Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

if

Semantic Field
grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
si
Meaning Portuguese
se

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone missing missing
Cahuilla hawa unknown S&H 1979
Chumash Barbareno hak'u inheritance Wash 2001:176ff
Chumash Ineseno hak'u, ku- inheritance A 7, 437,
Chumash Ventureno Aju j is [x] in this source unknown B67:14
Cocopa ny-, nya- unknown
Cupeño chinga [tʃɪŋə] unknown
Esselen umases (Doc) unknown Shaul 1995:223
Gabrielino ow/-te /awti/ unknown CHM/MC255
Iipay 'Aa -vek [vək] unknown
Kiliwa -win (on verb of protasis) unknown
Kitanemuk -iva7 unknown
Lake Miwok miTi inheritance
Luiseño tee unknown Elliott
Mutsun koc “when, if” unknown O77:308
Northern Paiute -na inheritance SAA 1982:68
Northern Sierra Miwok -ka- unique
Salinan A Ta- “conditional” (on vb) p. 38 unknown
Salinan M T(a)- unknown Mason 1918:43
Seri (Comcaac) pix unknown
Serrano pyvyipa7 unknown
Southern Paiute so:va unknown
Tübatulabal tan unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone ukkwah, unknown
Wappo cel' unknown T&S
Wintu kil (“conditional”) unknown
Yokuts Yawdanchi akam “perhaps” unknown K07:273
Yokuts Yowlumne Taw unknown N1944:238
Yuki -ika unknown S&S1984
Baniwa kádaa kádaa unique See Language page
Carijona ehihə doubtful loan Bora /-ʔaxčʰííxʸï, -kʰa/ and Muiname /-atʃtʃixɨ/ See Language page
Cubeo baru baɾu unique See Language page
Dâw kɔn unique See Language page
Eñepa -npək; -npan (IDS) -npək; -npan (IDS) unique See Language page
Hodï tolã unique See Language page
Waorani ĩ-te baĩ unique See Language page
Hup tæn ~tæd unique See Language page
Kakua na (verbal suffix) [H&R] unique See Language page
Makushi ya (IDS) ya (IDS) missing See Language page
Nheengatu ça, aramẽ sa, aɾamẽ unknown See Language page
Nukak ti1 unique See Language page
Pemon inna, sa, inna-pe, inna warai, inna kru, inna wi sane (A1981) ina, sa, inape, ina waɾai, ina kɾu, ina wi sane (A1981) unique See Language page
Sikuani itsa (1) ítsa inheritance See Language page
Kotiria ~pateni pãʰtẽnĩ unique See Language page
Yukuna ee ee unique See Language page
Arabana [missing] missing
Bardi gorror(o) korror(o) unknown
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra minyja unknown
Dhangu [missing] missing
Dhuwal [missing] missing
Dhuwala [missing] missing
Diyari [missing] missing
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing
Djapu [missing] missing
Djinang bilangi unknown
Gajirrabeng X
Gooniyandi [missing] missing
Gupapuyngu [missing] missing
Gurindji nyamu...nga inheritance
Jabirr-Jabirr -gar -karr inheritance
Jaru nyanggan unique
Karajarri 3921 unknown
Kija X
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala [missing] missing
Miriwung X
Mithaka [missing] missing
Mudburra [missing] missing
Mudburra abala unique
Ngamini [missing] missing
Ngandi X missing
Ngarluma wayi particle unique
Nhirrpi [missing] missing
Nimanburru -gar -karr inheritance
Northern Mangarla [missing] missing
Northern Nyangumarta [missing] missing
Nyangumarta [missing] missing
Nyikina ngaloo ngaloo ngalu ngalu loan Pama-Nyungan
Nyulnyul angad angad unknown
Paakantyi [missing] missing
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta thala unique
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu X missing
Walmajarri puju loan
Wangkayutyuru [missing] missing
Wubuy maanyji inheritance?
Yan-nhangu [missing] missing
Yandruwandha [missing] missing
Yarluyandi [missing] missing
Yawarrawarrka [missing] missing
Yawuru -dyarri -jarri inheritance
Achagua kita, ktate kita, ktate See Language page
Piapoco asáisí asáisí See Language page
Yavitero íjlanája íhlanáha See Language page
Wapishana paɨgaɽɨ paɨgaɽɨ unknown See Language page
Wayuu maaka See Language page
