Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Ocaina

Family: Witotoan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: oca
Location: -2.16°, -72.14°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

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Data Sources: Aschmann, R. P. 1993. Proto Witotoan. SIL and University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 114. Dallas: SIL and University of Texas at Arlington. Leach, Ilo M. 1969. Vocabulario ocaina. ILV-SLP 4. Rodriguez, José Vicente, compiler, and others. 1995. Mamíferos colombianos: sus nombres comunes e indígenas. Bogotá: Conservation International, Fundación Mario Santo Domingo.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	xa(jo) {pl}, xo(xo) {m.dual.}, xac(a) {f.dual.}	xa(ho) {pl}, xo(xo) {m.dual.}, xak(a) {f.dual.}	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	xo, xoun	xo, xõɯ̃	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	mon(hto)[pl], monxho (m.dual.),monhca (f.dual.)	mõ(ʔto)[pl], mõxʔo (m.dual.),mõʔka (f.dual.)	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	on, oun	õ; õɯ̃	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	ïï-sa, áá {pl}, ïï-m̵á(ha) {m.d.}, ïï-ká(ha) {f.d.}	ɯɯ-sa, áá {pl}, ɯɯ-m̵á(ha) {m.d.}, ɯɯ-ká(ha) {f.d.}	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	he: áʔii-m̵a, ïïm̵a, ĩĩhã, ha(ʔ)-; she: aʔiiko, ïïko, ĩĩhã, ña, ha- haʔ-; it: tʸã(hï̃), tʸa	he: áʔii-m̵a, ɯɯm̵a, ĩĩhã, ha(ʔ)-; she: aʔiiko, ɯɯko, ĩĩhã, ɲa, ha- haʔ-; it: tʲã(hɯ̃), tʲa	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	am̈ijón, aam̈i; bum̈oon, bum̈oónh	am:ijó, aam:i; bɯm:õõ, bɯm:õṍʔ	unknown			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	añ..iiracáh/añ..ííracán̈uh	aɲ:iirakáʔ/aɲíírakã́ɯʔ	unknown			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	chíí, chííva; jántih	šíí, šííβa; hã́tiʔ	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Siona/Secoya		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	uná	ɯná				See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	uróóhyavo	ɯróóʔjaβo	unique			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	ohtiihi	oʔtiiʔi	unique			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	uunaah	ɯ̃ɯ̃aaʔ				See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	juuhxo, juuhxomó (human),	hɯɯʔxo; hɯɯʔxomó	unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	úúra	ɯ́ɯ́ra	unique			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	dyacán, xonúúhca	dʲakã́, xon̵ɯ́ɯ́ʔka	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	gáájo	gááho				See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	aan, aann̈a	ãã; ããn:a	inheritance			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	óóxu, oxííja	óóxɯ, oxííha	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	aanun	ããɯ̃	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	juhtóóhfu	hɯʔtóóʔɸɯ	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	tsijíín	tsihĩ́ĩ́	inheritance	cf. Tukanoan		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	foofo; juuhxa	ɸooɸo; hɯɯʔxa	inheritance			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	ñañavúroga	ɲaɲaβɯ́roga	unknown			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	ñonhóónhcovo	ɲõʔṍṍʔkoβo	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	bagóóhya, monn̈o	bagóóʔja, mõn:o	inheritance	similar to Bora form		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	jaayo	haajo	unknown			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	biih	biiʔ	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	faaan; borojo	ɸããã; boroho	unique; unique			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	xaviin	xaβĩĩ	unique			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	aau	aaɯ	unique			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	jahfíího	haʔɸííʔo	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	dyótu	dʲótɯ	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	aaji	aahi	unique			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	aasa; dyaana	aasa; dʲããa	unique			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	jaanchonó	hããčõó	unique			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	bucoohfílli; fahxaajo	bɯkooʔɸídʒi; ɸaʔxaaho	inheritance			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	aanjíín	ããhĩ́ĩ́	unique			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	baah; aavo; juubo; xaajo	baaʔ; aaβo; hɯɯbo; zaaho	unknown; doubtful loan	Andoke		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	mooñ̵a, moñ̵amó	mooɲa, moɲamó	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	urá nuu (U), ñomoonbi (D)	ɯrá nɯɯ {u}, ɳom̵õõbi {d}	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	fuuso	ɸɯɯso	unique			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna						See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	áánm̈a; ahvóóhxo; ñááhun	ããm:a; aʔβóóʔxo; ɲááʔɯ̃	unique			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	nohxáállo	noʔxáádʒo	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ñooxo	ɲooxo	unique			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	jáánhta	hã́ã́ʔta	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	moiinyínah	moĩ́ĩ́jĩ́ĩaʔ				See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	ajóóju, ajoohuvóra, añoonhunvóra	ahóóhɯ, ahooʔɯβóra, aɲoonʔɯ̃βóra				See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	xoñoon	xoɲõõ	unique?			