Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Maihiki

Family: Tukanoan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: ore
Location: -2.86°, -72.49°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Velie, Daniel and Velie Virginia. 2008 (second edition). Vocabulario orejon. Serie Lingüística Peruana No. 16. Yarinacocha, ILV.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	jikɨ	jikɨ	inheritance			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	mai ja	mai xã	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	yi	ji	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	mɨsa	mɨsa	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	mɨ	mɨ	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	que juna ja (male) (juna=animated beings)/ñiona ja (female)	ke xuna xã / ɲiona xã	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	ñi aguɨ (male)/ñio ago (female)	ɲi agɨ, ɲio ago	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	ɨmɨjai ja	ɨmɨxai xa	inheritance			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	manisaoyi	manisaoji	unique			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	jatoga ja	xatoga xã	unique			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	tata yacu ja	tãta jaku xã	unknown			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment			missing			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	jetedada ja	xetedada xã	inheritance			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	ua ja	ua xã	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment			missing			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	ɨtabɨ ja	ɨ̃tabɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	uibɨ ja	uibɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	jai	xai	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	cuiyi	kũĩji	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	nea	nea	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	majaye ja	maxabe xã	unique			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	jujuyi	xuxuji	inheritance			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	tadabɨ ja	tadabɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	cotibɨ ja	kotibɨ xã	inheritance	compare Arawak kuta forms, e.g. Resigaro, Tariana		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	yieyi	jieji	inheritance			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	ɨoyi	ɨoji	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	naquiyi	nakiji	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	ñitu aguɨ (male)/ñitu ago (female)	ɲitu agɨ / ɲitu ago	unknown			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	mɨiyi	mɨiji	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	bico ja	biko xa	unknown			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	sɨsɨjɨ (to be cold)	sɨsɨxɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	daiyi	daiji	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	cuacoyi	kuakoji	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	iti ja	ĩti xã	unique			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	cuecueyi	kũẽkũẽji	inheritance			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	oiyi	oiji	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	titoyi, jɨyeyi	titoji, xɨjeji	inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	mianu ja	mianu xã	unique			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	juiyi (1st person singular)	xũı̃ji	inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	uiyi	ũĩji	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna	atacami ago	ãtakami ago	unknown			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	doquɨ ja	dokɨ jã	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	ua buo caiyi	ua buo kãĩji	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ucuyi (1st person singular)	ũkuji	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	cuenase ja	kuenase xã	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			missing			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	saɨ ja	saɨ xa	inheritance			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	ajodo ja	ãxõdo xã	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	yao ja	yao xã	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	aiyi (1st person singular)	ãı̃ji	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	yia ja	jia xã	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	ñacoa ja	ɲakoa xã	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	badiyi (to defecate)	badiji	unknown			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	taiyi, tomeyi	tãĩji, tomeji	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	so ja	so xã	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	ba	ba	unique			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	jaquɨ aguɨ	xakɨ agɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	bihɨi ja	bihɨi xã	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	jajɨca ja	xaxɨka xã	unique			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	cou ja	kou xã	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	toa ja	toa xã	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	yadibai ago	jadibai ago	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion			missing			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	jada ja	xada xã	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	tuduco (1st person singular)	tuduko	unique			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	bico ja	biko xã	inheritance			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	ɨopɨ ja	ɨ̃õpi xã	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	