Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

3pl

Semantic Field: grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: ellos/ellas
Meaning Portuguese: eles/elas

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	najá	najá		inheritance			See Language page
Aché		go		unknown			See Language page
Aguaruna	dita	dita		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	tok	tɔk		inheritance	Akawaio-Pemon		See Language page
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect	kamɔrɔ	kamɔrɔ					See Language page
Andoke	hǝü(k)khah (RW52)			unique			See Language page
Apalai	enaroro	enaroro		inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	[missing]			missing
Araona		kana; naeda				Dual form is dec̷e; wac̷e-beta-we; wac̷e-da	See Language page
Ashuar	ni (ausent) / áu (present)	ni / au					See Language page
Ayoreo		o'reeʔ					See Language page
Baniwa	nháa	nháa		inheritance			See Language page
Barasano	~ida (mf); ti (n.)	~ida (mf); ti (n.)					See Language page
Bardi	irr	irr		inheritance
Bare	kuhuni	kuhuni					See Language page
Bará		kɨ̃́hã					See Language page
Barí		oračidyi					See Language page
Baure	no-'ti	no-'ti		inheritance			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	ma-			inheritance
Bora	aá-tʰʸe, tií-tʰʸe {pl}, aatʰʸé-tsʰi, tiitʰʸé-tsʰi {m.d.}, aatʰʸé-pʰɨ, tiitʰʸé-pʰɨ {f.d.}	aá-tʰʲɛ, tií-tʰʲɛ {pl}, aatʰʲέ-tsʰi, tiitʰʲέ-tsʰi {m.d.}, aatʰʲέ-pʰɨ, tiitʰʲέ-pʰɨ {f.d.}		unknown; inheritance			See Language page
Bunuba	[missing]			missing
Burarra	[missing]			missing
Cahuilla	pemem			inheritance			S 1977
Camsa	chat	tʃat					See Language page
Carapana	na, to (inan.)	nã, tɔ					See Language page
Carijona	makamoro (masc.)			inheritance			See Language page
Cavineña	to-na; to-na-ra (The former is the absolutive form, the latter is the ergative form)	to-na; to-na-ra		inheritance			See Language page
Cayuvava		-riki ~ iki; m-				na'ičiki, 'them, theirs'; t-; te- indefinite.	See Language page
Central Aymara	jupanaka	xupanaka					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	7i:-ko-			inheritance
Cha'palaa		'ya-'la-ʔ				Possessive: 'their' is 'ya-'la-ʔ; 'theirs' is 'ya-i-či.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	ma-m(y) (vis)			inheritance
Chipaya		ninaka					See Language page
Chiriguano		hae-reta		inheritance			See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		l-am-is					See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	s-ij			unknown			Ono 1996:21
Chumash Ineseno	kayuwun' (indep. pronoun)			unknown			A 168
Chumash Ventureno	ci- (def), cam- (indef)			unknown			Harrington 1974:3
Chácobo	ka-; hato	ka-; hato		unknown; inheritance			See Language page
Cocopa	animate subj: a:-, aw-, u-, u:-, 7aw-, 7u-;			unknown
Cofán	jo´e, jondeccu, tsendeccu	hoʔɛ, hoⁿdɛkʰi, tsɛⁿdɛkʰi				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	ma- + plural			inheritance
Cubeo	dinomiva (fem.), na (masc.)	dinomiva (fem.), na (masc.)		inheritance			See Language page
Cuiva		ba-ra-po-mónae, ba-po-mónac y po-monae	ellos, they				Huber & Reed 1992:207
Cupeño	pem	[pəm]		inheritance
Desano	ẽrã	ẽrã		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	walal(a)			inheritance
Dhuwal	walal(a)			inheritance
Dhuwala	walal(a)			inheritance
Diyari	thana			inheritance
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	1069			inheritance
Djapu	walal(a)			inheritance
Djeoromitxi	na	na					See Language page
Djinang	nyani			inheritance
Dâw	rid	hid		inheritance			See Language page
