Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

3pl

Semantic Field
grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
ellos/ellas
Meaning Portuguese
eles/elas

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ma- inheritance
Cahuilla pemem inheritance S 1977
Central Sierra Miwok 7i:-ko- inheritance
Chemehuevi ma-m(y) (vis) inheritance
Chumash Barbareno s-ij unknown Ono 1996:21
Chumash Ineseno kayuwun' (indep. pronoun) unknown A 168
Chumash Ventureno ci- (def), cam- (indef) unknown Harrington 1974:3
Cocopa animate subj: a:-, aw-, u-, u:-, 7aw-, 7u-; unknown
Comanche ma- + plural inheritance
Cupeño pem [pəm] inheritance
Esselen laT, lawis unknown Shaul 1995:209
Gabrielino 7em loan
Iipay 'Aa pupch [pʊptʃ] unknown
Kawaiisu sa-ma-my unknown
Kitanemuk 7amam inheritance
Lake Miwok 7ikko (plural) inheritance
Luiseño pom-o/m inheritance
Maidu mym bomo “those (plural)” unknown
Mojave vidaachvch inheritance
Mutsun /haysa unknown O77:44, 165
Nisenan myse, mysa, etc. inheritance
Northern Paiute umy inheritance SAA 1982
Northern Sierra Miwok 7is:ak:o inheritance
Plains Miwok 7ik:o- inheritance
Salinan A heyo:/'t (A), unknown
Salinan M hewo/'t unknown Mason 1918:32
Seri (Comcaac) ee unknown
Serrano a:m inheritance
Southern Paiute am:y- “they, those” inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok 7is:ak-koH- inheritance
Southern Ute mamys (an, dl or pl, vis) inheritance
Tübatulabal inta unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone matymmy, inheritance
Wappo heko:to, ceko:to unknown
Washo gi/.w unknown J443
Western Mono mahu/wY/ inheritance
Wintu pite inheritance
Yavapai nytha^chvch inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami 7aman unknown JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi na:n inheritance K07:221
Yokuts Yowlumne 7ama: inheritance N44:229
Yuki ki-, ki(7), ki:, kih unknown S&S 1984
Arabana [missing] missing
Bardi irr irr inheritance
Bunuba [missing] missing
Burarra [missing] missing
Dhangu walal(a) inheritance
Dhuwal walal(a) inheritance
Dhuwala walal(a) inheritance
Diyari thana inheritance
DiyariREU [missing] missing
Djambarrpuyngu 1069 inheritance
Djapu walal(a) inheritance
Djinang nyani inheritance
Gajirrabeng boorroo inheritance
Gooniyandi bidi
Gupapuyngu walal(a) inheritance
Gurindji nyarrulu inheritance
Jaru nyilandi inheritance
Jawi irr(i) irr(i) inheritance
Karajarri -ya loan
Kija perre- inheritance
Malyangapa [missing] missing
Mangala paniyarti inheritance
Miriwung boorroo inheritance
Mithaka tana inheritance
Mudburra ngalinya-ngalinya
Mudburra nyani tartu inheritance
Ngamini thana inheritance
Ngarluma palu-kurla
Ngumbarl tchammin, yeeramulla jamin, yirrmala inheritance
Nhirrpi thanawiri inheritance
Northern Mangarla [missing] missing
Northern Nyangumarta jana inheritance
Nyangumarta jana inheritance
Nyikina yirrka yirrka inheritance
Nyulnyul iere yirra inheritance
Paakantyi –ika unique
Pirriya [missing] missing
Pitta-Pitta thana inheritance
Rirratjingu [missing] missing
Ritharrngu dhali unique
Walmajarri nyantuwarnti inheritance
Wangkayutyuru [missing] missing
Yan-nhangu dhana inheritance
Yandruwandha thana inheritance