acue ja	akue xã	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	deida ja	deida xã	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	bodi ja	bodi xã	unique			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	etajɨ	etaxɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	cabayu ago (Spanish loan)	kabaju ago	loan	Spanish		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	jɨtɨ ja	xɨtɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	chiobɨ ja	tʃiobɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	asayi (1st person singular)	asaji	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	abɨ ja	ãbɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	dɨkɨ-hɨ̃	dɨkɨ-hɨ̃	missing			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	yabeyi	jabeji	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	baiyi	baiji	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	coayi	kõãji	inheritance			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	achi ujɨ (to be hot)	atʃi uxɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	iyi	iji	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			missing			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	sanu	sanu	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	bai tɨo ja	bai tɨo xã	unknown			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	maquineojɨ	makineoxɨ̃	unknown			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	mánijoyi (1st person singular)	manixoji	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	asayi (1st person singular)	asaji	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	chitada ja	tʃitada xã	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ayi	ãji	inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	jao ja	xao xã	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	cuacoti ja	kuakoti xã	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	ɨsotada ja	ɨ̃sotada xã	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	uiyi	ũĩji	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	mɨja yebejɨ	mɨxa jebexɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	baiyi	baiji	inheritance			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	nemebɨ ja	nemebɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	doa	doa	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	ɨ ago	ɨ̃ ago	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	maɨbɨ ja	maɨbɨ xã	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	jɨ aquɨ	xɨ akɨ	unique			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	bai ja	bai xã	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	ñamihaquɨ aguɨ	ɲamihakɨ agɨ	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	jaco ago	xako ago	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	ɨmɨ tɨtɨ ja (ɨmɨ=high)	ɨmɨ tɨ̃tɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	yobɨ ja	jobɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	mami ja	mami xã	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Boran, Witotoan, Tukanoan		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	ɨajigo	ɨajigo	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ñajetɨca ja	ɲaxetɨka xã	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	mama ja	mama xã	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	ñami ja	ɲami xã	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	beo-hɨ̃	beo-hɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	ucebɨ ja	ũkebɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	ai	ai	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	te ja	te xã	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other			missing			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	yequɨ aguɨ (animate masculine), yeco ago (animate feminine),yeque ja (inanimate)	jekɨ̃ agɨ, jeko ago, jeke xã	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	juiquɨ aguɨ	xũĩkɨ agɨ	inheritance			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	mai aguɨ	mai agɨ	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact			missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	oco ja (vb.)	oko xã (vb.)	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	ma	ma	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	ɨtaji ja	ɨtaxi xã	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	ma ja	ma xã	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	seu ja, bichibɨ ja	seu xã, bitʃibɨ xã	unknown			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	pɨ̃ka-hĩ	pɨ̃ka-hĩ	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	meja ja	mexa xã	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	quɨayi, iyi, jɨcayi	kɨaji, ĩji, xɨ̃kaji	inheritance?			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	sasuyi	sasuji	unknown			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	ñiayi (1st person singular)	ɲiayi	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	jɨsɨjɨ	xɨ̃sɨxɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact			missing			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality			missing			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body			missing			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	biquɨ aguɨ	bigɨ agɨ	unknown			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	jaduyi	xaduji	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	anibɨ ja	anibɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	aibese ja	aibese xã	unique			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	caiyi (1st person singular)	kãı̃ji	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	yadi, ɨja	jadi, ɨxa	unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	