Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

if

Semantic Field: grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: si
Meaning Portuguese: se

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	kita, ktate	kita, ktate					See Language page
Aché		#NAME?					See Language page
Aguaruna	ehé	ɨʔɨ					See Language page
Akawaio	a'tai (SM)	aʔtai (SM)		Doubtful loan, direction unknown	Compare Piapoco asáisí		See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect	a'tai (SM)	aʔtai (SM)					See Language page
Arabana	[missing]			missing
Araona		-haomo; -c̷omo					See Language page
Ashuar	{-ka}, {kia}	{-ka}, {kia}					See Language page
Ayoreo		u'heeta; 'heeta; ee'ti					See Language page
Baniwa	kádaa	kádaa		unique			See Language page
Barasano	-habã, -hakẽdẽ	-habã, -hakẽdẽ					See Language page
Bardi	gorror(o)	korror(o)		unknown
Bará		-ri, -gɨ, -go, -ra					See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	missing			missing
Bora	-ʔaxčʰííxʸï, -kʰa	-ʔaxtʃʰííxʲɯ, -kʰa					See Language page
Bunuba	[missing]			missing
Burarra	minyja			unknown
Cahuilla	hawa			unknown			S&H 1979
Camsa	se, sna	se, sna					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	dosh (~ not)	doʃ					See Language page
Carapana	-áta	-áta					See Language page
Carijona	ehihə			doubtful loan	Bora /-ʔaxčʰííxʸï, -kʰa/ and Muiname /-atʃtʃixɨ/		See Language page
Cavineña	ni (C&L89)	ni					See Language page
Central Aymara	jisa	xisa					See Language page
Cha'palaa		-'šu 'hun-'c̷a-ya					See Language page
Chipaya		niki					See Language page
Chiriguano		#NAME?					See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	hak'u			inheritance			Wash 2001:176ff
Chumash Ineseno	hak'u, ku-			inheritance			A 7, 437,
Chumash Ventureno	Aju	j is [x] in this source		unknown			B67:14
Chácobo	roʔaṣ̌o	roʔaṣ̌o					See Language page
Cocopa	ny-, nya-			unknown
Cofán	ta, -nda	ta, nda				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Cubeo	baru	baɾu		unique			See Language page
Cuiva		íʧa	si, if				Huber & Reed 1992:323
Cupeño	chinga	[tʃɪŋə]		unknown
Dhangu	[missing]			missing
Dhuwal	[missing]			missing
Dhuwala	[missing]			missing
Diyari	[missing]			missing
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	[missing]			missing
Djapu	[missing]			missing
Djinang	bilangi			unknown
Dâw		kɔn		unique			See Language page
Epena		ba-da-'paara				Lit. 'be-that.was-if'. Also -'pɨrã; -ra used with past; used with pres. or future.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		#NAME?					See Language page
Esselen	umases (Doc)			unknown			Shaul 1995:223
Eñepa	-npək; -npan (IDS)	-npək; -npan (IDS)		unique			See Language page
Gabrielino	ow/-te /awti/			unknown			CHM/MC255
Gajirrabeng	X
Gooniyandi	[missing]			missing
Guayabero		wɨt		unknown			See Language page
Gupapuyngu	[missing]			missing
Gurindji	nyamu...nga			inheritance
Hodï		tolã		unique			See Language page
Huambisa	ee	ɨ:					See Language page
Hup	tæn	~tæd		unique			See Language page
Ignaciano		te					See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	-vek	[vək]		unknown
Itonama		čaka					See Language page
Jabirr-Jabirr	-gar	-karr		inheritance
Jaru	nyanggan			unique
Kaingang	kỹ	kə̃					See Language page
Kakua		na (verbal suffix) [H&R]		unique			See Language page
Karajarri	3921			unknown
Kariña	a'ta	aʔta	if; when; then				Yamada 2010:720
Karitiana	tykit	tɨkit					See Language page
Katukina		-βi...-βĩ				The first part of this morpheme is suffixed to the first 'if' verb, and the second part is suffixed to the contrary-to-fact ('would have') verb. Also there are other complex constructions.	See Language page
Kija	X
Kiliwa	-win (on verb of protasis)			unknown
Kitanemuk	-iva7			unknown
Kokama	rashi	raʃi					See Language page
Kotiria	~pateni	pãʰtẽnĩ		unique			See Language page
Lake Miwok	miTi			inheritance
Lengua		ankuk					See Language page
Lokono	farokha	ɸaɾokʰa	if				Pet 1987:361
Luiseño	tee			unknown			Elliott
Makushi	ya (IDS)	ya (IDS)		missing			See Language page
Malyangapa	[missing]			missing
Mangala	[missing]			missing
Minica Witoto	í.adï, ní.adï	í.adɯ, ní.adɯ					See Language page
Miriwung	X
Mithaka	[missing]			missing
Mocoví		kiǰim					See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané		hwih'ya					See Language page
Movima	ɗiʔ	ɗiʔ					See Language page
Mudburra	[missing]			missing
Mudburra	abala			unique
Muinane	-aččo, -aččixɨ	-atʃtʃo, -atʃtʃixɨ					See Language page
Murui Witoto	-dena, -na	-dɛna, -na					See Language page
Mutsun	koc “when, if”			unknown			O77:308
Ngamini	[missing]			missing
Ngandi	X			missing
Ngarluma	wayi particle			unique