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	an̈oonhun, nahaaxo	an:õõʔɯ̃, naʔaaxo	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	dyaa/dyoo (carne), goonh (dulce), ooxo	dʲaa, dʲoo (carne), gõõ (dulce), ooxo	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	jóóhto	hṍṍʔto	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	ojúú	ohɯ́ɯ́	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	num̈oonjin	num:õõhin	loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Boran		See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	ooha, joova, faati	ooʔa, hooβa, ɸaati	inheritance?			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	aan̈u	ããn:ɯ	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	fajiin	ɸahĩĩ	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	mõõ(hõ)	mõõ(hõ)	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	turoohtyóho, tuuro (to fear)	tɯrooʔtʲóʔo, tɯɯro (to fear)	unique			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	tyafóóro	tʲaɸóóro	inheritance			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	xáátyo	xáátʲo	unknown			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	tyaaro	tʲaaro	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	dsooro, dsoou	dzooro; dzooɯ	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	tsíín (noun), tsiiin (verb)	tsĩ́ĩ(noun), tsĩ́ĩĩ́(verb)	unique			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	dyaahi	dʲaaʔi	unique			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment						See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	uhyóó(ga)	ɯʔjóó(ga)	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	dyaajun, juxaan	dʲaahɯ̃, hɯxãã	unique			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	fójun	ɸṍhɯ̃	unique			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	moxóóso, jiááho	moxóó-so, hiááʔo	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	aam̈on; jiia; jiinño; buuco (tr and intr)	aamõ; hiia; hĩĩɲo; buuko (tr and intr)	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	tyafáánjiin, ohfotohófe (del brazo)	tʲaɸã́ã́hĩĩ, oʔɸotoʔóɸɛ (dɛl brazo)	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	on̈oon, on̈óónpo	on:õõ(po)	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	oohfo	ooʔɸo	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	xaaxa	xaaxa	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	xomúú-monti	xomɯ́ɯ́-m̵õti	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	mááyi (weight)	mááji	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	xoon̈u; bohtyaatu (hide oneself)	xõõɯ; boʔtʲaatɯ	unique			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	aadsí	aadzí	unique			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	annaβïata	annaβɯata	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	dyóho	dʲóʔo	unique			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	dsoh; dsohfuurá	dzoʔ; dzoʔɸɯɯrá	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar						See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	jaa	haa	unique			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	mañííco	maɲííko	unique			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	dsiita; xonhsaarúna	dziita; xõʔsaarɯ̃'a				See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	ïrá ña ha-nḯḯ-ta {?-die-cause}	ɯrá ɲa ha-nɯ́ɯ́-ta {?-die-cause}	unique			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	ááxa, ooroja	ááxa, ooroha	doubtful loan; inheritance	Boran		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	jonháánjin	hõʔã́ã́hĩ	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	maato	maato	unique			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	opaavi	opaaβi	unknown			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	uroohfatí	ɯrooʔɸatí	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	odzákõa, odzááβũa	odzákõa, odzááβɯ̃a	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	iian; tuudya (acostar)	ĩĩã; tɯɯdʲa	unknown; loan, direction unknown	Bora		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	uuváhyo (relámpago)	ɯɯβáʔjo	unique			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	naavi; aan/ uun; xooba	naaβi; ãã/ ɯ̃ɯ̃; xooba	unknown			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	fahúúnxo	ɸaʔɯ̃'ɯ̃'xo	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	ááñi	ááɲi	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	ohfóóxaco	oʔɸóóxaco	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	fávaaxo	ɸáβaaxo	loan	Boran		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	oohu	ooʔɯ	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	