Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Chumash Cruzeno

Family: Chumash
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: crz
Location: 34.05°, -119.86°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

Data Sources: none

Basic Vocabulary (185)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Source
above	encima, arriba	acima	location			missing
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing
all	todo	todos	other	yemBla	B is raised lower case b	inheritance	Klar 1977:63
and	y	e	grammar	hywan (also “but”), ty		unknown	JPH
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	tok'olol “sobaco”		inheritance	JPH
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	iqsha		inheritance	Klar 1977:67
at	en, a	em, a	location	ni-, ni-mi-		inheritance
back	espalda	costas	body	pikHnyky (waist to shoulder)		inheritance	JPH
bad	mal	mal	quality	7anisnemsh		unknown	JPH
belly	barriga	barriga	body	kujash		unknown	JPH
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	kHtoton “low” (initial -)		unknown	Klar 1977:14, 129
big	grande	grande	quality	7inu		unknown	JPH
bite	morder	morder	body			missing
black	negro	preto	colour	lastHpyn “prieto”		unknown	JPH
blood	sangre	sangue	body	7axu7lis		inheritance	JPH
blow	soplar	soprar	body	7aqwuta		inheritance	Klar 1977:70
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing
bone	hueso	osso	body	kukuje		unknown	JPH
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	tutu		inheritance	Klar 1977:73
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	pHpoqtok “tu alma o aliento”		unknown	JPH
burn	quemar	queimar	environment			missing
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body			missing
child	niño, niña	criança	human	ku7Uchu/ “under 10”, kunup		unknown	JPH
climb	subir	subir	motion			missing
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	7Iq'ts'i		inheritance	JPH
cold	frío	frio	quality	aq(7)t'a “es frio”		inheritance	JPH
come	venir	vir	motion	yet		inheritance	Klar 1977:77
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	7awyj “asar”		inheritance	JPH
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	lyqshta		unknown	JPH
count	contar	contar	mental			missing
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	7ajan “llora”		unknown	JPH
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact			missing
day	día	dia	time	pHtanym “the sun, the day”		unknown	Klar 1977:129
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	q'ini		unknown	JPH
dig	cavar	cavar	impact			missing
dingo/wolf			fauna	alaxewel “coyote” (deceiver)		unknown	JPH
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality			missing
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental			missing
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	7aqmil		inheritance	Klar 1977:22
dry	seco	seco	quality			missing
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			missing
dust	polvo	poeira	environment			missing
ear	oreja	orelha	body	tu7u, tu		loan direction unknown	Klar 1977
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	shup		inheritance	Klar 1977:83
eat	comer	comer	body	7ast'a come!		inheritance
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	shtum		inheritance	JPH
eye	ojo	olho	body	tech		inheritance	Klar 1977:84
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	chiwanipy7ych “voy a cagar”		unknown	JPH
fall	caer	cair	motion			missing
far	lejos	longe	quality	(i)yakay “far”, mykych		inheritance	Klar 1977
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body			missing
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	qy		unknown	Klar 1977:51
fear	miedo	medo	mental	mlity7men “tengo miedo”		inheritance	JPH
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	sqapa		loan direction unknown	JPH
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	ne		inheritance	Klar 1977:86
fish	xx	xx	fauna	ple7es		unknown	JPH
flow	fluir	fluir	motion			missing
flower	flor	flor	environment	t-spe7-cI (language?? “Old Placido”		inheritance	JPH
fly	volar	voar	motion	no7o mawytwyt “I fly”		unknown	JPH
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	7ushkum		unknown	JPH
foot	pie	pé	body			missing
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora			missing
good	bueno	bom	quality	jaja		unknown	JPH
grow	crecer	crescer	state			missing
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	tohol “cabello”		loan direction unknown	JPH
hand	mano	mão	body	pa-tsh-Hpui		inheritance	Klar 1977:15
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	tuwu		unknown	JPH
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	p-isp'uluwa		unknown	JPH
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	takHwi		inheritance	JPH
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality			missing
hide	esconder	esconder	motion			missing
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	pikna			JPH
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	7ush7il “agarra”		inheritance	JPH
how?	como	como	grammar			missing
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	no7o		loan	JPH
if	si	se	grammar			missing
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	ni-mawa		unknown	JPH
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	koni “tripas”		unknown
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			missing
kill	matar	matar	impact	7ala-nits'y “lo mato/”		unknown	JPH
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	Xupe “saber”		unknown	JPH
lake	lago	lago	environment			missing
laugh	reír	rir	mental			missing
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	tsuluqap		loan	JPH
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	kawach mano izquierda		inheritance	JPH
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	nimel (foot, leg), pHkyt?? 0121R		unknown	JPH
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	tikla		unknown	JPH
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	squnt'aw		inheritance	JPH
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body			missing
liver	hígado	figado	body	cal		inheritance	Klar 1977:95
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	luluje		inheritance	JPH
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna			missing
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body			missing
man/male	hombre	homem	human	7alamujun		unknown	JPH
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	le7esh		unknown	JPH
moon	luna	lua	environment	7awhay'		loan	Klar 1977:91
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	lo		unknown	Klar 1977:51
mouth	boca	boca	body	7ych		inheritance	Klar 1977:50, 99
name	nombre	nome	human	te		inheritance	Klar 1977:18
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	ne		inheritance	JPH
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	kaham		unknown	JPH
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ne		inheritance	Klar 1977:19