Nheengatu	ça, aramẽ	sa, aɾamẽ		unknown			See Language page
Nhirrpi	[missing]			missing
Nimanburru	-gar	-karr		inheritance
Nivaclé		ka					https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	-bɨrɨ (IDS)	-bɨrɨ (IDS)					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	[missing]			missing
Northern Nyangumarta	[missing]			missing
Northern Paiute	-na			inheritance			SAA 1982:68
Northern Sierra Miwok	-ka-			unique
Nukak		ti1		unique			See Language page
Nyangumarta	[missing]			missing
Nyikina	ngaloo ngaloo	ngalu ngalu		loan	Pama-Nyungan
Nyulnyul	angad	angad		unknown
Nɨpode Witoto	-i.a	-i.a					See Language page
Paakantyi	[missing]			missing
Pacahuara		daʔ; daʔme					See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		rõ; ramo					See Language page
Paresi	ekoiya... -ya	ekoija... -ja					See Language page
Pemon	inna, sa, inna-pe, inna warai, inna kru, inna wi sane (A1981)	ina, sa, inape, ina waɾai, ina kɾu, ina wi sane (A1981)		unique			See Language page
Piapoco	asáisí	asáisí					See Language page
Pilagá		laa					See Language page
Pirriya	[missing]			missing
Pitta-Pitta	thala			unique
Playero		ínʧa konéta japoitán-ʧi ('cuando lo sabemos' - 'when we know it')					See Language page
Puinave	[-u] (used as a suffix w/ verbs)	u					See Language page
Pumé	-rʊ hudi						See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	ari	aɾi					See Language page
Rirratjingu	[missing]			missing
Ritharrngu	X			missing
Salinan A	Ta- “conditional” (on vb) p. 38			unknown
Salinan M	T(a)-			unknown			Mason 1918:43
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		temeʔ; kataʔmela; katnekɬeheʔ				Also wennek; soomeʔ eŋwaʔɬok; aŋkooʔ.	See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		-aĩ; -aitiã; -anã; -kɨ̃					See Language page
Selknam		hày					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	pix			unknown
Serrano	pyvyipa7			unknown
Shipibo-Konibo		mose; moi̯					See Language page
Sikuani	itsa (1)	ítsa		inheritance			See Language page
Sirionó	awa...so	awa...so					See Language page
Southern Paiute	so:va			unknown
Tacana		da					See Language page
Tatuyo		-áta					See Language page
Tehuelche		or				Cf. 17.430.	See Language page
Tikuna	chi [2]	tʃi					See Language page
Tiriyó	ahtao	ahtao					See Language page
Tuyuka		-gɨ					See Language page
Tübatulabal	tan			unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone	ukkwah,			unknown
Urarina	hananiane	hananiane					See Language page
Wai Wai	tan aw-eši-taw	tan aw-eši-taw					See Language page
Waikhana	-gɨ, -go, -ro, -dã, -je	-gɨ, -go, -ro, -dã, -je					See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	imka	imka					See Language page
Walmajarri	puju			loan
Wangkayutyuru	[missing]			missing
Waorani	ĩ-te baĩ			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	paɨgaɽɨ	paɨgaɽɨ		unknown			See Language page
Wappo	cel'			unknown			T&S
Waurá	-miyã; -ec̷e	-mijã; -e¢e					See Language page
Wayampi	#NAME?	#NAME?					See Language page
Wayuu		maaka					See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		če					See Language page
Wintu	kil (“conditional”)			unknown
Wubuy	maanyji			inheritance?
Yagua	(~ no) netiy, teta; -tiy (conj. Clitic)	netij, teta; tij					See Language page
Yaminahua		-rʊ hudi					See Language page
Yan-nhangu	[missing]			missing
Yandruwandha	[missing]			missing
Yarluyandi	[missing]			missing
Yavitero	íjlanája	íhlanáha					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	[missing]			missing
Yawuru	-dyarri	-jarri		inheritance
Yokuts Yawdanchi	akam “perhaps”			unknown			K07:273
Yokuts Yowlumne	Taw			unknown			N1944:238
Yuki	-ika			unknown			S&S1984
Yukpa	pip						See Language page
Yukuna	ee	ee		unique			See Language page
Záparo	ihya	ihja					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Barasano
Bardi
Bará
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Central Aymara
Cha'palaa
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Itonama
Jabirr-Jabirr
Jaru
Kaingang
Kakua
Karajarri
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Kotiria
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Nimanburru
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Paakantyi
Pacahuara
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Quechua Ayacuchano
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Tacana
Tatuyo
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayuu
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Wubuy
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yarluyandi
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Záparo

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