Yarluyandi thana inheritance
Yawarrawarrka thana inheritance
Yawuru -irr -irr inheritance
Achagua najá najá inheritance See Language page
Piapoco nía nía See Language page
Yukuna neká neká inheritance See Language page
Tariana n(a)ha n(a)ha inheritance See Language page
Baniwa nháa nháa inheritance See Language page
Resígaro ú (ellos), mi?á ú (ellos), miʔá inheritance See Language page
Yavitero anini anini See Language page
Bare kuhuni kuhuni See Language page
Wapishana ɨnau ɨnau inheritance Proto North Arawak See Language page
Wayuu na-ya; hi-a-ir̃ua Respectively: male and female. See Language page
Paresi exenai (close); hatyonai (farther away) eʃenai (close); hatyonai (farther away) unknown See Language page
Ignaciano 'e-na See Language page
Trinitario na-; nae- Respectively: before consonants and back vowels; before front vowels. Pronoun is eno. See Language page
Baure no-'ti no-'ti inheritance See Language page
Waurá napapa napapa inheritance See Language page
Cha'palaa 'ya-'la-ʔ Possessive: 'their' is 'ya-'la-ʔ; 'theirs' is 'ya-i-či. See Language page
Bora aá-tʰʸe, tií-tʰʸe {pl}, aatʰʸé-tsʰi, tiitʰʸé-tsʰi {m.d.}, aatʰʸé-pʰɨ, tiitʰʸé-pʰɨ {f.d.} aá-tʰʲɛ, tií-tʰʲɛ {pl}, aatʰʲέ-tsʰi, tiitʰʲέ-tsʰi {m.d.}, aatʰʲέ-pʰɨ, tiitʰʲέ-pʰɨ {f.d.} unknown; inheritance See Language page
Muinane díí-to {pl}, díítɨ-si {m.d.}, díítɨ-ɸe {f.d.} díí-to {pl}, díítɨ-si {m.d.}, díítɨ-ɸɛ {f.d.} See Language page
Akawaio tok tɔk inheritance Akawaio-Pemon See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect kamɔrɔ kamɔrɔ See Language page
Apalai enaroro enaroro inheritance See Language page
Wayana inamolo inamolo inheritance See Language page
Carijona makamoro (masc.) inheritance See Language page
Tiriyó namo (anaphoric) namo inheritance See Language page
Eñepa kamonton kamonton inheritance See Language page
Makiritare tɨnwano (IDS); tünwanno, ka:nno (KH) (also them) tɨnwano (IDS); tɨnwanno, ka:nno (KH) inheritance See Language page
Makushi ínka-mo-ró ínka-mo-ró inheritance See Language page
Mapoyo naaton (namotomo) naaton (namotomo) See Language page
Pemon tok (E1980); mi'yamörö (ellos) (M2000) tɔk (E1980) inheritance See Language page
Wai Wai mošam (near); ɲešamro (distant) mošam (near); ɲešamro (distant) inheritance See Language page
Yabarana tawsantomo See Language page
Yukpa o'ka See Language page
Muisca asy asɨ See Language page
Barí oračidyi See Language page
Northern Emberá ã'ǰa; ã'rã (IDS) ã'ǰa; ã'rã (IDS) See Language page
Epena 'ãra; 'ãči Respectively: unmarked; marked. See Language page
Guayabero ha-pí unique See Language page
Macaguan isnɨ́ unique See Language page
Sikuani po-mó:nae inheritance Sik-Cuiva-Playero group See Language page
Cuiva ba-ra-po-mónae, ba-po-mónac y po-monae ellos, they Huber & Reed 1992:207
Playero bahará-po-móne See Language page
Cofán jo´e, jondeccu, tsendeccu hoʔɛ, hoⁿdɛkʰi, tsɛⁿdɛkʰi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Taushiro na´ne in naʔnɨ in See Language page
Páez tyãawe´sh See Language page
Tikuna nũmagũ [3-5, 4, 2] nũmagũ unique See Language page
Urarina akaʉrʉ akaʉrʉ unique See Language page
Camsa chat tʃat See Language page
Andoke hǝü(k)khah (RW52) unique See Language page