bico ja	biko xã	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	yieyi	jieji	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	neseyi	neseji	unique			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	batoyi, joayi	batoji, xoaji	inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	sudiyi	sudiji	unique			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	quiudɨ baiyi	kiudɨ baiji	unknown			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	nɨcayi	nɨkaji	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	tucu aguɨ	tuku agɨ	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	ñayi	ɲaji	inheritance	Baniwa		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	masoyo ja	masojo xã	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	ata ja (small stone), ɨno ago (big stone)	ata xã, ɨno ago	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	nucuyi	nukuji	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	mai aguɨ	mai agɨ	unknown			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	cuaduyi	kuaduji	inheritance			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	bogojɨ	bogoxɨ̃	unique			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	biyayi (1st person singular)	bijaji	unknown			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	jɨcobɨ ja	xɨ̃kobɨ xã	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	ca, quede	kã, kede	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	dɨi-hɨ̃	dɨi-hɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	a besɨ aguɨ	ã besɨ agɨ	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	basayi	basaji	unique			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	iye	ije	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	bababɨ ja	bababɨ xã	unique			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	adoga ja	adoga xã	unique			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	jeoyi	xẽõji	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	mɨja bichi ja	mɨ̃xa bitʃi xã	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	eoyi	eõyi	inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	nemetoyo ja	nemetojo xã	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	uji ja	ũxı̃ xã	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	aniyi	aniji	inheritance		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	tepe ja	tepe xã	unique			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	chisoyi	tʃisoji	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	daoyi (1st person singular)	daoji	unique			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	oco ja	oko xã	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	oco baijɨ (to be wet)	oko baixɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	iye	ije	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	quenu	kenu	inheritance			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	cado	kado	unknown			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	bo- (it is a prefix inseparable)	bo	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	nebɨ	nebɨ	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	nɨjo ago	nɨxõ ago	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	tutu ja	tutu xã	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	jajɨpe ja	xaxɨpe xã	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	nomio ago	nomio ago	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	yoyi	joji	inheritance			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	bɨo yayi	bɨo jaji	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	sɨñojaitɨ	sɨɲoxaitɨ	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	bosa ja (ja marks neuter gender)	bosa xa		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	codome ago (ago is a copular enclitic which marks female gender), moñeteaco ago, maiteaco ago	korome ago, moɲeteako ago maiteako ago		unique			Also moɲeteako maiteako				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	ñucabɨ ago	jũka-bɨ, ɲukabɨ ago		inheritance							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	bɨbɨ ago	bɨbɨ ago		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	ede ja	edei xã		unique							uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	jai aña aguɨ (aguɨ marks male gender)	xai aɲa agɨ		unique							uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	bachi aguɨ	batʃi agɨ		inheritance							uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	bẽã	bẽã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	aimano ago	aibãdõ, aimano ago		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	totohaquɨ aguɨ, ichi totohaqui aguɨ	toto a-gɨ, totohakɨ agɨ, itʃi totohakɨ agɨ		loan		TG tatu	Also itʃi totohakɨ				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	ãtɨ	ãtɨ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	imi boe ja	imi boe xã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Shared Cubeo				uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	o ja	o xã		semantic shift?	