Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

think

Semantic Field
mental
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
pensar
Meaning Portuguese
pensar

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sua” “to breathe, to feel, to think, pertaining to the mind inheritance
Cahuilla -sichu/min- unknown S&H 1979
Central Sierra Miwok howo:/sh- inheritance
Chemehuevi mugua/ru, inheritance
Chumash Barbareno aqniwilich; niwil B78 inheritance Ono 1996:14
Chumash Ineseno saqniwiluswun “thinks of them” inheritance K1977:133
Chumash Obispeno shumishtu loan JPH
Chumash Ventureno oqwoli “idear” unknown JPH
Cocopa Lyyu:m unknown
Comanche suatyty inheritance
Cupeño wey-yax [wɨyax] inheritance
Esselen lojma unknown Shaul 1995:228
Iipay 'Aa iichaa [iˑˈʧaˑ] unknown
Kawaiisu muguwa-ry inheritance
Kiliwa 7-l-t-h+7ip ha7 “ponder”; man h+7ip/yuw(p) h+7ip (believe) unknown
Kitanemuk winikaw unknown
Lake Miwok ta/wkupo inheritance
Luiseño woy7a- inheritance
Maidu hu/we\je unknown
Mojave aly'ii= inheritance
Mutsun pesyo “thinks, remembers” unknown O77:45, 294
Nisenan hontak'oj inheritance
Northern Paiute sunami inheritance Thornes 03:224
Northern Sierra Miwok Ton:i- inheritance
Plains Miwok ton:i- inheritance
Salinan A a:/ke'n (A), pl a:/ke'n; unknown
Salinan M a:ki'nyi' unknown Mason 1918:138
Seri (Comcaac) quimoz unknown
Serrano camaqa:n vt unknown
Southern Paiute cum:ai “have in mind, think, remember” inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok TynTyn-nY- unknown
Southern Ute sumai inheritance
Tübatulabal tooj-y-t loan
Tümpisa Shoshone mukuatu inheritance
Wappo huhmo/ishe7 unknown
Washo ha/mu unknown J369
Western Mono sunawi- “to think” inheritance
Wintu jomoj loan direction unknown
Yavapai thri_ unknown
Yokuts Yawdanchi dim inheritance K07:247
Yokuts Yowlumne *de:mide:mi “think about” inheritance N1944:153
Yuki hanak, hana unknown S&S 1984
Yuma alynyi:dhu:/ck “he thinks” H1:27; aly7e/ H4:19 “to think, prefer, believe”, aly7i or aly7e H5:102 inheritance
Baniwa wapiñeeta wapiɲeeta inheritance See Language page
Carijona etehunə (SM) inheritance See Language page
Cubeo ãrʉcʉ; dápiayʉ ãɾɨkɨ; dápiajɨ inheritance; unknown See Language page
Dâw xaxʉ̃ʉ̀n  xaxɨ̃̂n unique See Language page
Desano pepi-ɾi pepi-ri inheritance See Language page
Eñepa -uč-inča-ma- (IDS) -utʃ-intʃa-ma- (IDS) unknown See Language page
Hodï ũ unique See Language page
Waorani o-ka-i-dẽ põdẽ unique See Language page
Hup hipãh- ~hipah- unique See Language page
Kakua hênaʔ hǔj [count-listen] inheritance See Language page
Makushi esenumenka (IDS) esenumenka (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Nheengatu maité, manduãri maite, manduãri unknown See Language page
Ninam pihi, pihkɨ (EM72) pihi, pihkɨ inheritance See Language page
Nukak hɛnaʔ4 inheritance See Language page
Maihiki basayi basaji unique See Language page
Pemon eeseenuumeenhkang (E1980); esenumenka (M2000) esenu'meŋkaŋ (E1980) inheritance See Language page
Sanumá pii, piiku (EM72) pii, piiku inheritance See Language page
Sikuani jumatabü (24)(thoughts), jamatabü(24)(thoughts), jumatabükaruta (257)(thoughts), (jamatabükaruta(257)(thoughts), künüba (3)/künüta (3) (to be thinkinng while falling down) na-humatabi-xáina (na-bamatabɨ-xáina) inheritance See Language page
