Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

digging stick

Semantic Field: subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Arabana	wana			inheritance
Bankalachi Toloim	nah-haht-tseel		digging stick	inheritance	*naka-ta	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)				also ah'-se	derived, other complex			Merriam 49:189
Bankalachi Toloim	nah-haht-teel' 189			inheritance
Bardi	milkin			doubtful inheritance
Bardi	milgin XXngl given as 'walking stick'	milkin		inheritance
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	poton		digging stick	inheritance	*poto	Numic				Stubbs 2011 673	simplex			Miller 1972
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	poton “cruch, cane, walking stick, digging stick”			inheritance
Bunuba	kananyi			loan			Gajirrabeng	WW	%kana1
Bunuba	gananyi			loan
Burarra	banaka			inheritance
Burarra	banaka			unknown
Cahuilla	naxat		cane, stick	inheritance	*naka-ta	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)				Merriam has koo-nahCH-ah 48:341	other complex			Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cahuilla	naxat ?			inheritance										S&H 1979
Carijona	tikuetɨ (stick) (SM)			missing										See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	missing			missing
Chemehuevi	missing			missing
Chemehuevi	porO “crook”			inheritance										JPH: John Peabody Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List, Ditto copy in possession of Jane H. Hill
Chumash Barbareno	burtch		digging stick	unknown							simplex			Henshaw (Heizer 1955)
Chumash Ineseno	7ic-k'umu7		walking stick, digging stick	unknown						kush-kōk Merriam 37:519	derived			Applegate 1972
Chumash Ineseno	ic-k'umu7 “walking stick, digging stick			unknown										A 197
Chumash Obispeno	missing			missing
Chumash Ventureno	7ušpajï7ïš		digging stick	unknown						Henshaw spa	derived	paj 'dig'		Mamet 2008
Cocopa	şmál nYmawpú:n		digging hoe	unique							phrase	grass/weed. To.hoe		Crawford 1989
Cocopa	Smal nymawpu:/n “digging hoe”			unique
Comanche	missing			missing
Comanche	ty7ehkooi7” cane, shepherd's crook			unknown
Cupeño	walilya'ash		digging stick	unique						the obvious interpretation of Merriam's form from wal-in 'to dig'; I think real word was naxat, but no evidence…	derived, other complex	wali 'dig'		Merriam 48:503
Dhangu	dhoṉa(')			inheritance
Dhangu	dhoṉa(')			unknown
Dhay’yi	bakiki'			unique
Dhuwal	bätju(')			inheritance
Dhuwal	[missing]			missing
Dhuwala	waliya			unknown
Diyari	wana			inheritance
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	[missing]			missing
Djapu	wapitya(7)			unique
Djapu	[missing]			missing
Djinang	garni			loan
Djinang	771			unknown
Dâw	--	--		missing										See Language page
Esselen	missing			missing
Gabrielino	ah-nahCH		digging stick	inheritance	*naka-ta	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)					other complex			Merriam 49:103
Gabrielino	ah-nahCH /7a-nax/ (also “spear for fish”)			inheritance										CHM/MC245
Gajirrabeng	kaniny			inheritance				WW	%kanany1
Gajirrabeng	ganiny			inheritance
Gooniyandi	kananyi			loan			Gajirrabeng			or very old pre-Pny			or very old pre-Pny
Gooniyandi	gananyi			loan
Gumatj	bätju(')			inheritance
Gupapuyngu	bätju(')			inheritance
Gupapuyngu	waliya			unknown
Gurindji	kiyarri			unique
Gurindji	kiyarri			inheritance
Iipay 'Aa	o-hwaht		digging stick	unknown						might be cognate with Mojave usak (x=s is OK, and labialization could come from the /u/) ; also tup-pus	simplex			Merriam 38:215
Jabirr-Jabirr	milkin			inheritance
Jabirr-Jabirr	milkin	milkin		inheritance
Jaru	kapila			unknown						also kiyari
Jaru	gana			inheritance
Jawi	muŋurr			unique									Bardi ‘jealous (preverb)’
Jawi	moongorr XXngl in Bardi as the preverb for 'jealous'	mungorr		unique
Jingulu	kapila			unknown