Proto-Tukanoan	Chacon 2013: markedness shift from sororoca	Likely family-wide semantic shift from 'bastard plantain' (wild banana look-alike)				uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	oyo aguɨ, mai oyo aguɨ	ojo, ojo agɨ, mai ojo agɨ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Also mai ojo				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		bĩjã	bĩjã		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				missing							missing				See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	gana ago	gana ago		unknown		cf. Northern Emberá	Also bati				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	náso aguɨ	naso agɨ		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	ñata aguɨ, bai aguɨ, yabio ago	ɲata agɨ, bai agɨ, jabio ago		inheritance	West Tukanoan		Also bai, jabio				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	mɨmɨ ago	mɨmɨ ago		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	yuada ago	juara ago, juada		doubtful loan		Carib, e.g. Makiritare jɨwɨ:dɨ	Makiritare jɨwɨ:dɨ				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	bajo ja	baxõ xã		unique							uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	coña ago, ate aguɨ	koɲa ago, ãte agɨ		unique			Also ãte agɨ				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	naichieco ago, oconini ago, ueguɨ aguɨ	naitʃieko ago, okonini ago, uegɨ agɨ		unknown		cf. %tʃijai	Possibly cognate Cubeo; May be onomatopoeic. Also okonini, uegɨ				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	yajime ja	jaxime xã		unique							uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing							missing				See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	bedio ago	bedio ago		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	caocoa aguɨ, yau aguɨ	kaokõa agɨ, jau agɨ, jau		unique; inheritance			Also jau				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	chichibɨ aguɨ	tʃitʃibɨ agɨ		inheritance		cf. Chacon	Quechua chuchuchu				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	yɨi ja	yɨi xã, jɨi		semantic shift	West Tukanoan	original meaning kapok					uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	cami ago	kami ago		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	macatiti ago, musu ago, beguɨ aguɨ	makatiti ago, musu ago, bagɨ agɨ		unique			Northern Embera ĩŋgánana. Also musu, begɨ				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	ɨjebɨ aguɨ	ɨ̃xebi agɨ, ɨ̃hẽbɨ		unique							uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	bosa aguɨ	bosa, bosa agɨ		unique							uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		bosa aguɨ	bosa agɨ		unique											See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	yai joyi aguɨ (yai=tigre)	jai hoji, jai xoji agɨ		semantic shift/calque	West Tukanoan	domesticated jaguar'	Or may be common innovation				compound	jaguar + ?	agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		yai joyi aguɨ (yai=tigre)	jai xoji agɨ		inheritance											See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	yeso ago (wild dog), coque ago	jeso ago, kõke ago		unique			Also kõke				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	becotu ago	bekotu ago		doubtful loan - WW	Unknown	%motkuku					uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	patu ago (Spanish loan)	patu ago		loan		Spanish		WW	%patu		uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	nebɨhaquɨ ago	nebɨhakɨ ago		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	doaquɨ aguɨ	doakɨ agɨ		unique							uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		yadibai ago	jadibai ago		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas	dodu	dodu		unique							uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	eo ja	eo xã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	ɨ ago	ɨ̃ ago, sa ɨ̃ (H&R)		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing							missing				See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	taja	taja		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	tɨtɨ ago	tɨ̃tɨ ago		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	jɨoquɨ ago	xɨokɨ ago		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	quɨña ago, maso ago	kɨɲa ago, maso ago		unique			Also maso				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	timɨ ago	timɨ ago, uhe (H&R)		inheritance	West Tukanoan		Also uhe (H&R)				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola															See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	yaye ja	jaje xã, jájé, jéhé		loan (into protolanguage?) - WW	West Tukanoan	%jahe	Wanderwort in western languages; e.g. Carib-Carijona ja'he. Jivaro-Aguaruna yáji, etc.	WW	%jahe		uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	bibe aguɨ	bibe agɨ̃		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	oa aguɨ, agudo aguɨ (Spanish loan)	oa agɨ, oa, agudo agɨ		inheritance	West Tukanoan		Also agudo (Spanish loan)				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	bía	bía		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	jaiquɨ aguɨ	xaikɨ agɨ		doubtful loan		TG akikɨ, but cf E.Tuk ukɨ forms	Cocama aquɨquɨ				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	mimi aguɨ	mimi agɨ, bĩ́bĩ̀ (H&R)		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Compare Arawak, e.g. Baniwa pími				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	mɨigɨ ago	mɨigɨ ago, bɨ̃ɨ̃-bɨ		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	yiaya mene ja	jiaja mene xã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	jai yai aguɨ, jai mɨmɨdi aguɨ	xai jai agɨ, xai mɨmɨdi agɨ, jai		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		Arawak (Chacon reconstructs); cf. TG *jawar	Compare similar Arawak forms. Also xai mɨmɨdi				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	jai suqui ñi ja (jai=grande)	xai sũki ɲi xã		unique							phrase	xai = 'big'	xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	baitoto aco ago	baitoto ako ago		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	meca aguɨ	meka agɨ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Means generic 'ant' in many ET languages				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	bã	bã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan	Guahiban	Proto-Guahiban; e.g. Macaguan máha				uncoded				See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	bea ja	bea xã		doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW	Proto-Tukanoan	%bea	Possible Wanderwort? Northern Embera: bée; Witoto: beja. Reconstructs to WT and also appears in Cubeo.	