dyajííhxa,onhaanjin	dʲahííʔxa, õʔããhĩ	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	fodyoome	ɸodʲoomɛ	unknown			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	ánhinco, úúdsah	ã́ʔĩʔko, ɯ́ɯ́dzaʔ	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	tyavúúro (colina)	tʲaβɯ́ɯ́ro (colina)	unique			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	foou	ɸooɯ	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	mammu	maam̵ɯ	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Boran, Witotoan, Tukanoan		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	ñonmáánhon (neck)	ɲõmã́ã́ʔõ				See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	áán̈urah	ã́ã́n:ɯraʔ	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ñonmáánhon	ɲõmã́ã́ʔõ	unique			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	juhto	hɯʔto	unique			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	natyón	natʲṍ	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	aán; aanñi	aã́; ã́ã́ɲí	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	tyoofo	tʲooɸo	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	uroojun	ɯroo-hɯ̃	unique			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	tya. -mah	tʲa-, -maʔ	doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown	Boran		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	fuura	ɸɯɯra	unique			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	añ..ii	aɲ..ii	unique			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	ahtího (pain); tyóuuhyo (sick)	aʔtíʔo (pain); tʲóɯɯʔjo (sick)	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	jaróhtuh	haróʔtuʔ	unique			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	boonm̈a	bõõma				See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	ñoon, ñoonjun; ñóótuño (si 2-4 dias)	ɲõõ; ɲõõjɯ̃; ɲóótɯɳo	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	tsíího	tsííʔo	unique			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	ɸóóʔtʸa	ɸóóʔtʲa	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	naajon, tóvuhtya	naahõ, tóβɯʔtʲa	inheritance; unique			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tsiñ̵íínhonfe, tsiñ̵ííhonco	tsiɲ̵ĩ́ĩ́ʔõɸɛ, tsiɲ̵ĩ́ĩ́ʔõko	unique			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	dsoou (to rot; meat)	dzooɯ	unique			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	llíoonjin, llíoonhin	dʒíõõhĩ,dʒíõõʔĩ	unique			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	uun, aan	ɯ̃ɯ̃, ããn	unknown			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	caayi	kaaji	unknown			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	xaa	xaa	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	goou ('afilar' verb)	gooɯ	unique			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	ñiih (shoot with gun)	ɲiiʔ (shoot with gun)	unknown			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	ĩhã́hḯ	ĩhã́hɯ́	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	juuhxo; juuhxomó	hɯɯʔxo; jɯɯʔxomó	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	mayíítyo	majíítjo	unknown			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	biiñihi	biiɲiʔi	unique			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	xonúúhca	xon̵ɯ́ɯ́ʔka	unique			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	aam̈i; aam̈ijón; bum̈onñ..á; xutymóóña	aam:i; aam:ihón; bɯm:õɲá; xɯtʲmóóɲa	unique			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	uunon	ɯ̃ɯ̃õ	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	síítih, sóógo, tóógo, xavi-	síítiʔ, sóógo, tóógo, xaβi-	unknown			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	jahfíího	haʔɸííʔo	unique			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	dyooro (verb 'oler')	dʲooro (verb 'oler')	unique		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	caau; tsaafu	kaaɯ; tsaaɸɯ	unique			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	botyoojo	botʲoojo	doubtful loan	W. Tukanoan		See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	aanñi	ããɲ:i	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Resigaro		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	ɸaaʔ, haara, ttʲõõʔɸo	ɸaaʔ, haara, ttʲõõʔɸo	unknown			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	nïïʔtʲa	nɯɯʔtʲa	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	ohxóóhtyo; com̈aando (del este), dsávoohcho (del oeste)	oʔxóóʔtʲo, kom:aando (del este) dzáβooʔĉo (del oeste),	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	muuro	mɯrro	doubtful loan	Kokama		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	dyáátya; am̈uunñ..a	dʲáátʲa; am:ɯ̃ɯ̃ɲa	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	gotúúh-xo	gotɯ́ɯ́ʔ-xo	unique			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	tsoonhñ..o; goon	tsõõʔɲ:o; gõõ	unknown	loan or onomatopoeia?		