Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Nukak

Family: Kakua-Nukakan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: mbr
Location: 2.66°, -71.46°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Cabrera, G., Franky, C. and Mahecha, D. 1999. Los nikak: nómadas de la Amazonía colombiana. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Fundación Gaia – Amazonas, Bogotá. Huber, R. and Reed, R. (1992). Comparative vocabulary: selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia. ILV, Bogotá. Franky Calvo, Carlos Eduardo. 2011. Acompañarnos contentos con la familia’ Unidad, diferencia y conflicto entre los Nükak (Amazonia colombiana). PhD dissertation, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Politis, Gustavo G. 2007. Nukak: Ethnoarchaeology of an Amazonian people.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar		missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	ɸiit²	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	wɛɛm2	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	jɛɛbm2	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	mɛɛm2	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	kɛɛt2	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	kaan2, kaanʔ2	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location		missing			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar		missing			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	dupi1	unique			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar		missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body		missing			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body		missing			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	hũũʔ2	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location		missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	kolibaʔ	doubtful loan, direction unknown	W Tukanoan, Siona gɨrɨbɨ		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	jee3	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	tɨ4naʔ4 nɨi3	unique			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	t∫ɨka4	unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location		missing			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	niʔ4	unique			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	tʃããk2	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	hɛ̃lẽ4	unique			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	mɛʔɛp2	inheritance	compare Puinave ma		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	hei2	unique			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body		missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	mikIwɛ̃p4att	unique			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	hõõ3	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body		missing			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	pãũʔ3	unique			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body		missing			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	weʔ4	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion		missing			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	hei2	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	kɨpɨ2	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	hãuʔ2	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact		missing			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	huɛʔ2	unique			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental		missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental		missing			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	ʔiibm3	inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	dʓa1wap4	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	bɨɨdn2	inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	baadn2	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna		missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	kei2hɨm4	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental		missing			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	haha2	unique			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	kala2	loan	E Tukanoan: Barasano, Macuna, Tatuyo kara		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	ʔɛʔ4ka1	inheritance			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	ʔuh4	inheritance			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	mũnĩ4 nɨ̃t1	inheritance	compare Puinave mut		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	naah2	unique			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	wam4	unique			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	tip (M99), t∫ɨka4daʔ4	loan (into protolg?); unique	Nadahup		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	ʔɛn4at1	unique			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body		missing			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	bɨɨgn2	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	dʒɨɨp2	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	jii3	doubtful loan into proto-language	E Tukanoan, e.g. Desano ɨji; compare also Puinave ye		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	iip3	loan (into proto-language?)	Nadahup, e.g. Hup ʔíp		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ʔɨɨm3	doubtful loan into proto-language	Nadahup, e.g. Hup ʔɔm		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	t∫ẽi3	unique			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	teiʔ3 nɨi3	unique			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	tɨ̃ã4	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	a1kaji2	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	nuuh2	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	kɛʔɛ4	unique			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	hɛɛn3	unique			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	hei2	inheritance			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	tʔɨ̃i4att	unknown			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	daʔ4	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	huɛʔ2	unique	cf. Puinave		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	hɛ̃lẽ4	unique			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state		missing			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	tʃẽĩ3	unique			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	teiʔ3	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	wau2	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	hui2	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	haa3attdaʔ4	unique			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	tʃudn4	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion		missing			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	baak2	unique			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	tʃah4	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	hihiI	unknown			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	dɛdn-pãʔ1	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	ti1	unique			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	liʔ1	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	paan2at1tããʔ2	unique			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body		missing			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	mau4	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	heiʔ3	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	iim3bɛʔ4	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental		missing			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	nɨu3	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	tʃep4	unique			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	naat3	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	ɲah4	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	hɨdɨʔteu4at1	unique	cf. thunder		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body		missing			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	t∫alu2	unique			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	dʒɨɨp2	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna		missing		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	tʃaa2tʃaa2hat1	inheritance			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	t∫aʔ4bu1	unique			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	t∫kɨi2	unique			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	widʔ4	doubtful loan into proto-language, direction unknown	Nadahup wædhɔ, widhɔ		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	iin3	loan into proto-language	Puinave, Nadahup		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	bii3	unique			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	paan2at1it1	unique			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	nãuʔ2wa4hat1	unique			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body		missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	dʒɨɨp2ka1	unique			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ʔeu4 tããʔ2	unique			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	kobm4	unique			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	t∫ei4	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	dʒabʔ4	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	wɨik2	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	maa3	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	miik3	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other		missing			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	biiʔ2	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body		