Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

bad

Semantic Field
quality
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
mal
Meaning Portuguese
mal

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Bankalachi Toloim tŭs, tĭs 179 inheritance
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone acai” inheritance
Cahuilla ele/le-ma loan direction unknown S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok 7ysh:y- loan
Chemehuevi yvy-j inheritance
Chumash Barbareno xinch'i unknown Ono 1996:71
Chumash Cruzeno 7anisnemsh unknown JPH
Chumash Ineseno s-7axymyk' “to be bad” loan direction unknown A 219
Chumash Obispeno ts'u7i/sy7 “el mal”, ts'u7isy “mal” unknown JPH
Chumash Ventureno muschum unknown JPH
Cocopa xcaq, xca:q “to be” unknown
Comanche aity inheritance
Cupeño 'elel'i-sh [ɁəlˈəlɁɪʃ] loan direction unknown
Esselen pach- (Doc 19) unknown Shaul 1995:219
Gabrielino moha:y “malo”; pl. momo:hem unknown
Iipay 'Aa wellich [wəˈɫɪtʃ] unknown
Kawaiisu 7ataa- loan direction unknown
Kiliwa h-u7-luuy, h-u7-luy-u unknown
Kitanemuk kysha7 loan direction unknown
Lake Miwok 7o/bu “to be bad” inheritance
Luiseño 7ala/xwi- “to be bad” loan direction unknown
Maidu wasa/ loan direction unknown
Mojave 7alay= “be bad, be ugly”, loan direction unknown Munro et al. 1992
Mutsun 7ekeT-tak “in badness”;7ekTe to be evil, bad unknown O77:81, 211
Nisenan 7os loan direction unknown
Northern Paiute syta “bad, badly” unknown Thornes 03:200
Northern Sierra Miwok saj:e- inheritance
Plains Miwok saj:e- inheritance
Salinan A (k)e/sene7 (A) loan direction unknown
Salinan M missing missing
Seri (Comcaac) cmiipla unknown
Serrano kYSa:7 loan
Southern Paiute yvy-g e.g. yvy-pa: “bad-water, whiskey” inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok 7yh:yTy- loan direction unknown
Southern Ute yvyy-, yvyypyni, yvyypuni inheritance
Tübatulabal tysh, tyshwa-n inheritance
Tümpisa Shoshone kee tsawih inheritance
Wappo 7u/wa loan direction unknown
Washo 7nu/k'ubi unknown J 117
Western Mono azaani-tU “bad”; inheritance
Wintu c'Epkal inheritance
Yavapai ?la/ loan direction unknown
Yokuts Palewyami tiT'ipis, inheritance Gamble 1991
Yokuts Yawdanchi toTHe inheritance K07:244,G64
Yokuts Yowlumne toT'i7 inheritance Golla 1964
Yuki ka7ach'am inheritance S&S1984
Yuma 7ala:/yk “it is bad” loan direction unknown
Arabana kurlu-kurlu unique
Bardi aleg alik inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra -nerra unknown
Dhangu biḏila doubtful loan
Dhuwal yätj
Dhuwala biḏila unknown
Diyari malhanytyi inheritance
DiyariREU madlanti inheritance
Djambarrpuyngu 1850 inheritance
Djapu yätj inheritance
Djinang mirgi inheritance
Gajirrabeng gerlbegang unique NJ
Gooniyandi yijgawoo
Gupapuyngu biḏila unknown
Gurindji wankaj unique
Jabirr-Jabirr rib rib inheritance
Jaru marnany unique
Jawi logal lukal inheritance
Karajarri jati unknown
Kija yilkuwurru unique NJ
Malyangapa wanju inheritance
Mangala yakurr inheritance
Miriwung gelga- unique NJ
Mithaka tirra inheritance
Mudburra wangi doubtful loan
Mudburra wangi doubtful loan
Ngamini mana inheritance
Ngarluma walyga
Ngumbarl lalgar <lalgar> semantic shift
Nhirrpi malandyi inheritance
Nimanburru rēb riib inheritance
Northern Mangarla yakurr
Northern Nyangumarta kurlujartiny inheritance
Nyangumarta kurlu inheritance
Nyikina yakoorr yakurr unknown
Nyulnyul reb rreb inheritance
Paakantyi boolagalli unique
Pirriya mungany unique
Pitta-Pitta thawinya unique
Rirratjingu maḻiku
Ritharrngu wakin semantic shift
Walmajarri ngarla unknown
Wangkayutyuru manha inheritance
Warrwa girwa kirwa unknown
Yan-nhangu mewal inheritance
Yandruwandha madlandji inheritance
Yarluyandi mana, var madna inheritance
Yawarrawarrka marki loan Arabana
Yawuru buka buka unknown
Achagua máaʃi máaʃi inheritance See Language page
Piapoco báawéeri bá:wé:ɾi See Language page
Yukuna chapú tʃapú unknown See Language page
Resígaro matshíva?nú?́ matsʰívaʔnúʔ inheritance See Language page
Kabiyari tʃíʔka tʃíʔka See Language page
Yavitero kuľusi kuľusi See Language page