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	núúna	nɯ̃'ɯ̃'na	loan	Boran		See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	dyohóón̈an	dʲoʔṍṍn:ã	inheritance			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	juuxha (verb 'hinchar'	hɯɯxʔa (verb 'hinchar)	unknown			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	oonhon	õõʔõ	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	ohoo	oʔoo	unknown			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	xahiima	xaʔiima	unique			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	hïtʲááxo	hɯtʲááxo	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	bójo; xaviihtyóhfo	bóho; xaβiiʔtʲóʔɸo	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	xomuuxohyálli	xomɯɯxoʔjádʒi	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	bíín, bínjan, bahi-, bu- {m./f. sing./pl.}, báhiim̵a	bĩ́ĩ́, bĩ́hã, baʔi-, bɯ- {m./f. sing./pl.}, báʔiim̵a	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	han̵ãã-maʔ-tʸáá-maʔ {two-one}	han̵ãã-maʔ-tʲáá-maʔ {two-one}	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	johxóóho; johxóóra	hoʔxóóʔo; hoʔxóóra	unknown			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	oou (con lanza); ñiih (con escopeta)	ooɯ (con lanza); ɲiiʔ (con escopeta)	unique; unique			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	am̈unhño	am:ɯ̃ʔɲo	unique			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	ocááfu; gaan	okááɸɯ; gãã	unique; unique			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	jinñóónhfu	hĩɲṍṍʔɸɯ	unknown			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	ahtiihtyo	aʔtiiʔtʲo	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	toon̈u	tõõn:ɯ	unique		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	jan̈aa	han:aa	unique			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	xoohxu	xooʔxɯ	unique			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	maaxa	maaxa	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	noon(jun)	ɲõõ(hɯ̃)	unknown			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	jááʔi	hááhi	unique			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	dsoh	dzoʔ	unknown			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	dzoʔ-kã, dzoʔ-aa	dzoʔ-kã, dzoʔ-aa	unknown			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	dsoo, dsoon, dsoonh	dzoo; dzõõ,dzõõʔ	unknown			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	furááñ̵a	ɸɯrã́ã́ɲa	unique			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	bón	bṍ	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	munhton	mɯ̃ʔtõ	unique			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	juvóódyo, juvóón	hɯβóódʲo, hɯβṍṍ	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	fonn̈óónvuca	ɸõn:ṍṍβuka	unique			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	maami	maami	doubtful loan	Spanish?		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	jooadyu	hooadʲɯ	unknown			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	afaaxorálli	aɸaaxorádʒi	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	bóóra	bóóra	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	ñon̵ṍṍya	ñon:ṍṍja		inheritance	cf. Bora	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	fɨɨyu (R95)	ɸɨɨju (R95)		inheritance		See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	jonhóónm̈a	honhóónm̵a		unique		See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	am̈áánu	am̵ã́ã́ɯ		loan - WW		See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	cováátso, (tree: covááya)	koβáátso, (tree: cováája)		unknown		See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	toxóóʔyo	toxóóʔjo				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	xoonhño	xõõʔɲo		unknown		See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae						See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	jíaanco, joonhan	hĩ́ããco, hõõʔã		unique		See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	dsoojom, ñóónn̈on	dzoohom, ɲṍṍnõ, nɨhtyuudsuuju (dasypus kappleri, R95)		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	ɸookan̵ḯḯʔtʸa	ɸookan:ɯ́ɯ́ʔtʲa				See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	nom̈úúro {tree}	nom̵ɯ́ɯ́ro {tree}				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	ñijííntya	ɲihĩ́ĩ́tʲa		doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Saliban? cf. Piaroa neʔneʔa	See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	juxaaro {plantain}	huxaaro {plantain}		unknown		See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	nooun	nõõɯ̃		loan, direction unknown	Andoke, Kakua-Nukak	See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	poróótyo	poróótʸo		loan	Quechua (via Spanish?)	