WW	%be		uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	oco daca vaca ago (oco=agua), daca (liquido), (vaca is a Spanish loan)	oko daka baka ago		loan		Spanish	Partial loan, Spanish vaca 'cow'				phrase	oco=water, daca=liquido, vaca=cow (Sp.)	ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	chidiyo aguɨ	tʃirijo agɨ		unique							uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kɨi	kɨi		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Compare Arawak forms w/ ka				uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	jaso ja	xãso xã		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	ne ñi ja	ne ɲi xa		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	totohaquɨ dɨdɨ aguɨ (mosquito), mɨte aguɨ (zancudo)	totohaɨ dɨdɨ agɨ, mɨ̃te agɨ, bɨ̃́tè (H&R)		unknown; inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Also totohaɨ dɨdɨ				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	bɨjo ago	bɨxo ago		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	nacochi aguɨ	nakotʃi agɨ		doubtful loan, direction unknown		Quechua ukutʃa					uncoded				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing							missing				See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	yao ago	jao ago		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	ugu ago	ugu ago, ugu		doubtful loan into protolg - WW? onomatopoeic?	West Tukanoan	%murukutu / kurukutu					uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	bai ago, seme ago	bai ago, seme ago, sẽbẽ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Also bai				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	bɨebɨtiaco ago	bɨebɨtiako ago		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	mɨi ñi ja	mɨi ɲi xã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	beco aguɨ, todi aguɨ	beko, beko agɨ, todi agɨ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Also beko, todi agɨ				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	jɨico ñi ja	xɨiko ɲi xã		unique							uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	ɨ́nè	ɨ́nè	pijuayo	inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded				Proyecto Máíjɨ̀k̀i 2012: 101	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	ichi ja, bichi ja	itʃi xã, bitʃi xã		semantic shift?	Proto-Tukanoan	from caraua?	Attested WT and Cubeo only				uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	uji aco ago	uxi ako ago, ũhĩ ako (H&R)		unique			H&R have ũhĩ ako				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	toto ago	toto ago		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	jaquɨ aguɨ	xakɨ agɨ		unique							uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	yají ja	jaxi xã		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	chidiga ñi ja (Portuguese loan)	tʃı̃rı̃ga ɲi xã		loan		Spanish	From Spanish siringa 'rubber'				uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	mɨni ago	mɨni ago		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan	from centipede?	Some East Tuk languages appear to have undergone shift scorpion > centipede; but the reverse direction could also have applied.				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	bosa ñi ja	bosa ɲi xã		unique							uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	badobɨ ago	badobɨ ago		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	chido ago	tʃido ago		unique							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	a ago	a ago		unknown							uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		aña aguɨ	aɲa agɨ, ãjã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	yiayacoti aña aguɨ (yiaya=crecer el río; aña=culebra)	jiajakoti aɲa agɨ		unique							compound	yiaya=river rise; aña=snake	agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	jɨjɨ ago	jɨ̃jɨ̃ ago, hɨ̃hɨ̃		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	sɨsɨco ago	sɨsɨko ago		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	jãhõ	jãhõ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	bequɨ aguɨ	békɨ́, bekɨ agɨ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	yuyu aguɨ	juju agɨ, jújú		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	code ago	kode ago		inheritance	West Tukanoan						uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	biyo aguɨ, bɨ aguɨ	bijo agɨ, bɨ agɨ		unique							uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	dobɨ ago, magudo ago	dobɨ ago, maguro ago, hóhó (H&R)		unique			Also maguro, hóhó (H&R)				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	mɨto ja	mɨto xã, bɨ̃to		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	meniyo ago	bẽdĩjo, menijo ago		loan		Witoto	See e.g. Murui mɛniɲo				uncoded		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	ñase aguɨ, pidu aguɨ	ɲase agɨ, pidu agɨ; jãse (H&R)		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Proto-Tukanoan	North Arawak	See e.g. Mandawaka da:se, Baniwa dzatte. Also pidu agɨ				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		ñi ja	ɲi xã, sṹkí		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Also ɲi (V&V08); inheritance a bit unclear b/c most initial j corresponds to j.				uncoded		xã	xã (orth. ja) = inanimate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	tãke	tãke		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Broader (cebus monkey)	uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	pɨpɨdɨ aguɨ	pɨpɨdɨ agɨ		inheritance	