Epena		'ãra; 'ãči				Respectively: unmarked; marked.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		okʷana; oyakʷana		inheritance			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	o-kwana-ya; o-'kwana-ya; o-xaña (Girard 1971); o-ya-kwana (Girard 1971)	o-kwana-ya; o-'kwana-ya; o-xaña; o-ya-kwana					See Language page
Esselen	laT, lawis			unknown			Shaul 1995:209
Eñepa	kamonton	kamonton		inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	7em			loan
Gajirrabeng	boorroo			inheritance
Gooniyandi	bidi
Guayabero		ha-pí		unique			See Language page
Gupapuyngu	walal(a)			inheritance
Gurindji	nyarrulu			inheritance
Hodï	diti - he (pl) dyudi - she (pl)			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	nita	nita					See Language page
Hup	hɨ́d	hɨ́d		inheritance			See Language page
Ignaciano		'e-na					See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	pupch	[pʊptʃ]		unknown
Iquito	na-, nahuaáca (stand-alone pronominal form)	na-, nawaáka (stand-alone pronominal form)		inheritance			See Language page
Itonama		ohnitʸeʔke					See Language page
Jaru	nyilandi			inheritance
Jawi	irr(i)	irr(i)		inheritance
Kaingang	ag	ʔaŋ; Φaŋ					See Language page
Kakataibo		ato				Panoan form is ato.	See Language page
Kakua		kět		inheritance			See Language page
Karajarri	-ya			loan
Katukina		hato-βo; hatoβão; -βo					See Language page
Kawaiisu	sa-ma-my			unknown
Kija	perre-			inheritance
Kitanemuk	7amam			inheritance
Kokama	inu	inu		unknown			See Language page
Koreguaje	jeena	xeena		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	tίnã (stenz)	tίnã (stenz)		inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
Lake Miwok	7ikko (plural)			inheritance
Lokono	ne	ne	3rd PL. H.				Pet 1987:23
Luiseño	pom-o/m			inheritance
Maca		ec̷iween				Other forms indicate the distance between speakers.	See Language page
Macaguan		isnɨ́		unique			See Language page
Maidu	mym bomo “those (plural)”			unknown
Maihiki	que juna ja (male) (juna=animated beings)/ñiona ja (female)	ke xuna xã / ɲiona xã		inheritance			See Language page
Makiritare	tɨnwano (IDS); tünwanno, ka:nno (KH) (also them)	tɨnwano (IDS); tɨnwanno, ka:nno (KH)		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	~ida (mf); iti (n.)	~ida (mf); iti (n.)		inheritance			See Language page
Makushi	ínka-mo-ró	ínka-mo-ró		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	[missing]			missing
Mangala	paniyarti			inheritance
Mapoyo	naaton (namotomo)	naaton (namotomo)					See Language page
Mapudungun		feyeŋɨn				'They (dual)' is feyeŋu. Ranquel form is kiðueŋɨn; dual kiðueŋu.	See Language page
Matses	a, abi	a, abi		inheritance			See Language page
Minica Witoto	aɸé-makï {pl}, í.ai-ǰïnoï {m.d.}, í.aï-ŋu.aï {f.d.}	aɸέ-makɯ {pl}, í.ai-dʒɯnoɯ {m.d.}, í.aɯ-ŋu.aɯ {f.d.}					See Language page
Miriwung	boorroo			inheritance
Mithaka	tana			inheritance
Mocoví		-ʔmaʁare				This form must be prefixed by any of the six prefixes, which indicate gender, position, motion, and number. See 02.930, and discussion in language description.	See Language page
Mojave	vidaachvch			inheritance
Mosetén-Chimané		mœ'ʔin; mo'ʔin				Respectively: male and female.	See Language page
Movima	is-ko	is-ko					See Language page
Mudburra	ngalinya-ngalinya
Mudburra	nyani tartu			inheritance
Muinane	díí-to {pl}, díítɨ-si {m.d.}, díítɨ-ɸe {f.d.}	díí-to {pl}, díítɨ-si {m.d.}, díítɨ-ɸɛ {f.d.}					See Language page
Muisca	asy	asɨ					See Language page
Murui Witoto	i-makï {pl}, i.a-ma.i.aï {m.d.}, i.aï-ñu.aï {f.d.}	i-makɯ {pl}, i.a-ma.i.aɯ {m.d.}, i.aɯ-ɲu.aɯ {f.d.}		inheritance			See Language page
Mutsun	/haysa			unknown			O77:44, 165
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		la-, ʃa-		unique			See Language page
Ngamini	thana			inheritance
