.	See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	#NAME?		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	sel-pithtet-a-mo		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	#NAME?		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	hewa; sohewa		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	yam-paat	Lit. 'like grass' 08.510.	See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	paat ap-pakɬan-ma	paat is 'grass' 08.510.	See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	papa		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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