new	nuevo	novo	quality			missing
night	noche	noite	time	laXimaj		unknown	JPH
no/not	no	não	grammar	-ani-, he "No"		inheritance	Klar 1977:59
nose	nariz	nariz	body	p-ishchono		unknown	JPH
old	viejo	velho	quality	7aquchu (and “old man”)		unknown	JPH
one	uno	um	number	ismala		unknown	Klar 1977:120
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other			missing
other	otro	outro	grammar	pali		unknown	JPH
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	7akunisy7		unknown	JPH
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	7alajew “gentes”		unknown	JPH
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	hiwekH “machucar”		inheritance	JPH
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	tuhuy		inheritance	Klar 1977:24
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	lishHy “colorado”		unknown	JPH
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	quluja “mano derecha”		inheritance	JPH
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture			missing
root	raíz	raiz	flora	ts'aqpilil “root, nerve, bowstring”		inheritance	JPH
rotten	podrido	podre	quality			missing
sand	arena	areia	environment			missing
say	decir	dizer	mental	7i		inheritance	Klar 1977:109
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			missing
see	ver	ver	mental	tyl		unknown	JPH
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality			missing
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact			missing
short	corto	curto	quality			missing
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body			missing
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	7ishkHnyhyj “sientate”, pishknyhyt “tu te sientas”		unknown	JPH
skin	piel	pele	body			missing
sky	cielo	céu	environment	nawani		unknown	JPH
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	we		loan	JPH
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	kuch'u		loan	JPH
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	loxkHsho		unknown	JPH
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body			missing
spit	escupir	cuspir	body			missing
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact			missing
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact			missing
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			missing
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	kHakan “parado” 7alakHaka “el sta/ parado”		inheritance	JPH
star	estrella	estrela	environment	7aHli7k'i, 7aqli7k'i7 at 0302		unknown	JPH
steal	robar	roubar	other			missing
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	pon' “stick, wood, tree”		inheritance	Klar 1977:116
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	wa (appears as pa-wa)		unknown	JPH
suck	chupar	chupar	body	tipaLjet “yo chupo”		unknown	JPH
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			missing
swell	hincharse	inchar	body			missing
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	7alachu (?)		unknown	JPH
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	(c)itp'ap'a		unknown	JPH
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	tu7wi “ese, aquel”		unknown	JPH
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar			missing
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality			missing
thin	delgado	fino	quality			missing
think	pensar	pensar	mental			missing
this	este/esta	este	grammar	7iju		unknown	JPH
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	pi7i		inheritance	JPH
three	tres	tres	number	masyx		inheritance	Klar 1977:121
throat	garganta	garganta	body	oqHjoku7ush “garganta”		unknown	JPH
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	7iwatije! (of harpoon)		unknown	JPH
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	hoqk'ohon		inheritance	JPH
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact			missing
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	7elew		inheritance	JPH
tooth	diente	dente	body	cHa7a, -asa		inheritance	Klar 1977:113
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other			missing
two	dos	dois	number	7ishchom		inheritance	Klar 1977:29, 120
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body			missing
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	je7e “anda”		inheritance	JPH
water	agua	agua	environment	mihi		inheritance	Klar 1977:82
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	mashche (pl)		unknown	JPH
wet	mojado	molhado	quality			missing
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	weta, nuwash7a		unknown	JPH
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	homi7inI		inheritance	JPH
where?	donde	onde	grammar	nuka-, we-, we7e		inheritance	JPH
white	blanco	branco	colour	7alapipiw “es blanco”		unknown	JPH
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar			missing
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	alwitanin		unknown	JPH
wind	viento	vento	environment	aqta-kyt		inheritance	Klar 1977:70
wing	ala	asa	body	snaqteks “wings”		unknown	JPH
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	hemych		unknown	JPH
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other			missing
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body			missing
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	lisqejen “green/blue, yellow”		unknown	JPH
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	pishche (2), piche (pl)		inheritance	JPH

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (8)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	tishy7lyl “any ant”	unknown	JPH
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna	wish “any bird”	loan direction unknown	JPH
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	7ulupawapawA	inheritance	JPH
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	wuchu	unknown	JPH
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	swyly	unknown	JPH
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		missing
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		missing
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna		missing

Cultural Vocabulary (10)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture		missing
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	7ulushaw	unknown	JPH
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	7alqap	inheritance	JPH
digging stick			subsistence tool		missing
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture		missing
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	ts'unijyk “mano de mortero”	inheritance	JPH
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool		missing
spearthrower			subsistence tool	tup'an “bow”	unknown	Klar 1999
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	ya7a “arrow”	inheritance	Klar 1977:65
house			other	7awa	unknown	Klar 1977:50

Ethnographic Information

Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	small	HG	dense	sedentary		no