Ngarluma	palu-kurla
Ngumbarl	tchammin, yeeramulla	jamin, yirrmala		inheritance
Nheengatu	tau, tai	tau, tai (etym: from "ta" which is most likely a 3rd person possesive)		unique			See Language page
Nhirrpi	thanawiri			inheritance
Ninam	pək, kama kɨpə (dual EM72), kama pɨkə (pl. anim. EM72), thəkə (pl. inanim. EM72)	pək, kama kɨpə, kama pɨkə, tʰəkə		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	myse, mysa, etc.			inheritance
Nivaclé		ɬa-waača	they				https://ids.clld.org/
Northern Emberá	ã'ǰa; ã'rã (IDS)	ã'ǰa; ã'rã (IDS)					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	[missing]			missing
Northern Nyangumarta	jana			inheritance
Northern Paiute	umy			inheritance			SAA 1982
Northern Sierra Miwok	7is:ak:o			inheritance
Nukak		kɛɛt2		inheritance			See Language page
Nyangumarta	jana			inheritance
Nyikina	yirrka	yirrka		inheritance
Nyulnyul	iere	yirra		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	apé-makï {pl}, apé-maï-ǰïnoï {m.d.}, dáï-ǰïnoï {md.}	apέ-makɯ {pl}, apέ-maɯ-dʒɯnoɯ {m.d.}, dáɯ-dʒɯnoɯ {md.}					See Language page
Ocaina	ïï-sa, áá {pl}, ïï-m̵á(ha) {m.d.}, ïï-ká(ha) {f.d.}	ɯɯ-sa, áá {pl}, ɯɯ-m̵á(ha) {m.d.}, ɯɯ-ká(ha) {f.d.}		inheritance			See Language page
Paakantyi	–ika			unique
Paraguayan Guaraní		haʔe-'kuera					See Language page
Paresi	exenai (close); hatyonai (farther away)	eʃenai (close); hatyonai (farther away)		unknown			See Language page
Pemon	tok (E1980); mi'yamörö (ellos) (M2000)	tɔk (E1980)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	nía	nía					See Language page
Piaroa	jwätü	hwætũ		inheritance			See Language page
Pilagá		-ʔme				Cf. 02.930.	See Language page
Pirriya	[missing]			missing
Pitta-Pitta	thana			inheritance
Plains Miwok	7ik:o-			inheritance
Playero		bahará-po-móne					See Language page
Puinave	ot	ot		unique			See Language page
Pumé	ǫdȩrõ						See Language page
Páez	tyãawe´sh						See Language page
Qawasqar		c̷aw				Bo records c̷awɬ-kyekal for Central QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	paykuna	pajkuna					See Language page
Resígaro	ú (ellos), mi?á	ú (ellos), miʔá		inheritance			See Language page
Rirratjingu	[missing]			missing
Ritharrngu	dhali			unique
Salinan A	heyo:/'t (A),			unknown
Salinan M	hewo/'t			unknown			Mason 1918:32
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		[zero]				Zero occurs with pluralized form of verb.	See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		--					See Language page
Sanumá	ki tɨkɨ (dual EM72), ki tɨpɨ (pl. non-dist. EM72)	ki tɨkɨ, ki tɨpɨ		inheritance			See Language page
Secoya	jaohua'i	hãõ'waʔi					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	ee			unknown
Serrano	a:m			inheritance
Shipibo-Konibo		hato					See Language page
Sikuani		po-mó:nae		inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
Siona	pˀakʷa	pˀakʷa		unknown			See Language page
Siriano	ĩ-'gɨ̃́-sã	ĩ-'gɨ̃́-sã					See Language page
Sirionó	ae; ukĩ̯ ~ ũkĩ̯	ae; ukĩ̯ ~ ũkĩ̯		inheritance			See Language page
Southern Paiute	am:y- “they, those”			inheritance
Southern Sierra Miwok	7is:ak-koH-			inheritance
Southern Ute	mamys (an, dl or pl, vis)			inheritance
Suyá	níra	níra					See Language page
Sáliva	jĩtuhu (ellos)	hĩtuʔu (ellos)		inheritance			See Language page
Tacana		toneda					See Language page
Tanimuca	ĩ'rã	ĩ'rã		inheritance			See Language page
Tariana	n(a)ha	n(a)ha		inheritance			See Language page
Tatuyo	dã, dã	dã, dã					See Language page
Taushiro	na´ne in	naʔnɨ in					See Language page
Tehuelche		(zero); t-; 'tā				Same as 3rd singular.	See Language page
Tikuna	nũmagũ [3-5, 4, 2]	nũmagũ		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	namo (anaphoric)	namo		inheritance			See Language page