Bare maphau mapʰau See Language page
Wapishana idikʰaɨda idikʰaɨda inheritance See Language page
Wayuu mohu-su See Language page
Paresi iniyalahare inijalahare inheritance See Language page
Ignaciano 'wainarahikene See Language page
Trinitario faxden falen; ae-tak See Language page
Baure me'hewokon me'hewokon unknown See Language page
Waurá pɨnaya; -itʸaki (latter is a modifier) pɨnaja; -itʸaki unknown See Language page
Cha'palaa ['Φaasu] From Span. 'falso'. See Language page
Bora ími-tʰyḯ-ne, ímí-tʰʸḯḯ-pekʰe ími-tʰjɯ́-nɛ, ímí-tʰʲɯ́ɯ́-pɛkʰɛ inheritance See Language page
Muinane ími-tɨ-no ími-tɨ-no See Language page
Akawaio örii öri unique See Language page
Wayana etumhakë etumhakǝ unique See Language page
Carijona kurake unique See Language page
Tiriyó (wï)rïpë wɨrɨpǝ (related to pejorative suffix -rɨpɨ) inheritance See Language page
Eñepa arʸɨpɨ-pe arjɨpɨ-pe inheritance See Language page
Makiritare kənemhɨnɨ (IDS) (Noun form; verbal form is koneʔda); kone'da (KH) (means 'bad, evil'), konemhünü (KH) kənemhɨnɨ (IDS); koneʔda (KH), konemhɨnɨ (KH) unique See Language page
Makushi imakuiʔpɨ (IDS) imakuiʔpɨ (IDS) unique See Language page
Mapoyo sekupïnï (sekuru ?) sekupʊnʊ (sekuru ?) See Language page
Pemon auwakrö (E1980) aʊwaʔrö (E1980) unique See Language page
Wai Wai kičičme kičičme unique See Language page
Waimiri Atroari kwada kwada See Language page
Yabarana no'pehera See Language page
Yukpa waye (SM) waye (SM) See Language page
Muisca achuenza aʂuentʂa See Language page
Barí arongbɨšini; atraḳaari Colombia: ʔatərə'karirə. See Language page
Northern Emberá kadrɨ̃́a kadrɨ̃́a See Language page
Epena kʰa'čia See Language page
Guayabero pa-béh ('cosa mala, que no sirve' - 'bad thing, no good') inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Macaguan abé inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page
Sikuani abéhe, bijatja (2) abéhe, bijátja inheritance See Language page
Cuiva á-be malo, bad Huber & Reed 1992:225
Playero a-béhe See Language page
Cofán egae, ega'o ɛɣaʔo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra yóotarĩita jóotaɾĩita unique See Language page
Taushiro ya'cantu (worthless) jaʔkantu See Language page
Páez ewmée See Language page
Tikuna tʃiʔekɯmã unique See Language page
Urarina baaso ba:so See Language page
Camsa baká, bákna sóje baká, bákna sóje See Language page
Andoke pihikhkoowa (RW52) See Language page
Waorani wẽdæ wẽdæ unique See Language page
Hodï yã-hai; yã-hã doubtful loan E Tukanoan, e.g. Bara jã'jã See Language page
Pumé čʰa-ĩ-dɛ ('not good'?) See Language page
Puinave #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page
Warao asa asa See Language page
Ashuar pasé, nápchau pasɯ, napʧau See Language page
Huambisa pegkerchau peŋkertʃau See Language page
Aguaruna pégkechau, yájau pɨngkɨtʃau, jáxau inheritance See Language page
Nukak jee3 inheritance See Language page
Kakua jehěp inheritance See Language page
Hup páy páj unique See Language page
Yuhup tæ̃hæ̃ ~tæhæ See Language page
Dâw kas kas unique See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ʃo̰:, na-ʃa: do:, na-ʃa̰: ni unique See Language page
Matses icsa iksa inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo ʔaisama ɲu'sima 'bad, not understood'. See Language page
Katukina ičṣ̌a-pa See Language page
Yaminahua čʰa-ĩ-dɛ See Language page
Chácobo kaṣ̌aṣ̌ɨni kaṣ̌aṣ̌ɨni unknown See Language page
Yagua javityurya xawitjurja unique See Language page
Ingá millai miʎai See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua paju paxu See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano mana-allin 'not good' (CP94) mana-aʎin 'not good' See Language page
Piaroa suropa sũɾ̃ɔphã unknown See Language page
Sáliva balladi badʒadi unknown See Language page
Bará jã'jã́ See Language page
Barasano baise, bɨose; roakɨo-se, roho-se baise, bɨose; roakɨo-se, roho-se See Language page
Cubeo ãmeco (f.), ãmecʉ (m.), ãmeno (inan.) ãmɛko (f.), ãmɛkɨ (m.), ãmɛno (inan.) unique See Language page
Carapana ñuetaje, cañueto (inanimate) ɲuɛtaxɛ, kaɲuɛtɔ (inanimate) See Language page