See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		afóytsoyi	aɸójtsoji		inheritance		See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	mááhcha, mááhfi	mááʔtʃa, mááʔɸi				See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				missing		See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	áánbeco	ã́ã́beko		unique		See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	toxóóhyo	toxóóʔjo		unique		See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	mon̈áánfu (Crescentia; Leach dict), toonhfu (Allin: 'gourd'; Leach 'calabaza seca')	momáánɸɯ, tõõʔɸɯ				See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	jofááya {tree}	hoɸáája {tree}				See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	jumoonxo, jɨmmo (R95)	hɯmõõxo		inheritance		See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	am̈oonxo	am:õõxo		inheritance		See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	juvááuxo	hɯvááɯxo		unknown		See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	ñóónm̈a	ɲṍṍm̵a		loan, direction unknown	Muinane	See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	ahxashti; botʲootʲo (H&R92)	aʔxaʃti				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	añááro {tree}	aɲááro {tree}		loan, direction unknown	shared Ocaina, Resigaro, Bora	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	bóóxon̈oco, viríítiho	bóóxon̵oko, βiríítiʔo				See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	tíaanhxo	tĩ́ããʔxo		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	onomatopoeic	See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	dyahóófe	dʲaʔóóɸe				See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	jiibiro	hiibiro		loan, direction unknown - WW	%hibie	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	bovúxotya, cucaracha {Spanish}	boβɯ́xotʲa, kɯ́karatʃa {Spanish}		unknown		See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	nan̵ṍṍpa	nan:ṍṍpa		unique		See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	ñamúúnhxohtyo	ɲamɯ̃'ɯ̃'ʔxoʔtʲo		inheritance		See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	fíaan, fíaanja	ɸíãã, ɸíããha		semantic shift?	original meaning kapok	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	ohxóóroco	oʔxóóroko		unknown		See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	chichího	tʃitʃíʔo		loan, direction unknown	Muinane síísi, Resigaro tsiiʔtsiʔo, Ocaina tʃitʃíʔo onomatopoeic	See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	acááyi	akááji		inheritance		See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	ïïxo, xooʔtʸo {smaller species}	ɯɯxo, xooʔtʲo {small}		unique; inheritance		See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	hõʔxo {see jaguar}	hõʔxo {see jaguar}		semantic shift	jaguar	See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	dsam̈óón̈unma	dzam̵ṍṍɯ̃ma				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	fohxáánco, tohtohííco	ɸoʔxã́ã́ko, toʔtoʔííko		inheritance		See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	ñiihbo	ɲiiʔbo		inheritance	loan into Bora?	See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	atóónmojonh, dsoruhyóhco, joxóóvuco, ñon̈oonja, uhtyódyunaco	atṍṍmohõʔ, dzorɯʔyóʔko, hoxóóβɯko, ɲon̈õõha, ɯʔtʲódʲɯ̃ako		unknown		See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	am̈unhñ̈o	am:ũʔɲ̵o		unique		See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	capiiyi	kapiiji		unknown		See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		injanm̈a	ĩhãm:a		unknown		See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	onmán	õmã́n		unique		See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	oróóvutyo	oróóβɯtʸo		unique		See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	juráávu	hɯrááβɯ		unknown		See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	uhsoroxonko (R95)					See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	tyojáán; tyojáánjan	tʲohã́ã́; tʲohã́ã́hã		unique		See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	ñijíínxo	ɲixĩ́ĩ́xo		unique		See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				missing		See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	moono (R95)	moono (R95)				See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	ánhfiityo	ánhfiitʲo		unique		See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola						See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	onn̈aanhon	õn:ããʔõ		inheritance		See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	mááxañ̈o, nóónhso, báácoa, téntso	mááxaɲ:o, nóónhso, báácoa, téntso		unique		See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	dyohúúraco	dʲoʔɯ́ɯ́rako		inheritance		See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus						See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	haʔɸíí-ʔoβï {fruit}, haʔɸíí-ǰa {plant}	haʔɸíí-ʔoβɯ {fruit}, haʔɸíí-dʒa {plant}		inheritance		See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	joojo; juuju (R95)	hooho		unknown		See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	fahtííhtyo	ɸaʔtííʔtʲo		inheritance	loan into Andoke, or possibly A > Proto-W	See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	mááñaho	mááɲaʔo		loan - WW	%maɲaʔo	See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	tuvóólla, tuvóódyo	tɯβóódʒa, tɯβóódʲo		unknown		See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic						See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	hõʔxo {same as dog}, čiβaβááña	hõʔxo {same as dog}, tʃiβaβááɲa; tʃiβaβááɲa hɯmã́ã́ʔxaxo (H&R92)		loan, direction unknown	Boran	See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura						See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	fíaan	ɸíãã				See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	an̈antyahóhfo	ãn:ãtʲaʔóʔɸo		unknown		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	moñaan̈ájinh	moɲaan:áhĩʔ		unique		See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	faaro	ɸaaro		unknown	cf. %arara	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	xóɸiiro	xóɸiiro		unique		See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.						