Karajarri	gananj			semantic shift
Karajarri	kanany			loan
Kawaiisu	missing			missing
Kawaiisu	poro-ci (? cane?)			inheritance
Kija	kanany			loan			Jaru	WW	%kanany1
Kija	kanany			inheritance
Kiliwa	missing			missing
Kiliwa	nay=chruuw			unknown
Kitanemuk	missing			missing
Kitanemuk	nakat			inheritance
Kwazá	nwãrãxu	nwãrãxu												See Language page
Lake Miwok	héllam		digging stick	unique							simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lake Miwok	he/llam			unique
Luiseño	no-nah-hah	nonax'a (probably no-nax'a my-digging.stick)	digging stick	inheritance	*naka-ta	Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal)					other complex			Merriam 49:23
Maidu	she-wim'		digging stick	inheritance		Proto-Maiduan				m is suffix; see Nisenan	other complex	has -im suffix		Merriam 41:275
Maidu	sy/k “dig plants with digging stick”			inheritance
Malyangapa	Mal: withawitha			unique
Mangala	gananj			inheritance
Mangala	kana			inheritance
Mapoyo	yëhE (stick- same as wood and tree)	jɛhə (stick- same as wood and tree)												See Language page
Miriwung	kurratykang			derived						kurraty 'dig' SUFFIX	derived
Miriwung	ganiny			inheritance
Mithaka	[missing]			missing
Mojave	uusak		digging stick	unknown						looks like CHM's 'fish spear'; he has ă-whel' 'digging stick'; might be cognate with IA o-hwat (CHM's form), (x=s is OK, and labialization could come from the /u/)		pierce-k		Munro et al. 1992
Mojave	uusa-k			loan
Mudburra	kapili			loan			Jingulu			Ji. Kapila			Ji. Kapila
Mudburra	kabili
Mudburra	kabili			loan
Mutsun	oo'-mah-ren		digging stick	unknown						Mason 1916:434 sutia 'poker or digging stick'	derived			Merriam 39:101
Mutsun	humren “woman's digging stick of wood with fire-hardened tip”			inheritance										NW (JPH)
Ngamini	wana			inheritance
Ngandi	400			inheritance
Ngarluma	binkubuntharri warnda			unique
Ngarluma	binkubuntharri warnda			unique
Ngumbarl	milgin			inheritance
Ngumbarl	milgin	<milgin>		inheritance
Nhirrpi	125			unique
Nimanburru	milkin			inheritance
Nimanburru	XXngl milkin	milkin		inheritance
Ninam	tiə			Unknown						Alternate: paktʰa	Simplex			See Language page
Ninam	tiə, paktha (EM72)	tiə, paktʰa		missing										See Language page
Nisenan	syw		digging stick	inheritance		Proto-Maiduan				see Maidu	derived	sy, su 'point, poke, insert'		Uldall & Shipley 1966
Nisenan	syw			inheritance
Northern Mangarla	[missing]			missing
Northern Nyangumarta	wanu			inheritance
Northern Paiute	podo		digging stick	inheritance	*poto	Numic				Stubbs 2011 673	simplex			Yerington 1987
Northern Paiute	podo			inheritance										Stubbs 08
Northern Sierra Miwok	7olu7:a		digging, something to dig with, digging stick	inheritance	*?Vra- 'dig'	Proto-Miwok-Mutsun				Callaghan 1962:103; also sype-	other complex			Callaghan 1987
Northern Sierra Miwok	sype-			inheritance
Nyangumarta	warnu			semantic shift
Nyangumarta	warnu			inheritance
Nyikina	kanany			loan			Marrngu	WW	%kanany1
Nyikina	milgin	milkin		inheritance
Nyulnyul	-bugarr- [mabugaran]			CHECK - verb not noun and wrong gloss!
Nyulnyul	milgin	milkin		inheritance
Paakantyi	gaṇga			unique
Pirriya	363			loan direction unknown
Pitta-Pitta	kukuru			unique
Plains Miwok	missing			missing
Puinave	iuk	ɟuk												See Language page
Rembarrnga	djakka			unique
Rirratjingu	[missing]			missing
Ritharrngu	bätju(')			inheritance
Ritharrngu	ba:tju'			inheritance
Salinan A	haypké7		digging stick	unknown						xuasul Pinart 76	simplex			turner 1987
Salinan M	missing			missing
Salinan M	missing			missing
Seri (Comcaac)	missing			missing
Seri (Comcaac)	hapoj			unknown
Serrano	wān'kinihwa't		digging tool, something to dig with	unique						Stubbs 2011:667 (only Takic, and problematic) is the root of this formation	derived, other complex			K. Hill Dict.