Waorani dãia-s unique See Language page
Hodï diti - he (pl) dyudi - she (pl) unique See Language page
Pumé ǫdȩrõ See Language page
Puinave ot ot unique See Language page
Warao tatuma tatuma See Language page
Ashuar ni (ausent) / áu (present) ni / au See Language page
Huambisa nita nita See Language page
Aguaruna dita dita inheritance See Language page
Nukak kɛɛt2 inheritance See Language page
Kakua kět inheritance See Language page
Hup hɨ́d hɨ́d inheritance See Language page
Yuhup hɨ̌d hɨ̌d See Language page
Dâw rid hid inheritance See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect la-, ʃa- unique See Language page
Matses a, abi a, abi inheritance See Language page
Kakataibo ato *Panoan form is *ato. See Language page
Katukina hato-βo; hatoβão; -βo See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo hato See Language page
Yaminahua atõ; ato Respectively: ergative; absolutive. Also oa tiitõ; oa-tii 'those'; nãβaβɨ̃; naβo 'these'. See Language page
Chácobo ka-; hato ka-; hato unknown; inheritance See Language page
Yagua riy rij unique See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano paykuna pajkuna See Language page
Piaroa jwätü hwætũ inheritance See Language page
Sáliva jĩtuhu (ellos) hĩtuʔu (ellos) inheritance See Language page
Bará kɨ̃́hã See Language page
Barasano ~ida (mf); ti (n.) ~ida (mf); ti (n.) See Language page
Cubeo dinomiva (fem.), na (masc.) dinomiva (fem.), na (masc.) inheritance See Language page
Carapana na, to (inan.) nã, tɔ See Language page
Desano ẽrã ẽrã inheritance See Language page
Kotiria tίnã (stenz) tίnã (stenz) inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Makuna ~ida (mf); iti (n.) ~ida (mf); iti (n.) inheritance See Language page
Yuruti kɨ̃́hã kɨ̃́hã See Language page
Waikhana tiki-dã tiki-dã See Language page
Siriano ĩ-'gɨ̃́-sã ĩ-'gɨ̃́-sã See Language page
Tanimuca ĩ'rã ĩ'rã inheritance See Language page
Tatuyo dã, dã dã, dã See Language page
Tukano ná ná inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page
Tuyuka 'kɨ̃ã ʔkɨ̃ã See Language page
Waimaja kɨ̃́hã kɨ̃́hã See Language page
Maihiki que juna ja (male) (juna=animated beings)/ñiona ja (female) ke xuna xã / ɲiona xã inheritance See Language page
Koreguaje jeena xeena inheritance See Language page
Siona pˀakʷa pˀakʷa unknown See Language page
Secoya jaohua'i hãõ'waʔi See Language page
Nheengatu tau, tai tau, tai (etym: from "ta" which is most likely a 3rd person possesive) unique See Language page
Kokama inu inu unknown See Language page
Wayampi ɔ-...-kupa; ãwĩ-kũ ɔ-...-kupa; ãwĩ-kũ unknown See Language page
Aché go unknown See Language page
Chiriguano hae-reta inheritance See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní haʔe-'kuera See Language page
Sirionó ae; ukĩ̯ ~ ũkĩ̯ ae; ukĩ̯ ~ ũkĩ̯ inheritance See Language page
Ocaina ïï-sa, áá {pl}, ïï-m̵á(ha) {m.d.}, ïï-ká(ha) {f.d.} ɯɯ-sa, áá {pl}, ɯɯ-m̵á(ha) {m.d.}, ɯɯ-ká(ha) {f.d.} inheritance See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto apé-makï {pl}, apé-maï-ǰïnoï {m.d.}, dáï-ǰïnoï {md.} apέ-makɯ {pl}, apέ-maɯ-dʒɯnoɯ {m.d.}, dáɯ-dʒɯnoɯ {md.} See Language page
