Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

gun

Semantic Field: acculturation
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: arma, escopeta
Meaning Portuguese: espingarda, fusil

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	éenu 'lightning bolt; gun'	éenu 'lightning bolt; gun'		semantic shift			thunder/lightning'							See Language page
Aché		proro		unknown										See Language page
Aguaruna	aka'hu	aka'hu		unknown										See Language page
Akawaio	aragabusa	aragabusa		loan			Spanish 'arcabuz'			Spanish source; attested Akawaio, Eñepa, Macushi				See Language page
Andoke	dúidi	dúidi		unique										See Language page
Apalai	arakapusa	arakapusa		loan			Spanish 'arcabuz'							See Language page
Araona		bala; pisa-pisa												See Language page
Ashuar	akã́rũ (cf. verb 'take apart, take into pieces'?)	akã́rũ												See Language page
Ayoreo		po'kaa											A 'pistol' is po'kaa kata'de 12.590; 'rifle' is po'kaa; po'kaa garahaa-'dieʔ 02.458; 'shot-gun' is po'kaa ke'ruu-a 12.550.	See Language page
Baniwa	mókawa	mókawa	shotgun	loan - WW			%mokawa							See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	missing			missing
Bardi	tyileman			loan			Kriol	WW	%tyilaman
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	aiti, aitikko		bow and arrow, gun	semantic shift	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan					simplex			Crapo 1976
Bora	añúju (añu 'shoot'), hójtsɨ́vapáájɨ (hojtsɨva 'spear', hojtsɨɨ́ 'hand')	añɯxɯ		unique										See Language page
Burarra	marriyaŋ			loan
Cahuilla	čukinapi-š		bow, gun	semantic shift						uncertain as to meaning here but the hul is the ordinary bow	derived, other complex			Seiler & Hioki 1979
Candoshi-Shapra	kirapa, kirápari	kirapa, kirápari		unique										See Language page
Carapana	peeruca	peeruka												See Language page
Carijona	koheto (from Span escopeta; M2000)			loan			Spanish 'escopeta'							See Language page
Cavineña	huecrime (C&L89)	wekrime		unknown										See Language page
Cayuvava		raβɨkɨ											Refers to a tool or instrument, such as weapon, syringe, rifle.	See Language page
Central Aymara	illapa (P04)	illapa (P04)												See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	missing			missing
Cha'palaa		'i'lʸapan												See Language page
Chemehuevi	7atsY	Y is voiceless schwa	bow (gun, bow in Press 1979)	semantic shift	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 275	simplex			Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Chiriguano		ᵐboka		WW			%mukawa							See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	7ax		bow, gun	semantic shift	*aqa	Proto-Central Chumash					simplex			Klar 1977
Chumash Ineseno	missing			missing
Chumash Obispeno	missing			missing
Chumash Ventureno	missing			missing
Chácobo	tooti	tooti		doubtful loan			cf. Suya tute, Sanapana tooati							See Language page
Cocopa	7i:cim		gun, rifle, bow	semantic shift		Proto-Yuman					simplex			Crawford 1989
Cofán	potaé'ngo (from 'shoot, scatter')	potaéʔngo (from 'shoot, scatter')											phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	tawo7i7		gun (any type), pistol, rifle	unique							simplex			R
Cubeo	õpojiñʉ	õpohiñʉ		unique							Derived	thunder + Classifier -ɲɨ		See Language page
Cupeño	patilya7ash		gun	unique							derived, other complex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Desano	peagʉ	peagʉ		calque			from 'fire'			from wood/fire; possible calque - common complex form among Vaupes languages	Derived	wood/fire-?		See Language page
Dhangu	ma:rriyaŋ			loan			Makassar
Dhay’yi	marryaŋ			loan			Makassar
Dhuwal	ma:rryaŋ			loan			Makassar
Djapu	ma:rryaŋ			loan			Makassar
Djeoromitxi	tewä (weapon, gun)	tewǝ (weapon, gun)												See Language page
Djinang	marriyaŋ			loan			Makassar
Dâw	xaàw’	xâw’		loan - WW			%mokawa				Simplex			See Language page
Epena		'pʰawã											'Blowgun' is 'ugu.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		ekowixi		unknown										See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	e-kekwa-xi; e-ko-wixi (Girard 1971) poti-kwe ba-kwe tekwa-kwe tekwa-kwe axo-ta-kwe akwi tsaa	e-kekwa-xi; e-ko-wixi (Girard 1971) poti-kwe ba-kwe tekwa-kwe tekwa-kwe axo-ta-kwe akwi tsaa												See Language page
Esselen	missing			missing
Eñepa	ko-'kon (percussion gun), kapucha (firearm) (MM); kapuuča (IDS)	kɔ-'kɔn (percussion gun), kapuça (firearm) (MM); kapuuctʃa (IDS)	firearm	unique; loan			Spanish 'escopeta'			Attested Akawaio, Eñepa, Macushi				See Language page
Gabrielino	missing			missing
Gooniyandi	karanyi			loan						cf. Bun karanya earth-oven?