Toba		-maǰi-pi				This occurs with prefixes indicating gender, number, position, and motion. See 'he/she' 02.930.	See Language page
Trinitario		na-; nae-				Respectively: before consonants and back vowels; before front vowels. Pronoun is eno.	See Language page
Trumai	uan	uan		unique			See Language page
Tukano	ná	ná		inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
Tuyuka	'kɨ̃ã	ʔkɨ̃ã					See Language page
Tübatulabal	inta			unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone	matymmy,			inheritance
Urarina	akaʉrʉ	akaʉrʉ		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	mošam (near); ɲešamro (distant)	mošam (near); ɲešamro (distant)		inheritance			See Language page
Waikhana	tiki-dã	tiki-dã					See Language page
Waimaja	kɨ̃́hã	kɨ̃́hã					See Language page
Walmajarri	nyantuwarnti			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	[missing]			missing
Waorani	dãia-s			unique			See Language page
Wapishana	ɨnau	ɨnau		inheritance	Proto North Arawak		See Language page
Wappo	heko:to, ceko:to			unknown
Warao	tatuma	tatuma					See Language page
Wari	karam maʔ	karam maʔ					See Language page
Washo	gi/.w			unknown			J443
Waurá	napapa	napapa		inheritance			See Language page
Wayampi	ɔ-...-kupa; ãwĩ-kũ	ɔ-...-kupa; ãwĩ-kũ		unknown			See Language page
Wayana	inamolo	inamolo		inheritance			See Language page
Wayuu		na-ya; hi-a-ir̃ua				Respectively: male and female.	See Language page
Western Mono	mahu/wY/			inheritance
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		ɬam-iɬ					See Language page
Wintu	pite			inheritance
Yabarana		tawsantomo					See Language page
Yagua	riy	rij		unique			See Language page
Yaminahua		atõ; ato				Respectively: ergative; absolutive. Also oa tiitõ; oa-tii 'those'; nãβaβɨ̃; naβo 'these'.	See Language page
Yan-nhangu	dhana			inheritance
Yandruwandha	thana			inheritance
Yanomam	kama kəp (dual EM72), kama thəp (pə) (pl. non-dist. EM72), thəp (pl. inan. EM72)	kama kəp, kama tʰəp (pə), tʰəp		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	pə; tʰə pə, kama kə kɨbɨ (kama pə kɨbɨ, kama thə kɨbɨ) (dual EM72), kama thəpə (kama pə) (pl. non-dist. EM72)	pə; tʰə pə, kama kə kɨbɨ (kama pə kɨbɨ, kama tʰə kɨbɨ), kama tʰəpə (kama pə)		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	thana			inheritance
Yavapai	nytha^chvch			inheritance
Yavitero	anini	anini					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	thana			inheritance
Yawuru	-irr	-irr		inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami	7aman			unknown			JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi	na:n			inheritance			K07:221
Yokuts Yowlumne	7ama:			inheritance			N44:229
Yuhup	hɨ̌d	hɨ̌d					See Language page
Yuki	ki-, ki(7), ki:, kih			unknown			S&S 1984
Yukpa		o'ka					See Language page
Yukuna	neká	neká		inheritance			See Language page
Yuruti	kɨ̃́hã	kɨ̃́hã					See Language page
Záparo	nukwaka	nukʷaka					See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Barasano
Bardi
Bare
Bará
Barí
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Iquito
Itonama
Jaru
Jawi
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Karajarri
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Lake Miwok
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Ngamini
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Playero
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Suyá
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Warao
Wari
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuruti
Záparo

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