Tariana diánihta, dhimíta, dhimé diánihta, dʰimíta, dʰimé inheritance See Language page
Tukano tɨʔó jãʔa tɨʔó jãʔa inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Kotiria thu tʰu inheritance E Tuk See Language page
Yanomam pifi, pifiku pifi, pifiku inheritance See Language page
Yanomami puhii, puhi aayëaɨ, puhi huu, puhi kuu puhi:, puhi a:jəaɨ, puhi hu:, puhi ku: unknown; inheritance See Language page
Yuhup japãh ~japah unique See Language page
Arabana manungkarda unique
Bardi -barra- ~ -warra- XXgl dream -barra- ~ -warra- inheritance
Bunuba liga- unknown
Burarra borrwiya unknown
Dhangu guyaŋirr(i) inheritance
Dhuwal guyaŋirr(i)
Dhuwala guyaŋirr(i) inheritance
Diyari ngunrra unique
DiyariREU dimpadimpata unique
Djambarrpuyngu guyaŋa
Djapu guyaŋirr(i) unknown
Djinang gingi-ji inheritance
Gajirrabeng girr unique
Gooniyandi [missing] missing
Gupapuyngu guyaŋirr(i) inheritance
Gurindji kirr ka- loan Wardaman
Jabirr-Jabirr -barribarri- [ma-barebaren] -barribarri- [ma-barrebarren] inheritance
Jaru burabura nya- semantic shift
Karajarri bidjal mana unknown
Kija linga-linga unique
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala pina-manarri (1) inheritance
Miriwung girr unique
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra ngardjanirrama
Mudburra kunguyarra karri- unique
Ngamini ngurkuna loan Arabana
Ngandi giyang loan
Ngarluma wanyabarri unique
Nhirrpi [missing] missing
Nimanburru -barribarri- [ma-barebaren] -barribarri- [ma-barebaren] inheritance
Northern Mangarla [missing] missing
Northern Nyangumarta kulkarri mini- (V3) unknown
Nyangumarta kurlkari mana (V3)
Nyikina -barribarri- (I) -barribarri- (I) inheritance
Nyulnyul -barribarri- [ma-barebaren] -barribarri- [ma-barrebarren] inheritance
Paakantyi yuuri-(la)-
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta [missing] missing
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu guyanga inheritance
Walmajarri pinapinakarri- inheritance
Wangkayutyuru ngawingawi- unique
Warrwa -warri- -warri- inheritance
Wubuy yama inheritance
Yan-nhangu gayaŋa unknown
Yandruwandha kilka unique
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka pintapintakiri unique
Yawuru -barribarri- [ma-barebaren] -barribarri- [ma-barrebarren] inheritance
Achagua péenseri péenseri loan Portuguese See Language page
Piapoco ínáidacawa ínáidakawa See Language page
Kabiyari wéʔepi wéʔepi See Language page
Yavitero naniwata naniwata See Language page
Wapishana diʔitʰapʰa-n diʔitʰapʰa-n inheritance Proto North Arawak See Language page
Wayuu ekir̃uhuna Indicates a thought that comes from the head; aľer̃uhuna, a thought that comes from the stomach/womb area; ainr̃uhuna a thought from the heart. See Language page
Yine hi-šinika *Piro-Apuriná form is *-sinɨka-. See Language page
Paresi ahekotya, aoka ahekotya, aoka unknown See Language page
Ignaciano #NAME? See Language page
Trinitario etʸoko; ihčo See Language page
Baure hino'inok hino'inok unknown See Language page
Waurá ka-kãi-c̷itʸu; amakanaat-uwa ka-kãi-¢itʸu; amakanaat-uwa unknown See Language page
Cha'palaa ['pensan]-'ge-nu From Span. 'pensar'. See Language page
Bora ɨ́xtsʰaméi, ɨ́xtsʰḯ-kʰïnï, ɨ́xtsʰo ɨ́xtsʰamέi, ɨ́xtsʰɯ́-kʰɯnɯ, ɨ́xtsʰo inheritance See Language page