See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	dyafííhtya	dʲaɸííʔtʲa				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	oxóóm̵a(tsííra) {tuber}, jonhtáái {bitter, plant}	oxóóm̵a(tsííra) {tuber}, hõʔtáái {bitter, plant}		unknown		See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	bóójin	bóóhin		unknown		See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	xonuuñ̈a	xõɯɯɲ̵a		inheritance		See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	anuunco	ãɯ̃ɯ̃ko		unique		See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	dyuróóvuhyo	dʲɯróóβɯʔjo				See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	tsóraaxo	tsóraaxo		loan, direction unknown	Bora ohdako; cf. Resigaro tʲúukó	See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	tsiixo, úvaaja	tsiixo, ɯ́βaaha		unknown		See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	hitóóro; jɨɨturu (R95)	hitóóro		inheritance		See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	jáátitso, fayivoñaco, moñáxatyo	háátitso, fajivoɲaco, moɲáxatʲo		unique		See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	aúúxo, boboonu	aɯ́ɯ́xo, bobõõɯ		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	axaaño	axaaɲo		unique		See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	noonxo	nṍṍxo				See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	ayííviro	ajííβiro				See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	cáyoojo	kájooho		unique; loan-WW	%ele, also prob. Bora loan tʲóóra	See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	tyoroodyo	tʲoroodʲo		unknown		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	jamii; hamiiña	hamii	chontadura, pijuayo; chonta	unique		Leach 1969: 105; Aschmann 1993: 141		Leach 1969 clarifies that this is the 'tree' form
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	dyudsoon	dʲɯdzõõ				See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	dyahsoonco	dʲaʔsõõko		unique		See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	dyohyoohxo	dʲoʔjooʔxo		unique		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	jinhñ̈ááhso, jovádyuna	hiʔɲ̵ááʔso, hoβádʲɯ̃a		unique		See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	ahxaati	aʔxaati				See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	botyootyo	botʲootʲo		loan	Spanish batata? but cf. attributed Taino origin	See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae						See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	jáám̈ira	háám:ira				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	ahxaahcho	aʔxaaʔtʃo		inheritance		See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	obaanco	obããko				See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	joohfíra	hooʔɸíra				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	jogaaho	hogaaʔo		unknown		See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	cáánhxo	kã́ã́ʔxo		unique		See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		gonjóónhinhtsi	gõhṍṍʔĩʔtsi		unique		See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	rattlesnake: namaañi	rattlesnake: namaaɲi				See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	un̈áánhun	un:ã́ã́ʔɯ̃				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	ooru	oorɯ		unique		See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing		See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	cajíínco, tsihtsihfííco	kahĩ́ĩ́ko, tsiʔtsiʔfííko		unique; doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Western Tukanoan	See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	bohtáñ̈i	boʔtáɲ:i		unique		See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	ahxaahti, am̈uuro	aʔxaaʔti, am:ɯɯro				See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	tʸõõhã; fuubahtyooja (yarumo blanco), jafihxu-tyooja (caimo), tsuvahtyooja (yarumo) (R95)	tʲõõhã		unique		See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	ojuun, ojúnxho	ohɯ̃ɯ̃ ojɯ̃		unique		See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	joyaaco	hojaako		unique		See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	juuhtyo	hɯɯʔtʲo				See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	cooño, tiityo, xootyo	kooɲo, tiitʲo, xootyo		unique		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	gocóójo, tyooro, opépeco, uura	gokóóho, tʲooro, opépeko, ɯɯra				See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	tyohooko	tʲoʔooko		inheritance		See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	dsoohdso (motelo)	