Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Akawaio

Family: Cariban
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: ake
Location: 6.16°, -60.86°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Edwards, Walter F. 1980. A short grammar and dictionary of the Akawaio and Arekuna languages of Guyana. Georgetown: University of Guyana. Meira, Sérgio. Wordlist.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	nya	nya	inheritance	Proto-Carib	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	uurö	urö	inheritance	Pemongan	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar			inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	a- (reduced form of [amörö])	a- (reduced form of[amörö])	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	tok	tɔk	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	kɨrörö	kɨrörö	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	iideeboi, diieeboi	i'debɔɪ, 'diebɔɪ	inheritance			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	ganang	ganaŋ	unknown			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	tambooroo	tam'boro	unknown			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	mörabai	mö'rabaɪ				See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	pɨragong	pɨ'ragɔŋ	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	eewata	e'wata	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	uuruumöröpö (ashes)	urumö'röpö (ashes)	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	boo	bɔ				See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	apoi, eebiiyak (lower part of-)	a'pɔɪ, ebi'yak (lower part of-)	inheritance			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	örii	öri	unique			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	yöi biikpö	yöɪ biʔpö	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	yeekiiariieng (stomach)	yekiariɛŋ	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	iidoknoo, diioknoo	i'dɔʔno, 'dioʔno	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	egee	ɛge	unique			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body			missing			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	iikkɨrɨng	iʔkɨrɨŋ	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	mɨng	mɨŋ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	eedarengba ('blow ritually')	edarɛŋba	unknown			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	öpɨ	öpɨ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	manak	manak	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	ekuuwekmang	eʔ'kuwɛʔmaŋ	unknown			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	biiuuruu	biuru	unique			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	abö	a'bö	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	mɨree	mɨre	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	eegainuunnö	egaɪ'nunnö	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	kabuuruuk	kaburuk	inheritance			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	komiikkeenak	kɔmiʔkenak	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	yeeknö	jeʔnö	unique	shared Pemon		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	guuiibö	guibö	unique			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality			missing			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	guuarannö	gua'rannö	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	agɨdɨ	a'gɨdɨ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	wöinai	wöɪnaɪ	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	eeriiknö	eriʔnö	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	aga	a'ga	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	iigöpa (v.), teembadaiguuknang (dirty-faced, adj.), iigöpazak (dirty object, n.)	I'göpa (v.), tembadaɪ'guʔnaŋ (dirty-faced, adj.), I'göpazak (dirty object, n.)	unique			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	enekpöknö	ɛ'nɛʔpöknö	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	enjii	cndʒi	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	akmuung	akmuŋ	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	yögeenakpeng	jögenaʔpeŋ	unique			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	kuuduukpang	ku'duʔpaŋ	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	pana	pana	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	nong	nɔŋ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	endaknang	ɛndaʔnaŋ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	iikmooi	iʔmoɪ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	eenuu	enu	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	wak	wak	unknown			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	damokkang	da'mɔʔkaŋ	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	önnö	ön'nö	unique			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	iibuunek, biiuunek (fat)	ibunɛk, biunɛk (fat)	unique			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	kɨɨbɨnɨ	kɨɨbɨnɨ	unique			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	jiinɨknödok	dʒinɨʔnödɔk	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	chiipok	tʃipɔk	inheritance			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	eemiiya biipö	emiya bipö	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	abok	abɔk	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	yanɨgɨ ('overflow')	janɨgɨ	unknown			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	yöi ariikkuu	jöi a'riʔku	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	ariindang	arindaŋ	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment			missing			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	pɨda	pɨda	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	eebeeruu	e'beru	inheritance; unique			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	wagɨ	wagɨ	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	joogɨrɨ	dʒogɨrɨ	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	zeemokkang	ze'mɔʔkaŋ	inheritance			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	puupö (on head), chiipok (on skin)	pupö, tʃipɔk	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	eemiiya	emiya	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	puukpai	puʔpaɪ	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	eeda	eda	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	yeewang eenapö	yewaŋ enapö	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	eetabɨnek	eta'bɨnɛk	unique	shared Pemon		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	eesoknannö	e'sɔʔnannö	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	iiwono	iwono	inheritance; unique			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	achii	a'tʃi	inheritance	Proto-Carib?		