Gumatj	ma:rryaŋ			loan			Makassar
Gupapuyngu	dyilityilikaŋ			doubtful loan
Gurindji	turlkkatyi			inheritance						bang + SUFF	complex
Hodï	ʰwãlã			unique							Simplex			See Language page
Huambisa	akaru, iskupit	akaru, iskupit												See Language page
Hup	teghɔ̃=teg	teghɔ̃=teg		calque			from 'fire'				Derived	fire (wood-burn)=CL:stick		See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	7epal		arrow, gun	semantic shift		Proto-Yuman				JHH	simplex			Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Ingá	karabina	karabina												See Language page
Iquito	rimúsiija (from vb. 'shoot')	rimúsiija (from vb. 'shoot')		unique										See Language page
Jawi	jilamon			loan			Kriol
Jingulu	makirti			loan			English	WW	%makiti	musket, via other lgs
Kaingang	no puŋ; no tɛy (IDS)	no puŋ; no tɛy												See Language page
Kakataibo		ʔirapa											Also ii tɨn'tũɲu.	See Language page
Kakua	tɨa-naʔ	tɨa-naʔ		calque			from 'fire'			tɨa comes from tɨ 'fire.wood'	Simplex	gun-cl.stick/tree.like		See Language page
Karajarri	tyilaman			loan			Kriol	WW	%tyilaman
Kariña	rapa	rapa	gun				Yamada 2010:799
Karitiana	opogmypãn ('flecha de brasileiro')	opogmɨpãn ('flecha de brasileiro')		unique										See Language page
Katukina		[ripi]											From Port. 'rifle'.	See Language page
Kawaiisu	7edy-(ci)		bow, rifle	semantic shift	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 275	other complex			Zigmond et al. 1990
Kiliwa	h+tim		rifle, bow	semantic shift		Proto-Yuman				JHH	derived			Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk	missing			missing
Kokama	puna	puna		semantic shift			from 'blowgun'							See Language page
Koreguaje	jaovʉ	xaovʉ		unknown										See Language page
Kotiria	wamoa	wamoa		unique										See Language page
Lake Miwok	kóono		bow, gun	semantic shift	*kó:no	Proto-Miwok				Callaghan 1970:40	simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lengua		enmaŋa												See Language page
Lokono	arakabosa	aɾakabosa	gun											Pet 1987:359
Luiseño	patkilash		gun	unique						on pati like Cu	derived, other complex			Elliott 1999
Maca		#NAME?												See Language page
Macaguan	brúja			doubtful loan			Spanish 'witch'?				Simplex			See Language page
Maidu	missing			missing
Maihiki	jasu ja, yadi jasu ja	xasu xã, jadi xãsu xã		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Makiritare	waitʃa	waitʃa		unique										See Language page
Makuna	jeaga	xeaga		calque			from 'fire'							See Language page
Makushi	arakkapusaʔ	arakkapusaʔ		loan			Spanish 'escopeta'			Attested Akawaio, Eñepa, Macushi				See Language page
Mangala	tulkurru			loan with semantic shift									‘heavy’ in Gurindji?