Paresi ekoiya... -ya ekoija... -ja See Language page
Ignaciano te See Language page
Waurá -miyã; -ec̷e -mijã; -e¢e See Language page
Cha'palaa -'šu 'hun-'c̷a-ya See Language page
Bora -ʔaxčʰííxʸï, -kʰa -ʔaxtʃʰííxʲɯ, -kʰa See Language page
Muinane -aččo, -aččixɨ -atʃtʃo, -atʃtʃixɨ See Language page
Akawaio a'tai (SM) aʔtai (SM) Doubtful loan, direction unknown Compare Piapoco asáisí See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect a'tai (SM) aʔtai (SM) See Language page
Tiriyó ahtao ahtao See Language page
Wai Wai tan aw-eši-taw tan aw-eši-taw See Language page
Waimiri Atroari imka imka See Language page
Yukpa pip See Language page
Northern Emberá -bɨrɨ (IDS) -bɨrɨ (IDS) See Language page
Epena ba-da-'paara Lit. 'be-that.was-if'. Also -'pɨrã; -ra used with past; used with pres. or future. See Language page
Guayabero wɨt unknown See Language page
Cuiva íʧa si, if Huber & Reed 1992:323
Playero ínʧa konéta japoitán-ʧi ('cuando lo sabemos' - 'when we know it') See Language page
Cofán ta, -nda ta, nda phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra dosh (~ not) doʃ See Language page
Tikuna chi [2] tʃi See Language page
Urarina hananiane hananiane See Language page
Camsa se, sna se, sna See Language page
Pumé -rʊ hudi See Language page
Puinave [-u] (used as a suffix w/ verbs) u See Language page
Ashuar {-ka}, {kia} {-ka}, {kia} See Language page
Huambisa ee ɨ: See Language page
Aguaruna ehé ɨʔɨ See Language page
Katukina -βi...-βĩ The first part of this morpheme is suffixed to the first 'if' verb, and the second part is suffixed to the contrary-to-fact ('would have') verb. Also there are other complex constructions. See Language page
Pacahuara daʔ; daʔme See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo mose; moi̯ See Language page
Yaminahua -rʊ hudi See Language page
Chácobo roʔaṣ̌o roʔaṣ̌o See Language page
Yagua (~ no) netiy, teta; -tiy (conj. Clitic) netij, teta; tij See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano ari aɾi See Language page
Bará -ri, -gɨ, -go, -ra See Language page
Barasano -habã, -hakẽdẽ -habã, -hakẽdẽ See Language page
Carapana -áta -áta See Language page
Waikhana -gɨ, -go, -ro, -dã, -je -gɨ, -go, -ro, -dã, -je See Language page
Tatuyo -áta See Language page
Tuyuka -gɨ See Language page
Karitiana tykit tɨkit See Language page
Kokama rashi raʃi See Language page
Wayampi #NAME? #NAME? See Language page
Aché #NAME? See Language page
Chiriguano #NAME? See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní rõ; ramo See Language page
Sirionó awa...so awa...so See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto -i.a -i.a See Language page
Minica Witoto í.adï, ní.adï í.adɯ, ní.adɯ See Language page
Murui Witoto -dena, -na -dɛna, -na See Language page
Záparo ihya ihja See Language page
Araona -haomo; -c̷omo See Language page
Ese Ejja #NAME? See Language page
Tacana da See Language page
Cavineña ni (C&L89) ni See Language page
Central Aymara jisa xisa See Language page
Itonama čaka See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané hwih'ya See Language page
Movima ɗiʔ ɗiʔ See Language page
Kaingang kỹ kə̃ See Language page
Chipaya niki See Language page
Mocoví kiǰim See Language page
Pilagá laa See Language page
Lengua ankuk See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité temeʔ; kataʔmela; katnekɬeheʔ Also wennek; soomeʔ eŋwaʔɬok; aŋkooʔ. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet -aĩ; -aitiã; -anã; -kɨ̃ See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay če See Language page
Nivaclé ka https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo u'heeta; 'heeta; ee'ti See Language page
Selknam hày See Language page
Tehuelche or Cf. 17.430. See Language page
Lokono farokha ɸaɾokʰa if Pet 1987:361
Kariña a'ta aʔta if; when; then Yamada 2010:720