See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	aknek	aʔnɛk	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar			missing			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	a'tai (SM)	aʔtai (SM)	Doubtful loan, direction unknown	Compare Piapoco asáisí		See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	gau (~liquid), dak (~building, vehicle)	gaʊ (~liquid), dak (~building, vehicle)	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	weenuupö	we'nupö	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			missing			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	iiwönö	iwönö	inheritance	see 'hit'		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	iituu	itu	unknown			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment			missing			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	dakköröngnödok	daʔkö'roŋnödɔk	unknown			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	yaree (E1977)	yare (E1977)	inheritance; unknown	Proto-Carib		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	kamiik	ka'mik	unique	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	eekmada	eʔ'mada	unique; inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	eekpöriinggang	eʔpö'riŋgaŋ	unique; doubtful loan	Arawak kua		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	kamiiriik	ka'mirik	inheritance			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	gokmannö	gɔʔmannö	inheritance			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	eeree	ere	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality			unique			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	ayang	ayaŋ	inheritance	Proto-Carib	order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	diioro	diɔrɔ	unique	shared Pemon		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	warawok	warawɔk	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	puung	puŋ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	kaböi	kaböɪ	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	sang	saŋ	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	wïk (E1977)	wïk (E1977)	inheritance			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	mɨda	mɨda	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	eezek	ezɛk	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	akoobee	a'kobe	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	pɨmɨ	pɨ'mɨ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	eemennak	emɛnnak	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	eeewarbö	eɛwarbö	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	bra	bra	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	enna	ɛnna	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	peenarok	penarɔk	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	tiigiingö	tigiŋö	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	waraubang (adj.)	wa'raʊbaŋ (adj.)	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	turonŋ (SM)	turonŋ (SM)	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	eekkɨmangdok (n.)	eʔkɨ'maŋdɔk	unknown			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	ka'pong (SM)	kaʔpoŋ (SM)	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	ariipogɨ	ari'pɔgɨ	unique			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	tuuna	tuna	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	apiiyuu, juuweeyuu	apiyu, dʒuweyu	unique			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body			missing			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	ekma	ɛʔma	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	yöi miik	jöɪ mik	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	akmooda	aʔmoda	unique; inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	wösök	wösök	unique	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	ta	ta	unknown			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	chiichiikma, ekkanöbang (oneself)	tʃi'tʃiʔma, ɛʔ'kanöbaŋ (oneself)	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental			inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality			missing			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	iibö/biiö (~with blowpipe), iibooga/biiooga (~with bow and arrow), iiwönö (with gun)	i'bö/'biö (with blowpipe), i'boga/'bioga (with bow and arrow), i'wönö (with gun)	unknown			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	aga'ne'pe (SM)	agaʔneʔpe (SM)	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	moda	mɔ'da	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	eebiiyöknödok	ebijöknödɔk	unique			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ereuda (SM)	ereuda (SM)	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	biipö	bipö	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	kabuuruuk	ka'buruk	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	eknunnö	ɛʔnunnö	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	aigoo	aɪgo	inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	iigöröjiing, giiöröjiing	igörödʒiŋ, giörödʒiŋ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	iigöknuumba	igöʔnumba	unknown		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	eedatöng	eda'töŋ	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	'mo (SM)	ʔmo (SM)	unknown			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	azuuka (fruit)	a'zuka	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			missing			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	ekmɨzakkang	ɛʔmɨ'zaʔkaŋ	unique	Shared Pemon		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	chiiriigö	tʃirigö	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	amakma	a'maʔma	inheritance	Proto-Carib?		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	yöi	jöi	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	tök	tök	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	iiguukka, giiuukka	i'guʔka, guiʔ'ka	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	wöi	wöɪ	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	eeramuutang	eramutaŋ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	yakamangzak (n.)	jaʔmaŋzak	unknown			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion			inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	areekna	areʔna	inheritance	Proto-Carib?		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	mörö	mörö	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	iibuunek	i'bunɛk	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	abiitɨmɨng	abi'tɨmɨŋ	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	zenmiinggang	zɛn'miŋgaŋ	inheritance	Venezuelan		See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	seerö, see	serö, se	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	oozourau	ozɔʊraʊ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	eezeng	e'zɛŋ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	eno'ma (SM)	enoʔma (SM)	inheritance	Proto-Carib?		