Mapudungun		ṭ͡ʀalka											Same form in Ranquel.	See Language page
Matses	bada, chompian, shaui	bada, tʃompian, ʃaui		unknown										See Language page
Mocoví		l-oʔgoʁon-ḳate											Lit. '3p possessor-use as weapon-instrument (fem)'. Cf. 20.210.	See Language page
Mojave	7utis		bow, gun	semantic shift							simplex			Murno et al. 1992
Mosetén-Chimané		--												See Language page
Movima	eskopeta	eskopeta												See Language page
Muinane	áñɨ́jɨ (from 'shoot') (W97)	áñɨ́jɨ												See Language page
Murui Witoto	cobeta (Sp.)	kobeta (Sp.) (B83)		loan			Spanish escopeta							See Language page
Mutsun	missing			missing
Napo Lowland Quichua	illapa	iʎapa												See Language page
Ngarluma	tyilaman			loan			Kriol	WW	%tyilaman
Nheengatu	muka (C11)	muka (C11)		WW			%mukawa				Simplex			See Language page
Nimanburru	jileman			loan			Kriol
Ninam	ẽspikata	ẽspikata		loan			Spanish escopeta			Has undergone metathesis.	Simplex			See Language page
Nisenan	kope:ta		gun	loan			Spanish	WW	%escopeta		simplex			Uldall & Shipley 1966
Nivaclé		taʔwitɔy												See Language page
Northern Emberá	põũ'ã (IDS)	põũ'ã (IDS)												See Language page
Northern Paiute	nabonngosa		rifle	semantic shift						and I'll bet adu (without pongosa 'arrow')	compound	pongosa 'arrow'		Yerington 1987
Northern Sierra Miwok	kope:Ta-		gun, air rifle	loan			Spanish				simplex			Callaghan 1987
Nyangumarta	tyilaman			loan			Kriol	WW	%tyilaman
Nyikina	tyilimana, turlkurru			loan			Kriol	WW	%tyilaman
Nyulnyul	jirlaman			loan			Kriol	WW	%jinal
Ocaina	caráávina; dsahííhcona	karááβina; dsaʔííʔkona		loan; unknown			Spanish carabina							See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		ᵐboka												See Language page
Paresi	korenase (kóre = arrow)	korenatse (kóre = arrow)		unique			from 'arrow'							See Language page
Pemon	rakte-pueti, juarima, dochima, ivereima (A1981); iiteemung (E1980)	rakte-pueti, juarima, dochima, ivereima (A1981); itemuŋ (E1981)		unique						Alternate: rakte-pueti, juarima, dochima, ivereima (rifle)				See Language page
Piapoco	énu 'thunder, gun'	énu 'thunder, gun'												See Language page
Piaroa	ur'we'ah	urɁweɁah		unknown										See Language page
Pilagá		anmoama [loan Mascoyan?]												See Language page
Plains Miwok	kope:ta-		gun (shotgun or rifle)	loan			Spanish	WW	%escopeta		simplex			Callaghan 1984
Puinave	tãt	tãt		unique										See Language page
Páez	[skupeta]	[skupeta]												See Language page
Qawasqar		c̷aleḳa											SpC records selekɬe for Central QWS. SpS records senekye for South QWS. All the forms means 'gun'. Cf. 'sling' 20.230. Bo records takal-kwa, 'cannon' for Central QWS, cf. 'thunder' 01.560, footnote.	See Language page
Rembarrnga	purp:a			semantic shift
Resígaro	ókóniigi-hú	ókóniigi-hú		calque			from 'fire'			Languages in region tend to have 'fire-stick' for 'gun'	Derived	ókóniigi = “fire, candle” -hú= “long and flat, horizontal” classifier		See Language page
Salinan A	utconek nokek		gun	loan						Pinart	phrase			Heizer 1952
Salinan M	missing			missing
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		yenmoŋaam												See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		tooati												See Language page
Sanumá	atakusa	atakusa		loan			Span arcabuz, via Carib							See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	eenm haacni		firearm, gun, rifle (lit. metal bow)	semantic shift							phrase			Moser & Marlett 2005
Serrano	pārčqt		gun	unique						on pat- like Cu, Lu	derived, other complex			K. Hill Dict.
