Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

and

Semantic Field
grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
y
Meaning Portuguese
e

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone -mai (on nouns) unknown
Cahuilla man inheritance S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok -l:i- unknown
Chemehuevi haita “and then”, unknown Press 1979
Chumash Barbareno kim; k'e (B76:267, he says kim is “and so”) unknown Ono 1976:14
Chumash Cruzeno hywan (also “but”), ty unknown JPH
Chumash Ineseno ha unknown A15, 436
Chumash Obispeno wa unknown JPH
Chumash Ventureno ki; cal (w/ nouns in B67:24 an d also w/ vb clauses) unknown Harrington 1974:8
Cocopa kaka:p “and then” unknown
Comanche tyasy unknown Robinson & Armagost 1990
Cupeño me [mə] inheritance
Esselen alalu Doc. 17a unknown Shaul 1995:223
Gabrielino hama7 (also means “also”) inheritance
Iipay 'Aa May [mai] unknown
Kawaiisu joo unknown
Kiliwa -7n "conjunctive" unknown Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk hamyk inheritance Anderton 1988
Lake Miwok he T is post-alveolar inheritance
Luiseño pi7 unknown Bright 1968
Maidu ka/n “and, and then”, k'an inheritance
Mutsun yu: unknown O77:106, 307
Nisenan han “and then” unknown Uldall & Shipley 1966
Northern Paiute jaisi “and then” loan thornes 03:166
Northern Sierra Miwok si unknown
Salinan A Tan, ran, an (A), “and, then” unknown
Salinan M TA'xo unknown Mason 1918: 153
Seri (Comcaac) xah unknown
Serrano ami7 “and” unknown
Southern Paiute =ngwy inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok ho7 (suf) unknown
Southern Ute -wa "with" (with nouns) inheritance Givon 1979:63
Tübatulabal ti, tiy unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone tynga unknown
Wappo wey unknown Thompson and Park (T&S)
Washo ash unknown K 301
Western Mono jai/sI; jaisidija "and then" loan
Wintu 7ut (DS) unknown
Yavapai va\vyu/:(va) “and, but” unknown
Yokuts Yawdanchi ama “and then” inheritance K07:,245
Yokuts Yowlumne 7ama7 inheritance Blevins 2004:42
Yuki hoy unknown S&S1984
Baniwa ñhéette ɲhéet̪e unique See Language page
Cubeo aru aɾu unknown See Language page
Eñepa -yako; yaʔnən; yaʔkən (IDS) -jako; jaʔnən; jaʔkən (IDS) unique See Language page
Waorani ayæ̃ unique See Language page
Kakua hĩʔ [noun suffix] unknown See Language page
Makushi moropai (IDS) moropai (IDS) inheritance N Amaz subgroup See Language page
Nheengatu i i loan Span/Port y/e 'and' See Language page
Ninam šo (EM72) ʃo inheritance See Language page
Pemon nere, kanan, -re, dare, pa (A1981); nerö (M2000) neɾe, kanan, ɾe, daɾe, pa (A1981) unique See Language page
Sanumá tsolo (EM72) tsolo inheritance See Language page
Tariana káika, kayúka káika, kajúka unknown See Language page
Kotiria ã jichᵾ; ã jiro; ã joa; tuhsᵾ (all Waltz) ã jiʧʉ; ã jiɾo; ã joa; tuhsʉ (all Waltz) unknown See Language page
Yanomam šo ʃo inheritance See Language page
Arabana njurdu unique
Bardi agal akal inheritance
Bunuba ngana
Burarra aa unknown
Dhangu ga inheritance
Dhuwal 2092 inheritance
Dhuwala ga inheritance
Diyari ya inheritance
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu ga inheritance
Djapu ga inheritance
Djinang a inheritance
Gajirrabeng X missing
Gooniyandi -ngaddaya
Gupapuyngu 2092 inheritance
Gurindji [no equivalent] missing
Jaru [missing] missing
Jawi agal agal inheritance
Karajarri pa inheritance
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala kampaja
Miriwung X missing
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra [missing] missing
Mudburra [missing] missing
Ngamini ya inheritance
Ngandi X missing
Ngarluma [missing] missing
Nhirrpi karru unique
Nimanburru agal; kal(a) akal; kal(a) inheritance
Northern Mangarla kampaja
Northern Nyangumarta pa inheritance
Nyangumarta pa inheritance
Nyikina mo mo unknown
Nyulnyul a a inheritance
Paakantyi ŋa inheritance
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta [missing] missing
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu 2092 inheritance
Walmajarri jaa unknown
Wangkayutyuru mathu unique
Wubuy X missing
Yan-nhangu ga inheritance
Yandruwandha ya, nga inheritance
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka ngoka unique
Yawuru -yirr -yirr inheritance
Yavitero -na -na See Language page
Wapishana naʔik naʔik unknown See Language page
Paresi hoka, exahe hoka, eʃahe See Language page
Baure ač atʃ See Language page
Muinane bu, jáánaa, jáánéri (W97) bu, xáánaa, xáánéri See Language page
Akawaio mörabai mö'rabaɪ See Language page
Wai Wai marha marha See Language page
Waimiri Atroari many manɨ See Language page
Yukpa ech, e´tpara, e´tparat, e´tpari See Language page
Kalapalo õ õ See Language page
Taushiro u'ja uʔxa See Language page
Páez sa´, atsa´ saʔ, atsaʔ See Language page
Tikuna rɨ [5] ɾɯ See Language page
Urarina ajna ajna See Language page
Pumé ado See Language page
Ashuar túrua, túra (to join similar subjects), túruamtai, túramtai (to join different subjects) turua, tura See Language page
Matses ma ma See Language page
Yagua jarye; va(interr.) xarje; va: See Language page
Piaroa ã' ãɁ See Language page
Sáliva bahixa, lleetoho baʔixa, ʤeːtoʔo See Language page
Secoya cui'ne kwiʔnɛ See Language page
Karitiana tỹm tɨ̃m See Language page
Ocaina uná ɯná See Language page
Iquito najáaja (better translated as 'also') naháaha (better translated as 'also') See Language page
Cavineña hadʸa hadʸa See Language page
Central Aymara sti sti See Language page
Movima če (J62) tʃe See Language page
Lokono ken ken and Pet 1987:349
Kariña en en and Yamada 2010:729