dzooʔdzo (motelo)		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	ñoxaahcho, yíoovu	ɲoxaaʔtʃo, jíooβɯ		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		am̈uuñ..a	am:ɯ̃ɯ̃ɲ:a		inheritance		See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	sooriiyo (R95)	sooriijo (R95)		loan, direction unknown	Bora tsoríri	See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui						See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	ï̃ï̃nóóčo	ɯ̃ɯ̃nóótʃo		inheritance		See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	on̈uum̈a	on:ɯɯm:a		inheritance		See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons				missing		See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	ooru	oorɯ		unique		See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	hã́ã́čoβa; xaruhtyiiba (R95)	hã́ã́tʃoβa		unique		See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	ícooro (possible loan from Tukano??), tóónma ícooro, jidyotyo, con̈óójunco	íkooro, tóónma íkooro, hidʲotʲo, kon̵óóhunko		doubtful loan	Tukanoan kone	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology						See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	oudyátsahso, oudyáátya	oɯdʲátsaʔso, oɯdʲáátʲa	unique		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	fuuxo	ɸɯɯxo	unique		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	agïïma, ï̃ï̃ko, hïdzaako	agɯɯma, ɯ̃ɯ̃ko, hɯdzaako			can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	ñoxóóhxafu (ñoxóó- 'clay vessel')	ɲoxóóʔxaɸɯ (ɲoxóó- 'clay vessel')	unique	inheritance root; cf. 'pot'		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	generic: ñaaro, josóóvura	generic: ɲaaro, hosóóβɯra	unique			See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	generic: ñaaro, josóóvura	generic: ɲaaro, hosóóβɯra				See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	llíoonji, ahtiiho (necklace)	dʒíoonhi, aʔtiiʔo (necklace)	unique			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	unonhxatsíívo, fojóótyo	ɯ̃õʔxatsííβo, ɸohóótʸo	unique			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	biiñi-ráá-βoho, biiñi-ráá-ko	biiñi-ráá-βoho, biiñi-ráá-ko	unique	from 'sit'		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	fajííhxatya	ɸahííʔxatʲa	unique		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool						See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	fuxóóhcona	ɸuxóóʔkona				See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture					if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	tsipóxatya	tsipóxatʲa	loan	Bora	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	dyahonhxorátudsa, dyahonhxorátyofo, janhtidsan̈útyofo	dʲaʔõʔxorátɯdza, dʲaʔõʔxorátʲoɸo, hãʔtidzanɯ́tʲoɸo	unique			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	hõɸã́ã́ʔï	hõɸã́ã́ʔɯ	unique			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation			missing			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	átyava	átjaβa	loan - WW	%atawalpa		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	farááhfum̈a	ɸarááʔɸum:a	unique			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	an̈áánca ('ropa interior')	an:ã́ã́ka ('ropa interior')	inheritance			See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	dyacoovo (from dyaa 'stick')	djakooβo (from djaa 'stick')				See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology					malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	cóvoohxo	kóβooʔxo			hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	bucoome, jonhtúúgoma, xámon	bɯkoome, hõʔtɯ́ɯ́goma, xámõ	unknown		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool						See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	nohxáállo	noʔxáádʒo				See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture	arón	arṍ	unique		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	venhvedyáávojo	βẽʔβedʲááβoho	doubtful loan	cf. Carib, Bora, Yagua, other pepet- forms	esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	tyafóóro (feather)	tʸaɸóóro				See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	áán̈urah	áán:ɯraʔ	inheritance?		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	bajojóóru, ahtihyóju	bahohóór, aʔtiʔjóhɯ	unique; unknown	from 'manioc'	prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology						See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other						See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	dyam̈oon,dyam̈oonjun	dʲam̵õõ, dʲamõõhɯ̃	unique			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	aadsi	aadzi	doubtful loan, direction unknown	cf. Cavineña atsa		See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	feehxo	ɸeeʔxo				See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool						See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	johxóótsoro	hoʔxóótsoro				See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	juuxá, nucóó	hɯɯxá, nukóó	unique; unique		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	bióóhxa	bióóʔxa	unique	from 'manioc'?	