Desano ñero ñero inheritance See Language page
Kotiria be bad: ~ya ɲã inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Makuna bɨo-rise, ~jeja-rise bɨo-rise, ~jeja-rise unknown See Language page
Yuruti jũẽ jũẽ See Language page
Waikhana jã-rĩ jã-rĩ See Language page
Tanimuca ba'i 'ka ba'i 'ka unique See Language page
Tatuyo jũu-'kẽẽ ró- jũu-'kẽẽ ró- See Language page
Tukano ña' asé ña' asé, jãʔâro (bad/evil) inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Tuyuka yã'yã jãʔjã See Language page
Waimaja jã́'jã́-ri-he, jã́'jã́(-ro) jã́'jã́-ri-he, jã́'jã́(-ro) See Language page
Maihiki ua ja ua xã inheritance See Language page
Siona kˀuʔahi kˀuʔahi inheritance See Language page
Secoya co'aji koʔ'ahi See Language page
Nheengatu puxuwera puʃuwera unknown See Language page
Kokama aytse ajtse unknown See Language page
Wayampi ni-katu-i ni-katu-i inheritance See Language page
Aché bučã unique See Language page
Chiriguano katũ-a; kawĩ-a inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ɲaɲa; aɲa See Language page
Sirionó maða-da we; ate; eɨcuã, echarõ (P85) maða-da we; ate; eɨkuã, etʃarõ (P85) unknown See Language page
Ocaina úúra ɯ́ɯ́ra unique See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto pu.éni-da pu.έni-da See Language page
Minica Witoto ɸï.éni-de ɸɯ.έni-dɛ See Language page
Murui Witoto maraiñe-de maraiɲɛ-dɛ inheritance See Language page
Ninam wãlihiki, wãrihik wãlihiki, wãɾihik inheritance See Language page
Yanomam hošimi, manahikə hoʃimi, manahikə unique See Language page
Yanomami wãriti-wə, wãritiwə (EM72) wãɾiti-wə, wãɾitiwə inheritance See Language page
Sanumá wani wani inheritance See Language page
Iquito sɨ'ɨsana sɨ'ɨsana unknown See Language page
Záparo ts+raniaka (malo) tsɨɾaniaka (malo) See Language page
Wari kayi kaji Be badly made' is emʔ; 'do badly' is toʔ ara; širak. See Language page
Araona -isi; šili; masawe See Language page
Ese Ejja kea-mase; kea-šoʔitai unique See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo kia-tai kia-tai See Language page
Tacana ḳawem; sa y-ayamaʁa-ɲi See Language page
Cavineña hida-ma; hida-ma-ke; yo(ʔ)amo (hida-ma is literally "good negative"; (hida means good, -ma is negation, or no)) hida-ma; hida-ma-ke; yo(ʔ)amo unique See Language page
Central Aymara jan wali (jan=?; wali=good) ḳʰuru See Language page
Cayuvava poreǰi See Language page
Itonama okˀela; kˀelala See Language page
Kwazá dotahỹ-, wãrẽdy dotahỹ-, wãrẽdy See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané ham 'hemdsi (f.) Lit. 'negative good'. 'Ugly' is aat'čis; 'mean, aggressive' is fa'koi; atčiyi. See Language page
Movima um-ɓe um-ɓe See Language page
Trumai faxden falen; ae-tak faxden falen; ae-tak unique See Language page
Kaingang kɔrɛŋ (IDS) kɔrɛŋ; Φe kɔrɛŋ; kɔriŋrɛŋ See Language page
Karajá bina See Language page
Djeoromitxi pipitxi pipitʃi See Language page
Chipaya ana šuma See Language page
Mocoví sḳa ʔmaʁa-raik Means 'negative good'. Also se y-aʔmaʁa-ɲi, 'not 3p actor-good-down'. See Language page
Pilagá asonkoi See Language page
Toba winarahi; mueperahi See Language page
Lengua #NAME? See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité neŋmasom See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet -koma; hakoma; mɨčo Also rami; yoitima. See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay 'kac̷iya hʷi'c̷ah refers to a person really angry. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -fʷesye See Language page
Maca uɬʔaχ See Language page
Nivaclé sas; n-is-a bad https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo sii'n̥aa-i; siin̥aa-'ŋe See Language page
Mapudungun weθa Ranquel form is weða. See Language page
Qawasqar asar Sk, Bo, Fe record c̷eɬaper for Central QWS. See Language page
Selknam ʔaymer See Language page
Tehuelche 'gānknk; 'eʔnk; 'tˀer-; 'tˀero- Also 'šeh 'tˀero-, bad character/ disposition; and 'ket 'tˀero-, bad behavior. See Language page
Lokono wakhajan wakʰajan bad Pet 1987:350
Kariña ja'wame jaʔwame bad Yamada 2010:744