Minica Witoto aɸé-makï {pl}, í.ai-ǰïnoï {m.d.}, í.aï-ŋu.aï {f.d.} aɸέ-makɯ {pl}, í.ai-dʒɯnoɯ {m.d.}, í.aɯ-ŋu.aɯ {f.d.} See Language page
Murui Witoto i-makï {pl}, i.a-ma.i.aï {m.d.}, i.aï-ñu.aï {f.d.} i-makɯ {pl}, i.a-ma.i.aɯ {m.d.}, i.aɯ-ɲu.aɯ {f.d.} inheritance See Language page
Ninam pək, kama kɨpə (dual EM72), kama pɨkə (pl. anim. EM72), thəkə (pl. inanim. EM72) pək, kama kɨpə, kama pɨkə, tʰəkə inheritance See Language page
Yanomam kama kəp (dual EM72), kama thəp (pə) (pl. non-dist. EM72), thəp (pl. inan. EM72) kama kəp, kama tʰəp (pə), tʰəp inheritance See Language page
Yanomami pə; tʰə pə, kama kə kɨbɨ (kama pə kɨbɨ, kama thə kɨbɨ) (dual EM72), kama thəpə (kama pə) (pl. non-dist. EM72) pə; tʰə pə, kama kə kɨbɨ (kama pə kɨbɨ, kama tʰə kɨbɨ), kama tʰəpə (kama pə) inheritance See Language page
Sanumá ki tɨkɨ (dual EM72), ki tɨpɨ (pl. non-dist. EM72) ki tɨkɨ, ki tɨpɨ inheritance See Language page
Iquito na-, nahuaáca (stand-alone pronominal form) na-, nawaáka (stand-alone pronominal form) inheritance See Language page
Záparo nukwaka nukʷaka See Language page
Wari karam maʔ karam maʔ See Language page
Araona kana; naeda Dual form is dec̷e; wac̷e-beta-we; wac̷e-da See Language page
Ese Ejja okʷana; oyakʷana inheritance See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo o-kwana-ya; o-'kwana-ya; o-xaña (Girard 1971); o-ya-kwana (Girard 1971) o-kwana-ya; o-'kwana-ya; o-xaña; o-ya-kwana See Language page
Tacana toneda See Language page
Cavineña to-na; to-na-ra (The former is the absolutive form, the latter is the ergative form) to-na; to-na-ra inheritance See Language page
Central Aymara jupanaka xupanaka See Language page
Cayuvava -riki ~ iki; m- na'ičiki, 'them, theirs'; t-; te- indefinite. See Language page
Itonama ohnitʸeʔke See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané mœ'ʔin; mo'ʔin Respectively: male and female. See Language page
Movima is-ko is-ko See Language page
Trumai uan uan unique See Language page
Kaingang ag ʔaŋ; Φaŋ See Language page
Suyá níra níra See Language page
Djeoromitxi na na See Language page
Chipaya ninaka See Language page
Mocoví -ʔmaʁare This form must be prefixed by any of the six prefixes, which indicate gender, position, motion, and number. See 02.930, and discussion in language description. See Language page
Pilagá -ʔme Cf. 02.930. See Language page
Toba -maǰi-pi This occurs with prefixes indicating gender, number, position, and motion. See 'he/she' 02.930. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité [zero] Zero occurs with pluralized form of verb. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet -- See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay ɬam-iɬ See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja l-am-is See Language page
Maca ec̷iween Other forms indicate the distance between speakers. See Language page
Nivaclé ɬa-waača they https://ids.clld.org/
Ayoreo o'reeʔ See Language page
Mapudungun feyeŋɨn 'They (dual)' is feyeŋu. Ranquel form is kiðueŋɨn; dual kiðueŋu. See Language page
Qawasqar c̷aw Bo records c̷awɬ-kyekal for Central QWS. See Language page
Tehuelche (zero); t-; 'tā Same as 3rd singular. See Language page
Lokono ne ne 3rd PL. H. Pet 1987:23