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	pochiiña	potʃiiɲa	unique		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food			missing		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	foonhun, fonhúúnm̈a, núúrama	ɸõõʔhũ, ɸõʔɯ̃'ɯ̃'m̵a, nɯ́ɯ́rama	unique			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	coróóthyo	koróótʔjo	unknown; loan - WW	%koto/matoko		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	togávuca {made of bark}, togaaxó {made of metal}	togáβɯka {made of bark}, togaaxó {made of metal}	inheritance		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	tyaráhfo	tjaráʔɸo				See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	dsióódsivo, xoyíídsivo	dzióódziβo, xojíídziβo	unknown			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	taháánhfi	taʔã́ã́ʔɸi	unique		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	caráávina; dsahííhcona	karááβina; dsaʔííʔkona	loan; unknown	Spanish carabina		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	xonaajin	xõaahĩ	inheritance			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	ohfóóxora	oʔɸóóxora	unique			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	juhxaforáám̈a	hɯʔxaɸoráám̵a			Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics	toonravójo, vucaráávojo	tõõraβóho, βɯkarááβoho				See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	úm̈oonju,um̈óónyaju	ɯ́mõõhɯ,ɯmṍṍjahɯ	loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Boran	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	foo, foojo	ɸoo, ɸooho	inheritance			See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	juunno, juuhta	hɯ̃ɯ̃no, hɯɯʔta				See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	murááboya	mɯrááboja	doubtful loan - WW	%marije		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress						See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	muráábojo	mɯrááboho	unique	from 'knife'		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	monhsodyáávojo	mõʔsodʲááβoho	unique			See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology						See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	oruubi	orɯɯbi				See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	tyohoovu	tjoʔooβɯ	unknown			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool						See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	tyohoo juhxoráshidsa	tjoʔoo hɯʔxoráʃidsa				See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	ñoxóóvojo	ɲoxóóβoho	unique	inheritance root; cf. 'pot'		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation						See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	fuxóóhtyo	ɸɯxóóʔtʲo	inheritance			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	toonhfu	tõõʔɸɯ	unique			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	ajiin, juvocára	ahĩĩ, huβokára	unique			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology						See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	ñííʔoɸe, mõãʔšaʔóɸe	ɲííʔoɸɛ, mõãʔšaʔóɸɛ	unknown; doubtful loan, direction unknown	Kokama puatsa		See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	jááidya	hááidja	unique			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	tyohóvuhxo (from 'book')	tjoʔóβɯʔxo (from 'book')				See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	taruuma	tarɯɯma	unique		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	uhyóbuca	ɯʔjóbɯka				See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	an̈aanhfuca	an:ããʔɸɯka	unique			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation			missing			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	ñomunhxa ádsa	ɲomũʔxa ádsa	unique			See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	oudyáátya	oɯdʲáátʲa	unique			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool						See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	booyááxo	boojááxo	unique	from 'manioc'?		See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material	gotúúhxo {generic stone}	gotɯ́ɯ́ʔxo				See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	ñaamúra ('sugar cane')	ɲaamúra				See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	bóócho	bóótʃo	unique	from 'manioc'?	agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology						See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	ayíívi (thatched roof)	ajííβi (thatched roof)	unique			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	xohááhfu	xoʔááʔɸɯ	unknown		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture					use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool					agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	uhtooga	ɯʔtooga	unknown		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other			missing			See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	janhtidsáán̈u, anm̈íxan̈u	hãʔtidzáán:ɯ, ãm:íxan:ɯ	unknown		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology					a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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