Serrano	-hunaqan "ceremonial staff"			inheritance										R&E2000:62
Southern Paiute	missing			missing
Southern Paiute	poro- “cane, staff”;			inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok	sype-		digging stick	inheritance		Proto-Sierra Miwok				also in Mins sype- 'digging stick'; maybe from "wood" (sy…_)	simplex			Broadbent 1964
Southern Sierra Miwok	sype-			inheritance
Southern Ute	pyrychi		space, shovel, root-digger, digging fork. Traditionally a sharp stick used to dig out roots for food	inheritance	*poto	Numic				Stubbs 2011 673	other complex			Charney
Southern Ute	pyrychI “digging fork”			inheritance
Tübatulabal	ūlūynīl		digging stick	loan			Sierra Miwok			CHM has nahhatil 49:267, K. Hill also has 'digging stick', p. 133	derived, other complex			K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tübatulabal	uuluujniil (written uuluuyniil)			loan
Tümpisa Shoshone	poton, potottsi		cane, staff, digging stuck, club, crutches, stick used as tool	inheritance	*poto	Numic				Stubbs 2011 673	simplex			Dayley 1989
Tümpisa Shoshone	poton			inheritance
Urarina	kuj ɲaera	kuj ɲaeɽa												See Language page
Walmajarri	kana			inheritance				WW	%kana1
Walmajarri	kana			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	kukuru			unique
Wappo	hác'e		digging stick, crowbar	unknown							simplex			Sawyer 1965
Wappo	ha/c'e			unknown
Wardaman	milirri			unknown				WW	%milirri
Warrwa	milgin			inheritance
Warrwa	milgin	milkin		inheritance
Washo	díšu		digging stick	unknown							simplex	WHJ p. 503		WHJ
Washo	di/shu 171			unknown										J171
Western Mono	pOdo		digging stick, cane	inheritance	*poto	Numic				Stubbs 2011 673	simplex			Loether & Bethel 1993
Western Mono	po/do “cane, digging stick”			inheritance
Wintu	sen č'us		digging stick	inheritance	*sen	Proto-Wintun				Shpeherd 2006:167	phrase			Schlichter 1981
Wintu	sen c'u:s			inheritance										SH05
Wubuy	arnany			loan
Yan-nhangu	dhoṉa			inheritance
Yan-nhangu	1542			missing
Yandruwandha	130			loan direction unknown
Yarluyandi	[missing]			missing
Yavapai	77ì:pòqpôqa		digging stick	unique							compound	77i: 'wood' pòqpóq 'slender'		Shaterian 1983
Yavapai	??i\:po\qpo/\qa	/\ is circumflex		unique
Yawarrawarrka	14			missing
Yawuru	ganany			loan			Marrngu
Yawuru	ganany	kanany		inheritance
Yir-Yoront	kathn		digging stick, yamstick	inheritance	*kacin	pPaman
Yokuts Palewyami	che'-tel-kin		digging stick	inheritance		Proto-Yokutsan				Yawdanchi she'-tet Merriam 44:187	derived	productive -kin, -ken		Berman 2002
Yokuts Palewyami	che/-til-kin (ch'i ... JHH)			unknown										CHM Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi	tcapoi		digging stick	loan			Southern Sierra Miwok			ah'-se (Porterville) Merriam 44:445; note SSM sype- 'digging stick'	simplex			Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Yawdanchi	tcapoi			unknown										K07:244
Yokuts Yawelmani	to-lo'-we		digging stick	unknown						also ah'-tsĕ, of mountain mahogany	simplex			Merriam 44:529
Yuki	7ëms		digging stick	inheritance	*7ëms	Proto-North Yukian				also 7on pąl(m)ul' lit. stick for digging S&S p. 64	simplex			Schlichter 1985
Yuki	7on pa,l(m)ul'			unknown										S&S1984
Yulparija	wana			inheritance
Yuma	xamalye/L H3:208			unknown


Arabana
Bankalachi Toloim
Bankalachi Toloim
Bardi
Bardi
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bunuba
Bunuba
Burarra
Burarra
Cahuilla
Cahuilla
Carijona
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Cocopa
Comanche
Comanche
Cupeño
Dhangu
Dhangu
Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djapu
Djinang
Djinang
Dâw
Esselen
Gabrielino
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Gooniyandi
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Gurindji
Iipay 'Aa
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Jaru
Jawi
Jawi
Jingulu
Karajarri
Karajarri
Kawaiisu
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kija
Kiliwa
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kitanemuk
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Maidu
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mangala
Mapoyo
Miriwung
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mojave
Mojave
Mudburra
Mudburra
Mudburra
Mutsun
Mutsun
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Ngumbarl
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Nimanburru
Ninam
Ninam
Nisenan
Nisenan
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nyangumarta
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nyulnyul
Paakantyi
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Rembarrnga
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Walmajarri
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Wappo
Wappo
Wardaman
Warrwa
Warrwa
Washo
Washo
Western Mono
Western Mono
Wintu
Wintu
Wubuy
Yan-nhangu
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavapai
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yawuru
Yir-Yoront
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yuki
Yulparija
Yuma

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