Muinane ésámáá-ʔi έsámáá-ʔi See Language page
Akawaio zenmiinggang zɛn'miŋgaŋ inheritance Venezuelan See Language page
Apalai imynyhmapõko imɨnɨhmapõko unknown See Language page
Wayana epohnëp epohnǝp unknown See Language page
Tiriyó ekanï(pï) (suppose / believe / think) ekanɨ(pɨ) unknown See Language page
Makiritare tɨtahə-nəɨ (IDS) tɨtahə-nəɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo senuma senuma See Language page
Wai Wai k-es-ehtɨno-toΦo k-es-ehtɨno-toΦo inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari pyty pɨtɨ See Language page
Yukpa ayáinata, otoaya, otobaya, sémase, vasastama, yubayátapo, yobayen átapok See Language page
Muisca ybunsuca, zegusqua ɨβunsuka, tʂeɨuskua See Language page
Barí yaamitdoḳaani See Language page
Northern Emberá kĩča- (IDS) kĩča- (IDS) See Language page
Epena kʰĩsia- See Language page
Guayabero nehʧahóel unknown See Language page
Cuiva nántana xeína (nanta xeina) pensar, think Huber & Reed 1992:360
Playero na-matábɨ-xáina See Language page
Cofán asi'ttaeñe asiʔthãɛ̡ɲɛ phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra chinámaama tʃinámaama loan Panoan See Language page
Taushiro nu´chi nuʔtʃi See Language page
Páez yajcy- jaxky- See Language page
Tikuna na2gu4 na2rü3xi3nü3 (A58) nagu narɨʔinɨ unique See Language page
Urarina kwaaaʉk- kwa:aʉk- loan Kokama See Language page
Camsa xenóxuabojana, xaxuabojána xenóxuabojana, xaxuabojána See Language page
Andoke '-ĩ'túañé -ĩʔtúañé unique See Language page
Pumé jõrẽtá See Language page
Puinave [-bik + sãk] (be of the opinion of); [-i + sãk] (reflect) bik + sãk; i + sãk unique See Language page
Ashuar inintímratin inintimratin See Language page
Huambisa enetaimatsa ɨnɨtaimatsa See Language page
Aguaruna anentaímat anɨntaimat inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect hɨ̱b (na̱:) unique See Language page
Matses tantia tantia unknown See Language page
Kakataibo si'nã-ti *Panoan *šinã-. See Language page
Katukina čĩnã- See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo nua See Language page
Yaminahua hõrẽta See Language page
Chácobo šina- ("to reflect"); haskawa- ("to be of the opinion") šina- ("to reflect"); haskawa- ("to be of the opinion") inheritance See Language page
Yagua jutay; jachipityaja xu:taj; xatʃipitjaxa unique See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua yuyarina jujaɾina See Language page
Ingá iuiai iuiai See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua yuyana jujana See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano pinsay pinsaj See Language page
Sáliva ona-guwehgajaha onaguweʔgahaʔa unknown See Language page
Bará tɨ̃gẽjã / wã'kũ See Language page
Barasano tɨ́-o-ɨ̃́ã́-, ji- tɨ́-o-ɨ̃́ã́-, ji- See Language page
Carapana 'tɨ̃́gó-jã- 'tɨ̃́gó-jã- See Language page
Makuna tʉoɨ̃a-re tɨoɨ̃a-ɾe inheritance See Language page
Yuruti 'wã́ãkũ-, tɨ'õĩjã- 'wã́ãkũ-, tɨ'õĩjã- See Language page
Waikhana wa'kũ-, tɨʔ'otu- wa'kũ-, tɨʔ'otu- See Language page
Siriano ãrĩ́gũña-ri ãrĩ́gũña-ri See Language page
Tanimuca pu'pa ho'a ri'ka pu'pa ho'a ri'ka inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo 'tɨ'gó-jã 'tɨ'gó-jã See Language page
Tuyuka wã'kũ wã'kũ See Language page
Waimaja tʰɨgoéñá tʰɨgoéɲá See Language page