missing			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	nɨ4kãk1	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	baak2 ('hit', H&R)	missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	kaan2de1	unique			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	mɛ̃lu2	unique			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	bakaʔ1	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	nama2	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	naʔ4	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	duiʔ4	unique			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	ʔuun3	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	niih2	doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	Tukanoan, e.g. Tukano nii 'say'; see also Quechua		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact		missing			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	ʔen4	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	ʔɛʔ4	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact		missing			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	dʒɨɨp2ka1 ['not long']	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	pelu4	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental		missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	wɨɨ2jah4	unique			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	nɨi3	unique			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	hea2	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	ʔɨ̃ũ4	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	bai2	inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	hei2	unique			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	wĩĩh3	loan	Tukanoan: e.g. Desano, Wanano, Macuna wĩhĩ	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body		missing			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	bɨɨʔ3	unknown			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	bui3	unique			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	tah4	inheritance			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	ɲaʔ4	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	kɨi3	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other		missing			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	tɨ4naʔ4	unique			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	hee2	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	ɸiibʔ3	doubtful loan	Tukanoan: Wanano wĩmĩ; Cubeo vivi		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	widʔ4	unique			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body		missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	ʔolo2	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	pɨgʔ4 teu4	unique			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	tããʔ2	unique			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	kan4	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	min4	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	bai2	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	hɛnaʔ4	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	nin4	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number		missing			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body		missing			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	dʒuʔ4	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	hɨhɨ2at1	unique			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	hiign3	unique			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	nɨik2	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	mau3	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other		missing		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	t∫ɛne1	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	ʔɛɛgn3	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	hibm4	unique			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	kaan2de1	unique			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	bɛbe4	unknown			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	dee2de	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	dee3maniʔ4	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	dedn4-diʔ1	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	pat∫e3waʔ4	unique			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	dɛʔɛ4	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	tãʔ4bɨʔ4	unknown			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	huʔ4at1	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	mɨ4ɸããp3	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	nɨ4mat1	unique			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other		missing			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body		missing			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	dʓole2	unique			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Word Structure	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	mée; mɛkũnde (H&R)			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	mú (Politis)			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	ʧakun2de1 (H&R); wuw (Politis)			loan - WW; inheritance	TG %jakare				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing					missing	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	méu (P07)			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	mɨh4 buu2 li4			unique		morphologically complex, in Kakua would mean (river-loc-obj) see also yuhup: m'æh pog ['big water snake']			compound	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	hõĩ4			doubtful loan	Puinave	hui			uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	pẽõʔ2 ni4 de1			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	núu (Politis)			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	dii			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	yúbudi (P07)			unique					uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	ji-ni, hiʔni (H&R)			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	nɨ̃ũʔ			doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Ocaina	nõõï̃, nõã́ã́ʔɸiʔtʸa			uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		nɨ1jɨputu4			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	wipichacum (duguetia spixiana sp); maám-ára (duguetia hirsuta sp)			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	yáab butu (P07)			unique					uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	heno1 ni4			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	dárua			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	pátchu (Politis)			doubtful loan - WW	%tʃuru; prob origin Quechua	Matses poʃtó			uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	wãb (Cabrera et al)			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	kԑʧuʔ4			loan (into protolg?)	Arawak				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	wekiri (P07)			unique		[loan or morph complex?]			uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	buu (Heteropsis tenuispadix sp)			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	tudãʔci			inheritance					missing	See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	píka			doubtful loan	Jivaroan paki	see Jivaro, Carib paki			uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	paab3 (H&R)			inheritance	possibly semantic shift				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	ʤuwe3			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	wãã2			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna			wãã2		inheritance						See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	nɨ2 jɨp4 ʧeI hooˀ2 ʤi4			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna			nɨ2jɨ4tʃe1hooʔ2dʒi4		unique						See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		a1 kaji2			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	nuún (P07)			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	tãŋãp2			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing					missing	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	dʒilip (H&R)			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola										See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi				missing					missing	See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	ʔԑwe4			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	biaʔ (H&R; Tukanoan loan), tubni-dé			loan	East Tukanoan	bia; see also tubni-dé '? pain'			uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	mɨ̃ʔ1 a4 bu4			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	buʔ jup4			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	chitá: inga alba; wapdeja: inga fastuosa			unique; doubtful loan	cf. Piaroa wipoʔruæ, Arawak wiru				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	hio2			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	puyú (P07)			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	jauʔ3			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	weá, kánáʔ (P07)			loan - WW; loan - WW	Tukanoan; Arawak	wea = Cubeo or West Tukanoan; kana = Arawak	WW	%kana	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	tũĩ; yedn-yíbu, kahiwa (dialectal variants; Cab et al)			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta				missing					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	eú, uj			unknown					uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	ʤɨbɨ1			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	dɨlɨ1 boʔ4			unique					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing					missing	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	wԑn4 daawa4			