West Tukanoan		But compare Tupí-Karitiana pɨpɨ̃ɾĩ (hawk)				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	uti aguɨ	uti agɨ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	bo taque ago (bo=white color)	bo tãke ago		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Broader (cebus monkey)	uncoded				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				missing							missing		ago	ago = feminine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	bai aguɨ, bɨdɨ aguɨ	bai agɨ, bɨdɨ agɨ, sẽse		unique; inheritance			Also/or? bɨdɨ, sẽse				uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	cone aguɨ	kone agɨ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		agɨ	agɨ = masculine animate	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	uiñaca ja	uiɲaka xã		unknown								hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	dɨo ago	dɨo ago		unique						Simplex	ago= feminine noun classifier	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool				missing								can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	jɨisotete ja, toto deo ja (metal bowl)	xɨsotete xã, toto deo xã		inheritance									See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	dodu			Unknown						Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	dodu ja	dodu xã		inheritance									See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				missing									See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material				missing									See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	bɨonanu ja	bɨonanu xã		doubtful loan		Witotoan			eg: Nɨpode Huitoto bɯ́.i-ra-dʒu				See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	ñui pede ja	ɲui pede xã		inheritance	Proto-West Tukanoan								See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	ju ja	xu xã		inheritance					May derive from 'blow'	Simplex		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	yacutada ja	jakutada xã		unknown									See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	ata ja, ɨno ago	ata xã, ɨno ago		unknown								if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	toe aqu ja	tõẽ aku xã		inheritance					aku could be loan from Spanish arco			arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	sayibɨ ja	sajibi xã		inheritance	Proto-West Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	you ja	jou xã		inheritance	Proto-West Tukanoan					Simplex	agɨ/ago M/F animate CL		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	michi aguɨ	mitʃi agɨ		loan - WW		%miʃi	WW	%miʃi	Quechua source? mishi; Bora míichi; Yucuna, michi; Resígaro, miishí; Eсepa,miǩi; Makiritari, mēši; Orejon, michi agu; Yanomami mishi, Sikuani mitsi	Simplex	agɨ/ago M/F animate CL		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	cuda ago	kuda ago		loan - WW		%kara				Simplex	agɨ/ago M/F animate CL		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	ñi debɨ aguɨ, ñiacaiquɨ aguɨ	ɲi debɨ agɨ, ɲiakaikɨ agɨ		unknown					Also: ɲiakaikɨ agɨ	Derived	ñi= 3sg; debɨ= legitimate; agɨ= masculine noun classifier		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	to ja	to xã		unknown									See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
coca			narcotics				Missing									See Language page
cook food			food	kuako-			inheritance	Proto-West Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	bati ago	bati ago		unknown							agɨ/ago M/F animate CL	malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	ono ote-			Unique					Also: oteji	Compound	ono= drink(noun); oteyi= to dance		See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	jaso a ja	xãso a xã		unknown						Other complex		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology				missing								In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing									See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	ua bɨo cani ñiase ja	ua bɨo kani ñiase xã		unknown						Phrase			See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	tɨcatada ja	tɨkatada xã		unique									See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing								Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool				missing								esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	ɨayigo ja	ɨajigo xã		unknown								may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	jaso ono ja (jaso=yuca; ono=bebida)	xaso ono xa		inheritance/sem shift?		manioc drink'						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing									See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	jeca ja	xeka xã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	eoeyi (1st person, singular)	eoe-ji		semantic shift	Proto-West Tukanoan	from 'timbo'			Derived from 'fish poison'?	Simplex			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	noguiyi	nogi-ji		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	eo			inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	bai taɲu tudi xã	bai taɲu tudi xã	trap (general)	inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan				tudi component found in ET	Other complex	bai= a species of rat; taɲu=??; turi= enclosed		See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food				missing								usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	ao ise ja	ãõ ı̃se xã		unknown						Compound	manioc-?	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	juibɨ ja	xuibɨ xã		unknown								multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food				missing								Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology				Missing									See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	aico ago (demon)	aiko ago		unique									See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	jɨsotete ja	xɨsotete xã		inheritance									See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	ɨdɨ (grate, v.)	ɨdɨ (grate, v.)	grate (v.)	unknown								esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	tãĩ dadi jã, tãse tɨ̃tɨ ja	tai dari xã, tãse tɨ̃tɨ xã		unknown					Also: tãse tɨ̃tɨ xã	Other complex	tãĩ=??; dadi=place, site.		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	bai yadio ja (bai=paca; yadio=emponado)	bai jadio xã		unknown						Compound	yadio (palmwood strips?)		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool				missing								agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	jasu ja, yadi jasu ja	xasu xã, jadi xãsu xã		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	jaɨdɨ ja	xãı̃dɨ xã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan								See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	mado ja	mado xã		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	dabɨ tɨnoquɨ aguɨ (dabɨ=healer; tɨnoquɨ=to cure by touching)	dabɨ tɨnokɨ agɨ		unique								Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics	tou ja	tou xã		missing									See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	oa daca ja	oa daka xã		unique						Other complex	oa=??; daca= liquid	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	ue ja	ue xã		inheritance									See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	baí, jasoyi (1st person singular)	bai, xasoji		unique						Phrase	animal shoot		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	quiudɨ ja	kiudɨ xã	knife, machete	unknown						Simplex			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				missing									See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	quiudɨ ja	kiudɨ xã	knife, machete	unknown						Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	tou	tou		inheritance?		cf. Arawak, other toka terms				Simplex			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	comedɨ ja	komedɨ xã		inheritance									See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology													See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	toya jao ja	toja xao xã		unknown						Compound	toja 'write'		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	tou bati ja	tou bati xã		unknown					Some similar forms in Puinave, Hoti, Cubeo; may be onomatopoeic.	Compound	tou 'mortar'		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing									See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing									See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	toto deo ja	toto deo xã		inheritance	Proto-West Tukanoan				Also found Koreguaje	Other complex	toto= ?; deo= fine, good.		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing									See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	cuacodo ja, quiudo ja (metal pot)	kuakodo xã, kiudo xã		inheritance	Proto-West Tukanoan				Also: kiuro xã				See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	maja ja	maxa xã		loan + semantic shift		from beeswax (Arawak/Quechua loan?)							See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	bichibɨ jã, deca ja	bitʃibɨ xã, dekã xã		inheritance									See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	cachi ja	katʃi xã		loan		Quechua				Simplex	xã= neuter noun classifier		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	toya quɨa ue ja	toja kɨa ue xã		Calque						Other complex	toja=write; kia=(with 'write' means 'study'); ue= house		See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	dabɨ aguɨ	dabɨ agɨ		unique					Also: dabɨ agɨ	Derived	dabɨ=healer; tɨnoquɨ=to cure by touching	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	ɨojo ja	ɨoxo xã		unknown									See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	quɨoto ja	kɨ̃õto xã		unknown									See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation				missing									See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	uja dai ja	uxa dai xã		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan				Also found Cubeo				See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	ui	ui		loan		Tupi-Guarani 'arrow'							See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food				missing									See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing									See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	yoco ja	joko xã		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	judu ja	xudu xã		unknown						Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology	toteyi (v.)	toteyi		loan		Spanish							See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	edi ñi ja	edi ɲi xã		unknown		Murui Witoto							See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	ao eobɨ ja (ao=foot; eobɨ=??)	ãõ eobɨ̃ xã		unknown						Other complex	ao=foot; eobɨ=??	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	mɨto			inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing								use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				missing								agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	bia ja, eo ja	bia xã, eo xã		sem shift? (or incorrect meaning?)	Proto-West Tukanoan	fish-poison				Simplex		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				missing									See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	jijebɨ ja	xixebɨ xã		inheritance	Proto-West Tukanoan				Also found Siona. Also: bia xã			agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing								a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
300	medium	AG	medium	sedentary

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