Koreguaje cuasamʉ kuasamʉ doubtful loan Tupi-Guarani See Language page
Siona ro'taji roʔtahi unique See Language page
Secoya cuasaye kwa'sajɛ See Language page
Karitiana koro´ophan koɾoʔophan doubtful loan, direction unknown Wari' See Language page
Kokama ikuaka ikuaka inheritance See Language page
Wayampi -yaʔa -yaʔa unique See Language page
Aché mirõrã unknown See Language page
Chiriguano ǰe-moᵑgeta unknown See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní akãŋeta; moʔã; ǰesareko See Language page
Sirionó piba- piba- unique See Language page
Ocaina xomuuxohyálli xomɯɯxoʔjádʒi inheritance See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto komékï paká-de, du.énai-ɗe, merḯdaiɗï-de komέkɯ paká-dɛ, du.έnai-ɗɛ, mɛrɯ́daiɗɯ-dɛ See Language page
Minica Witoto komékï ɸaká-de komέkɯ ɸaká-dɛ See Language page
Murui Witoto komέkï ɸaká-de (heart measure) komέkɯ ɸaká-dɛ (heart measure) inheritance See Language page
Iquito saminijuuni saminihuuni unique See Language page
Záparo nishinyu niʃinju See Language page
Wari koromikat koromikat See Language page
Araona nime-a Also nime-ba; bame; c̷ipo. See Language page
Ese Ejja xašawaɓaki-; šawaɓaɲaki- unique See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo xa-šawa-ba-ti-kwe xa-šawa-ba-ti-kwe See Language page
Cavineña inime-topo-ya; inime-ba-ya; topo-ya; peya-inime; ehene- (inime means "soul") inime-topo-ya; inime-ba-ya; topo-ya; peya-inime; ehene- inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara lup´iña lupˀi-ɲa See Language page
Cayuvava kohi; ha-'kohi-če See Language page
Itonama čekečebeʔta See Language page
Kwazá tutunitahỹ- tutunitahỹ- See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané 'yihyi See Language page
Movima i-ɓaičo-βaɬ-na i-ɓaičo-βaɬ-na See Language page
Trumai (ha) fax-la (ha) fax-la unique See Language page
Kaingang ẽkrèn yɨkrɛn; ɛ̃kren See Language page
Suyá má má See Language page
Karajá õhõtinɨ See Language page
Djeoromitxi nĩpikühenĩ nĩpikøhenĩ See Language page
Chipaya lapˀiṣ̌iš See Language page
Mocoví r-aʔdeen-ataʁan Lit. '3p actor-think, know-intrans'. See Language page
Pilagá apɬinki akwaɬwok See Language page
Lengua -ki-lkyitam-kyi-(poss)-wathwuk Can be translated as -ki-lkyitam-kyi -(poss)-wathwuk, lit. 'the insides search'; cf. 17.110. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité akyetnaykamˀ eŋaʔtek Also akɬaanma eŋwaʔɬok; alketamsama eŋwaʔɬok. See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay yen-tičuh'naya-ha Also yen-'hese(k)-ča, refers to 'remembering'; n-i-tičun-'ɬi, intransitive; n-i-tik-neh-'ɬi, transitive. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -talkyun ~ -tyelkyun See Language page
Maca #NAME? See Language page
Nivaclé -ayčawaɬʔin; -ɬeklɔx-eš think (= reflect); think (= reflect) https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo oo 'yaayugu See Language page
Mapudungun raki-θuamɨ Ranquel form is rakiðwam-. See Language page
Qawasqar c̷epas Also c̷epa-lay, which also means 'remember'. See Language page
Selknam xowen See Language page
Tehuelche 'hō-; 'pošm- Respectively: to think about something/ someone; to be pensive. See Language page
Lokono koborokoatoan konoɾokoatoan think Pet 1987:374
Kariña ekanopy ekanopɨ think; believe; expect Yamada 2010:726