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	kormee	kɔrme	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	eewatö	e'watö	inheritance	Pemongan		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	anii	ani	inheritance	Proto-Carib?		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	ö	ö	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	eeratöng (turn around)	e'ratöŋ (turn around)	inheritance	Venezuelan	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	azarö	azarö	inheritance	Proto-Carib?		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	darböknö, dargang	dar'böknö, 'dargaŋ	inheritance?			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	biiniinnö	bininnö	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	tuuna	tuna	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	aikkuu	aɪʔku	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	ökrö	öʔrö	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	ökratai	öʔra'taɪ	inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	naiyau	naɪyaʊ	doubtful loan	Wapishana naʔiam		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	aimuuknang	aɪmuʔnaŋ	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	önɨk	önɨk	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	nopɨ	nɔpɨ	inheritance	Pemongan; probably Proto-Carib		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	pezetö	pɛ'zɛtö	unique; inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body			missing			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	uuriichang	uritʃaŋ	inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	eetrawazoomang	etrawa'zomaŋ	loan	Spanish trabajar		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body			missing			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	karakuape (SM)	karakuape (SM)	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

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Flora Fauna Vocabulary (136)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	anondö	anɔndö		inheritance	Proto-Carib						See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	aguu	agu		loan into protolg, direction unknown	Northern Carib?	Tupi-Guarani	Mello (2000) reconstructs for Proto-TG. Occurs widely in Carib; but loan into (?) Piaroa /æk'uri/; Nheengatu /akuti/; Achuar agutí	WW	%akuti		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	agaree (E1977)	agare (E1977)		loan (into protolg?)	Venezuelan subgroup? (shared Akawaio, Pemon, Makushi, maybe Waimiri-Atroari)	Tupi-Guarani	*yakaré reconstructed for Proto-Tupi-Guarani (Schleicher 1998)	WW	%jakare		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing							See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	aura	aʊra		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon					See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	maing (worm)	maɪŋ	worm	unique							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	kuuyuuk	kujuk	black ant	inheritance			Inherited status uncertain; no generic?				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	kokchiiriimö	kɔʔtʃirimö		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon					See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	mauraiö (giant); kaikang (giant)	maʊraɪö, kaɪkaŋ		inheritance	Venezuelan subgroup (Akawaio, Pemon, Makushi, Eñepa)		Also: kaɪkaŋ (giant armadillo)				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.				missing							See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	meguuruu (banana), chiikerente, paruuruu (plantain)	mɛguru, tʃikerente, paruru		inheritance?							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	marbak	marbak		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon					See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	aguubiijii (bora beans, Vigna sesquipedalis)	agubidʒi	bora beans	missing	Akawaio, Pemon	Vigna sesquipedalis					See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		torong	toroŋ		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				missing							See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	weruuwee	weruwe	housefly	inheritance	Northern Carib?	cf. Tacanan *we(ře)we(ře), West Tuk were					See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	amang	amaŋ		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	arabö	arabö		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				missing			See iwarga ('monkey')				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	kanggaruumö	kaŋgarumö		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon					See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	wagau	wagaʊ		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon					See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	paruuweena	paruwena		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	naböɪ	naböɪ		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon	rel. to 'potato' terms?					See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	eeroi	erɔɪ		inheritance - WW	Northern Carib?	%eroi					See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum	eeroi	erɔɪ		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	ögöibasee	ögöɪbase		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	kiidada	kidada		inheritance	Unknown (attested Akawaio, Pemon, Makiritari)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing							See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	koorooii	koroi		inheritance	Unknown (Akawaio, Pemon, maybe Yukpa and Eñepa)	possible link? Carib ()masarawa, TG taraBe					See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	pagiira (peccary)	pagira	Pecari angulatus (collared peccary)	inheritance	Northern Carib?		Likely loan Carib > Wapishana bakɨɽ; see also Piaroa maquíra, Cofan saquira				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	ködökkwak	ködöʔkwak		inheritance	Pemongan group (attested Pemon, Akawaio, Makushi, prob. Eñepa)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	makkwai	maʔkwaɪ		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon					See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	kiiriicharak	kiritʃarak		inheritance	Pemongan group (Akawaio, Pemon, Mkushi, Eñepa)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	pawik	pawik	Crax alector	inheritance							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	giant savannah deer (as opposed to bush deer): waigiiniimö	waɪginimö	giant savannah deer	inheritance	Pemongan						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	peeroo (general; Sp. loan), ookpoogong (hunting dog)	pero, okpogɔŋ		loan		Spanish	Also: okpogɔŋ 'hunting dog'				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	weeruujii	werudʒi		doubtful loan		Pemon/Wapishana	Wapishana uri'di				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	maikuuak	maɪkuak		inheritance	N Amazonian subgroup						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	piiriimok (E1977)	pirimɔk (E1977)		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon					See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	kariimuura	karimura		inheritance	Venezuelan subgroup (Akawaio, Pemon, Makushi, Eñepa)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		moorok	morɔk		inheritance	Northern Carib? (Akawaio, Makushi, Mapoyo, Pemon)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	chiikpong	tʃiʔpoŋ		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing							See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	mabaruuwa (Lutra macrodus)	mabaruwa	Lutra macrodus; 'water dog'	inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	wannak (SM)	wannak (SM)		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	onoree (Ardea cocoi)	ɔnɔre	(Ardea cocoi)	inheritance	Attested Guiananan and Venezuelan						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola											See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi				missing							See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	ariiya	ariya		unique	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	teuzang	tɛʊzaŋ		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon					See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	kawaree	kaware		loan	Portuguese	Portuguese	cavalho				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	pɨmɨi (pepper)	pɨmɨɪ		inheritance	Proto-Carib						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	arauda	araʊda		inheritance			Likely loan Carib > Arawak: Piapoco, Achagua àlawàta; see also Guayabero /árow-at/. Also iwarka 'generic monkey' (E1977)				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	tuuguuik (E1977)	tuguɪk (E1977)		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	wayamaga	wayamaga		WW (source?)	Northern Carib? (attested Akawaio, Pemon, Yukpa)	%wajamaka	Likely loan into Nadëb: wajãam				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	wairawok ek	waɩrawɔk ek	inga sp.	doubtful loan		Arawak wiru					See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing			no generic?				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	tiimening	timɛnɪŋ		inheritance	Northern Carib? (attested Pemon, Akawaio, Eñepa, maybe Waimiri-Atroari)						See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	kuumak ek	kumak ek		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	sagaikka	sagaɪʔka		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	kiiawok	kiawɔk		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	wayara	wayara		doubtful loan into protolg - WW	Akawaio, Pemon	%arara		WW	%ara		See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	aknaik	aʔnaɪk		inheritance?	Proto-Carib	possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati					See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	uuruuktuuruu (E1977)	uruʔturu (E1977)		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	wara (large catfish); reekkö (small catfish)	wara; rekkö	small catfish	inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	eegii	egi		unique							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kaknarii	kaʔnari		doubtful loan	Akawaio, Pemon	Arawak; shared Pemon	Likely relationship to Arawak kani- forms; e.g. Achagua ké:niru. Also kaʔnari (E1980)				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa				missing							See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	mabii	mabi		inheritance		North Arawak	e.g. Piapoco mapiri				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	seebee	sebe		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	sargau	sargaʊ	rat	unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon				Broader (probably rat in general)	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	kabiiyakkwa (cream colored), kuuwarang bana (dark brown), korgoobiichoo (fluffy), kömɨrɨsee (spiky orange-colored), aguubana (tiny), kara-gara (white)	kabijaʔkwa, kuwaraŋ bana, kɔrgobitʃo, kömɨrɨse, agubana, kara-gara	white type	unknown	Akawaio, Pemon		No generic. Also: kabiiyakkwa (cream colored), kuuwarang bana (dark brown), korgoobiichoo (fluffy), kömɨrɨsee (spiky orange-colored), aguubana (tiny)				See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	awaree	aware		inheritance - WW	Northern Carib?	%jawari	Likely loan Carib > Wapishana /jawari/; Hodï /yowale/; Yanomami /awaɾe/, Piaroa yäväre				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	töpoik (general), kuuk-kuuk (great horned)	töpɔɪk, kuk-kuk	owl (generic)	doubtful loan - WW? onomatopoeic	Akawaio, Pemon	%murukutu / kurukutu	Also: kuk-kuk 'great horned owl'				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	uurana	urana		inheritance	Proto-Carib? (Also attested Waimiri-Atroari)		Loan into Wapishana				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	padawaiya ek	padawaija ek	chocolate palm (used for thatching); Jessema sp.	unknown							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	kawak	kawak		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes				missing							See Language page	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	mopa	mɔpa		unknown							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	kaiwarak	kaɪwarak		semantic shift?	Pemongan group (attested Pemon, Akawaio, Makushi)	caraua?					See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	aruu	aru		inheritance	Northern Carib? (attested Pemon, Akawaio, Makushi, Wai Wai)	East Tukanoan					See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	sak	sak		inheritance	Northern Carib?					Broader (potato, sweet potato)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	sak	sak		inheritance	Northern Carib?					Broader (potato, sweet potato)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	parandarai	parandaraɪ		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	mariidö	maridö		inheritance	Unknown (Akawaio, Pemon, Makiritari)						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				missing							See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia		may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	kwarang	kwaraŋ		inheritance	Venezuelan subgroup? (shared Akawaio, Pemon, Eñepa)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	waimeksa (lizard)	waɪmɛksa	lizard	inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	kuuiiwa	kuiwa		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon	cf. TG uluwa					See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		ögöi	ögöɪ		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	sagazak (rattlesnake)	sagazak	rattlesnake	inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	wara (large catfish); reekkö (small catfish)	wara; rekkö	large catfish	inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	arai	araɪ		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	karii	kari		inheritance	Northern Carib? (Pemongan, Yukpa)		Likely loan Carib > Hodï kali				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.				missing							See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	nak	nak		inheritance	Proto-Carib? (Pemon, Akawaio, Carijona)						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	maibuurii	maɪburi		inheritance	Proto-Carib?						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	kuungwaik	kuŋwaɪk		unique							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	kobarii	kɔbari		loan		North Arawak	e.g. Piapoco kubàli				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	uuri	uri		unknown							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	oroioroi(SM)	oroioroi(SM)		unique							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	ambak (frog), chiinau (toad)	ambak, tʃinaʊ		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	tamɨ (SM)	tamɨ (SM)		inheritance	Proto-Carib						See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	wayamorii, peeiduura (turtle)	wajamɔri, peɪdura		inheritance	Northern Carib? (attested Akawaio, Pemon, Makushi, Wai Wai)		Also: peɪdura				See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	kiiyabok	kijabɔk		inheritance	Akawaio, Pemon						See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		yöi	yöɪ		inheritance	Northern Carib?						See Language page	0	0	0	0	0
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	pöirök ek	pöirök ek	Pouteria sp. (bark boiled and drunk as medicine)	unknown							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	angwana (E1977)	aŋwana (E1977)		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon					See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	tabiiyuuga (E1977)	tabiyuga (E1977)		unique							See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari				missing							See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	sabeereedek, kaiparak	saberedɛk, kaɪparak		unknown	Akawaio, Pemon	shared Pemon	Also: kaɪparak				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 136 of 136 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (105)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	pöröu	pöröʊ		inheritance									hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	wakka	waʔka		inheritance		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup							especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	mosogoroi (E1977)	mɔsɔgɔrɔɪ (E1977)		inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon							can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	kamok	kamɔk	made from calabash gourd	inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	waɪgarapö			Inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	waigarapö, wariicha	waɪgarapö, waritʃa		unknown; inheritance			shared Pemon							See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	waigarapö (generic basket)	waɪgarapö	basket used to store cooked or smoked fish and meat	unknown										See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	kazuuruu	kazuru		loan - WW		Pemongan subgroup	%kasiru							See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material				missing										See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	abonok	abɔnɔk		inheritance		Proto-Carib								See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	kuuraik	kuraɪk		inheritance		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup				Maybe Proto-Carib			currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				missing										See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing									if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	uuraba	uraba		inheritance		Proto-Carib							arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	padazekkadok	padazɛʔkadɔk		inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kanau	kanaʊ		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW			%kanawa	WW	%kanawa	WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate source sometimes claimed to be Car				See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	kaiguuzhii (E 1980)	kaɪguʒi		unknown										See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	iimɨgararuu	imɨgararu	chicken with featherless neck	unknown			maybe %kara			Shared form in Pemon; inheritance or shared innovation/diffusion?				See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	eebuuruu (E1980)	eburu		inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	pong	pɔŋ		inheritance										See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	wa'tana (C-F 2003)	waʔtana	war club	unknown						Compare Yucuna kuhjuwaʔala				See Language page
coca			narcotics				Missing										See Language page
cook food			food	guibö			Unique										See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing									malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	manunnö			Inheritance		Pemongan subgroup								See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	kuungwa	kuŋwa		inheritance		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup?							hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	paba	paba		semantic shift			father'			Maybe from 'father'? But referential kin term is distinct.			In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	enekpöknödok	ɛnɛʔpöknödɔk		unknown										See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	saambuura	sambura		loan			Spanish/Portuguese			Found widely in Carib, with some t-s correspondences (but apparently not regular). Also found Baniwa, Yavitero, Northern Emberá, Jivaro family, Cubeo, Nheengatu, Ninam				See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing									Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	oorii-oorii	ori-ori		inheritance		Proto-Carib					Reduplicated		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	pe'wï	peʔwɨ		unknown									may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	pawaru	pawarʊ		loan - WW			%pajaru						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	muurang (herbal), kuumii (used by kanaima)	muraŋ, kumi	herbal charm	inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon				Alternate: kumi				See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing										See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	abok kemee	abɔk kɛme		inheritance		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup					Other complex	abɔk=fire; kɛme= ??		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	iidɨmɨ	idɨmɨ		inheritance										See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	moorokma	morɔʔma		inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	konoik eewa	kɔnɔɪk ewa		inheritance		Pemongan subgroup					Phrase	kɔnɔɪk=fishhook; ewa=string		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	mooroik	morɔɪk		inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	eegii (dried), aguuzee (soft), eegiigaraudanɨsak (toasted)	egi, aguze, egigaraʊdanɨsak	soft flatbread	inheritance		Pemongan subgroup				Alternate: aguze (dried)			usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	proowa (flour; see Wapishana) (E1977)	prowa (E1977)		loan, direction unknown - WW			%porowa	WW	%porowa	Akawaio prowa; Wapishana phuruuma; Sikuani bawa; Hodi hyowã			agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology				missing									multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	ook	ok	animal	unique									Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology				Missing										See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	kuuikta	kuɪʔta		inheritance										See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	kamok (bowl made from calabash gourd), arabö	kamɔk, arabö	gourd	unknown; unknown		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	suumarii	sumari		inheritance		Proto-Carib				Probably Carib loan in Paresi tʃimjare			esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	aragabusa	aragabusa		loan			Spanish 'arcabuz'			Spanish source; attested Akawaio, Eñepa, Macushi				See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	akkuuak	aʔkuak		unknown						But compare Arawak-origin WW %amaka				See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	arok (E1980)	arɔk		semantic shift		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup	from 'headdress'			Possible loan into Nadëb as 'basket'				See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				inheritance									Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing										See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	teeuuzang eeuuguu	teuzaŋ eugu		unknown		Akawaio-Pemon	shared Pemon				Compound	teuzaŋ= honey bee; eugu = juice	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	öudö	öʊdö		unique										See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	ondïmang (E1977)	ɔndïmaŋ (E1977)		inheritance		Pemongan subgroup								See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	mariiba	mariba		loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW			%marije	WW	%mariye	Arawak: Wapishana, Baniwa, Tariana; Carib: Trio, Akawaio, Mapoyo, Yabarana, Pemon, Wai Wai, Waimiri-Atroari; Nadëb; possibly Ocaina				See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				missing										See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material				missing										See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	ak	ak		inheritance		Proto-Carib				Loan into Wapishana				See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	nairö	naɪrö		inheritance										See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology	aguuknodok (paint) (E1977)	aguʔnɔdɔk (E1977)												See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing										See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	parabii	parabi		loan, direction unknown - WW		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup	%parapi			Originally 'clay plate'?				See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	öinö	öɪnö		inheritance		Proto-Carib?				Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches				See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool				unknown										See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology	ereng (song) (SM)	ereŋ (song) (SM)		missing										See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	eesekkwa	e'sɛʔkwa		inheritance			Pemongan							See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	waiyoo	waɪjo		unknown		Akawaio-Pemon	shared Pemon							See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	skur	skur		loan			English			English more likely than Spanish escuela; reasonable in context of Guyana history and American missionary presence.				See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	piiyaichang (witch doctor) (E1977)	piyaɪtʃaŋ (E1977)		inheritance		Proto-Carib?				Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches			In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress				missing										See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				missing										See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation				missing										See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	ereng	ereŋ		inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	suubararii	subarari		loan - WW			%sipara/sapere	WW	%sapara	Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear)				See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	chiibiiba	tʃibiba		unknown		Akawaio-Pemon	shared Pemon							See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing										See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	chiigaruu	tʃigaru		inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food				missing									agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material				missing										See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	tenggiik	teŋgik		inheritance		Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup							word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	tamɨ			Inheritance	*tam(u/ï)	Proto-Carib				Reconstruction Meira p.c.				See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing									use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool	anok eesek (glossed as 'three logs on which pot is placed for cooking')	abɔk esɛk		missing									agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	uurarii	urari		inheritance - WW			%wirari			Ultimate source Tupi; could have gone Akawaio > Wapishana or vice versa			hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	maidageng	maɪdageŋ		unknown		Akawaio-Pemon	shared Pemon							See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	pangga	paŋga	sieve made from mukuru	inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon							agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing									a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
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