Shipibo-Konibo		[ama]; eruu; uu												See Language page
Sikuani	yamaxüto	jamaxɨto		semantic shift			from 'lightning/thunder'							See Language page
Siona	toawɨ	toawɨ		calque?			from 'fire'							See Language page
Sirionó	[ama]; eruu; uu (P85)	[ama]; eruu; uu		loan; unknown										See Language page
Southern Paiute	tympWijU		iron-arrow, gun	unknown						same in S. Ute	compound			Sapir
Southern Pastaza Quechua	illapa, ritrucarga (Sp.)	iʎapa, ritrucarga (Sp.)												See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	kupe:ta-		gun	loan			Spanish	WW	%escopeta		simplex			Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute	tYpwiyu		gun, rifle	unknown						same in S. Paiute	simplex			Givon
Suyá	tute	tute												See Language page
Sáliva	puhduhba	puʔduʔba		unknown										See Language page
Tanimuca	pe'ka	pe'ka		calque			from 'fire'							See Language page
Tariana	sĩ́pi	sĩ́pi	shotgun	unique			Portuguese				Simplex			See Language page
Taushiro	ane'ta	anɨʔta (also blowgun)												See Language page
Tikuna	mukáua (Alv44)	mukáwa		loan - WW			%mokawa							See Language page
Tukano	peka-wɨ	peka-wɨ		calque			from 'fire'			from wood/fire; possible calque - common complex form among Vaupes languages				See Language page
Tuyuka	pecawʉ	pekawʉ												See Language page
Tübatulabal	āli-t		gun, bow	semantic shift	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 275	other complex			K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tümpisa Shoshone	etyn, aityn		gun, bow	semantic shift	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan					simplex			Dayley 1989
Urarina	itɕafwa	itʃafwa		unique										See Language page
Wai Wai	uhre 'weapon'	uhre 'weapon'		semantic shift			from 'weapon'							See Language page
Waorani	tẽjabõ (IDS)			unique										See Language page
Wapishana	mukʰau	mukʰau		loan - WW			%mokawa				Simplex			See Language page
Wappo	lúk'a		bow, gun (in Sawyer)	semantic shift						somewhat resemblant to Yuki forms, but only in CV	simplex			Sawyer 1965
Wardaman	wungarru			unknown						rifle
Warrwa	-(a)n(a)			missing
Washo	ba7lóhat, balóhot		bow,gun	semantic shift							derived	bE-		Washo Project Dictionary
Waurá	u'ku	u'ku		doubtful loan - WW			%mokawa							See Language page
Wayampi	mɔka	mɔka		WW			%mukawa							See Language page
Wayana	alakapuha	alakapuha		loan			Spanish 'arcabuz'							See Language page
Wayuu		aapɨľa; katkousu; čir̃ɨ											The second form is a large weapon, perhaps from Span. 'arcabuz'; the latter is a cannon, perhaps from Span. 'tiro'.	See Language page
Western Mono	Edy		bow, gun, weapon	semantic shift	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan					simplex			Loether & Bethel 1993
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		-le'c̷e-h												See Language page
Wintu	k'ulu:l		bow, gun, rifle, pistol	semantic shift							derivied			Schlichter 1981
Yagua	dunu	dunu		unknown										See Language page
Yaminahua		tʰura kʰara												See Language page
Yan-nhangu	marryaŋ			loan			Makassar
Yanomam	kopeta			missing			Spanish				Simplex			See Language page
Yanomami	kopeta (little used terms: amarõkõma, arakusa, hiihi, hõmomamɨ, mokawa, tãhimi hi, yoroa)	kopeta (little used terms: amarõkõma, arakusa, hiihi, hõmomamɨ, mokawa, tãhimi hi, yoroa)		loan; loan - WW			Spanish escopeta; %mukawa; arcabuz (via Carib)			Compare Makiritare kapuuctʃa; Alternates: amarõkõma, arakusa, hiihi, hõmomamɨ, mokawa, tãhimi hi, yoroa (little used terms)	Simplex			See Language page
Yavapai	kqWáθ, qqWâth		rifle	unknown						perhaps from cracking sound, see second form on p. 410	derived			Shaterian 1983
Yavitero	mu'kawa	mu'kawa												See Language page
Yawuru	jileman			loan			Kriol
Yokuts Palewyami	missing			missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi	missing			missing
Yokuts Yawelmani	missing			missing
Yuki	lu7waT (Elmendorf form)		bow. Gun	semantic shift	*li7wëht	Proto-North Yukian					derived			Schlichter 1985
Yukpa	chupeta	ʃupeta												See Language page
Yukuna	hijá	hijá	shotgun	unique		Local				Similar term 'fire-stick' found in many of the regions languages	Simplex			See Language page
Yulparija	tarlparlmarta			unknown
Záparo	imakanaha	imakanaha												See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Bardi
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Burarra
Cahuilla
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chiriguano
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gooniyandi
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Jawi
Jingulu
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Karajarri
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Mangala
Mapudungun
Matses
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Muinane
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngarluma
Nheengatu
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Ocaina
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Páez
Qawasqar
Rembarrnga
Resígaro
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tanimuca
Tariana
Taushiro
Tikuna
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wardaman
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawuru
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yulparija
Záparo

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