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	muni4bu4			doubtful loan	Witoto, e.g. Murui monuiθɯ	Murui Witito monuiθɯ or Ocaina (Bora) mṍṍn̵õhõ			uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	kԑԑbm2			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	ʔԑlԑʔ4			loan - WW	from Secoya or Ocaina ere? see alsoʔeleʔ forms in Guicuruan, Matacoan	see Secoya ɛrɛ			uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	huruda-wa (P07)			doubtful loan	Ocaina tʲoroodʲo, Aguaruna kuun(ta)	compare Ocaina tʲoroodʲo			uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	münü, juñuni (dialectal variants: Meu Muno and Wayari Muno groups); ürê ('used by ancestors', also present in Tukanoan); búyup, juyuni	mɨnɨ, huɲuni (dialectal), ɨre ('used by ancestors')	Bactris gasipaes; Bactris gasipaes Humb. & Bonpl. ex Kunth; chontaduro	unique		ɨre term is Tukanoan loan			uncoded	Calvo, Eduardo 2011: 226, 241; Politis 2007: 247	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	chuú, cupuri			doubtful loan (into protolanguage?) - WW	%tʃihõ	see Huambisa tʃiu			uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	ʔԑʔ4 ni4 (H&R); dãt (Cabrera et al)			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	kɨɨdn2 (H&R)			doubtful loan into protolanguage	Bora	kʰɯni			uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	yáab (P07)			missing					missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		mãĩ4			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	pɨ̃pɨ̃ʔ4			loan	East Tukanoan, prob. Cubwo	e.g. Desano bʉpʉ			uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	turú, mamu4 (yam H&R)			doubtful loan	Baniwa	torówali; inherited form mamo also exists (Huber & Reed 1992)			uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	kioʔI ni4 deI			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	nããnˀ3			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	bubu1 daʔ			loan	Cubeo	bʉbʉ-kɔ or other Tukanoan			uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	húup (P07); ɲɨna (H&R)			doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Puinave	hǝp			uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	ɲãkoʔ4			doubtful loan	cf. Warao naku, Puinave juk	semantic shift? See crab in Kakua			uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	nih			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		tɨnaʔ4			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	wuaáp (Politis)			inheritance					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	jaa2ka4paa2ni4de1			unique					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita				missing					missing	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				missing					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	múu (Politis)			inheritance					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				missing					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology					See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	dii	unique		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	ʔɛʔniʔ; cʌk (Cab et al)	unknown; inheritance		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool				can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material		missing			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	jũ:	unique			See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material					See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material		missing			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	ɲahat	unique			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material		missing			See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	ʔɨɨʔ	inheritance		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation					See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture		missing		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	tɨweidɨʔ	unique		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material		missing			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	tɨnaʔaa; ha (Cab et al)	unique			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation		missing			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kajuʔ2	loan	Cubeo kájukore		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology		missing			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology		missing			See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	baakatnaʔ				See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	tɛru			hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology		missing		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology					See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology		missing			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture		missing		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool		missing		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology					See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other		missing		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture		missing		prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology					See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other					See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	tɨa	inheritance			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	pujat	unique			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food		missing			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool					See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool					See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food		missing		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food		missing		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	pɛt dãʔ	unique		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food		missing		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology		missing			See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	dárua	unique			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool		missing		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology					See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool		missing		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation		missing			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	ʔimdʒi	unique			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress		missing			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics					See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food		missing		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	mɨɨ2	inheritance			See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food		missing			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	iibmatdaʔ	unknown	calque Kakua?		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	dɨʔ				See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material		missing			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	wɛɛdʌʔ, tegnĩ (dialectal variants; Cab et al)	unique			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	pɨgʔatnɨi	unique			See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology					See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology					See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation		missing			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool					See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other					See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material		missing			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation					See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	waam	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Puinave wãm		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology		missing			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology					See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tããʔ2	unique			See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	taadn (H&R)	unique			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation					See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology		missing		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress					See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material		missing			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation		missing			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology		missing			See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	ɲumoʔ2	unique			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool		missing			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food		missing			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material					See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	mɛlɛʔ4 'cane' (H&R)				See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food		missing		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology					See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	nɛɛʔ3at1	unknown			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food		missing		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture		missing		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	parupi' (Politis07)	unique		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other		missing			See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	werep, dugup (dialectal variants, Cab et al)	doubtful loan; unknown	Tupi-Guarani	agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries

Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
300	small	HG	low	mobile	Interfluvial

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries