Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Wari

Family
Chapakuran
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
pav
Location
-10.70°, -64.56°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Misión Nuevas Tribus. 2007. Pacaas Novas. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Sousa, Maria de Fátima Lima de. 2009. DICIONÁRIO DA LÍNGUA WARI’ ORO MON – PORTUGUÊS. MA thesis, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia- UNIR, Campus de Guajará-Mirim.


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location quimaxi' (lit. chest; E&K97) kimaʃiʔ (lit. chest; E&K97) See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment topakon topakon See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body warašiʔ waraʃiʔ 'Lower back' is hopayiši; 'upper back' is šonešiʔ. See Language page
bad mal mal quality kayi kaji Be badly made' is emʔ; 'do badly' is toʔ ara; širak. See Language page
belly barriga barriga body moji moji See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location tequipaxi' (lit. 'our thorax; E&K97) tekipaʃiʔ (lit. 'our thorax; E&K97) See Language page
big grande grande quality hwaraʔ; horon hwaraʔ; horon Lit. 'its father' (the big one); 'largeness' is kote ne. See Language page
black negro preto colour mišem miʃem See Language page
blood sangre sangue body kišiʔ (wik) kiʃiʔ (wik) See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body tocon hwam (lit. 'fish eye'; E&K97) tokon hwam (lit. 'fish eye'; E&K97) See Language page
bone hueso osso body arašiʔ (at) araʃiʔ (at) See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body karašišiʔ (katat) karaʃiʃiʔ (katat) See Language page
child niño, niña criança human piyeʔ pijeʔ See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment tayain nanawin tajain nanawin Lit. 'smoke (01.830) of the sky' 01.510. See Language page
cold frío frio quality šio; kapinʔ ʃio; kapinʔ Respectively: 'cold object'; 'cold person'. See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality šoʔ ʃoʔ See Language page
day día dia time šek ʃek See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality mišem miʃem Means 'to be black' 15.650. See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality kawainʔ kawainʔ See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment tainʔ tainʔ Also means 'smoke' 01.830. Also oroyimain makanʔ, (fine dirt) 'little dirts'. See Language page
ear oreja orelha body tara-yišiʔ (taraʔ) tara-jiʃiʔ (taraʔ) See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment macan' (E&K97) makanʔ (E&K97) See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna arayein arajein See Language page
eye ojo olho body tokošiʔ (tok) tokoʃiʔ (tok) See Language page
far lejos longe quality pira pira See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body homain homain See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship te te Possessed form. See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna tenenein (šun) tenenein (ʃun) Also means 'hair' 04.140. 'White downy feathers of a bird' is moronakon me. See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment še ʃe From ša-yišiʔ. See Language page
flower flor flor environment piwain; wiyein piwain; wijein The latter means 'blossom'. See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment murukukuʔ murukukuʔ See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora memem; winain memem; winain See Language page
good bueno bom quality awi awi See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body tenenešiʔ; tenenein (šun) teneneʃiʔ; tenenein (ʃun) The latter also means 'feather' 04.393. See Language page
hand mano mão body mišiʔ; (umʔ) miʃiʔ; (umʔ) See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar ko maʔ ko maʔ See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body winašiʔ (wayiʔ) winaʃiʔ (wajiʔ) See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality šite, taʔ man, teʔ man ʃite, taʔ man, teʔ man See Language page
how? como como grammar See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar wataʔ wataʔ For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location tequipaxi' (lit. 'our thorax; E&K97) tekipaʃiʔ (lit. 'our thorax; E&K97) See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body mono mono See Language page
lake lago lago environment šuteremʔ ʃuteremʔ See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment tenenein tenenein Means 'its hair' 04.140. 'Leaf (referring to money) is tan tayišiʔ. (?) See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body parayišiʔ parajiʃiʔ See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body pišiyašiʔ; kokošiʔ piʃijaʃiʔ; kokoʃiʔ Respectively: 'lower leg; upper leg'. 'Leg bone' is arašiʔ (at). See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment jam (E&K97) jam (E&K97) See Language page
liver hígado figado body tarawanašiʔ (tarawan) tarawanaʃiʔ (tarawan) See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality matam matam See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna ioʔ ioʔ order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human taramaʔ taramaʔ See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna karawa (karamayišiʔ) karawa (karamajiʃiʔ) See Language page
moon luna lua environment panawoʔ panawoʔ See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship naʔ naʔ See Language page
mouth boca boca body kapiyašiʔ (topak) kapijaʃiʔ (topak) See Language page
name nombre nome human wišišiʔ (wit) wiʃiʃiʔ (wit) See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality wixicam pin (lit. completely small; E&K97) wiʃikam pin (lit. completely small; E&K97) 'Here (this)' is i kaʔ. ka om hwarao wa 'to be not far'. See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body paramašiʔ paramaʃiʔ See Language page
new nuevo novo quality šokori ʃokori See Language page
night noche noite time šim ʃim See Language page
no/not no não grammar om (lit. 'not exist'; E&K97) om (lit. 'not exist'; E&K97) See Language page
nose nariz nariz body werešiʔ (ut) wereʃiʔ (ut) See Language page
old viejo velho quality maraʔ; horon maraʔ; horon See Language page
one uno um number xica' pe ('to be alone/one'; E&K97) ʃikaʔ pe ('to be alone/one'; E&K97) šikaʔ pe, šikaʔ to 'to be one'. See Language page
other otro outro grammar xije (E&K97) ʃije (E&K97) See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body caxi (E&K97) kaʃi (E&K97) See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human wariʔ wariʔ Means '1ppl incl emphatic pronoun'. See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment šowiʔ ʃowiʔ See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour pakaʔ pakaʔ See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body irikwerešiʔ irikwereʃiʔ See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture wana (wanayišiʔ) wana (wanajiʃiʔ) See Language page
root raíz raiz flora kašimain kaʃimain Means 'foot' 04.370. See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality šowuru ʃowuru See Language page
sand arena areia environment namayi namaji See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality šaʔ ʃaʔ E.g. a knife. To be 'sharp' ka maʔ ne šinain, 'when it has teeth'. See Language page
short corto curto quality wiyimain wijimain Also ka om hwaraʔ ne 'not largeness'. See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body tiquirim (E&K97) tikirim (E&K97) See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental wiʃjipa (Sousa2009) wiʃjipa (Sousa2009) See Language page
skin piel pele body taparišiʔ tapariʃiʔ Cf. 'bark' 08.750. See Language page
sky cielo céu environment nanawin nanawin Also pawin, 'the heights'. See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality wiyimain wijimain Also ka om hwaraʔ ne 'not largeness'. See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment tainʔ tainʔ Cf. 'cloud' 01.730; 'dust' 01.213. See Language page
star estrella estrela environment piyoʔ pijoʔ See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora pana pana Also means 'tree'; wiyimain pana means 'stick', lit. 'small wood'. See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment pakun pakun From pakor-išiʔ (?). See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body kahwerein kahwerein See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar i cain (E&K97) i kain (E&K97) See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar karam maʔ karam maʔ See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality kwere kwere See Language page
thin delgado fino quality šašiʔ ʃaʃiʔ ka om ne ka kwere wa 'to be not fleshy'. See Language page
this este/esta este grammar i ca' (E&K97) i kaʔ (E&K97) See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar wum wum Emphatic pronoun. See Language page
throat garganta garganta body canom (E&K97) kanom (E&K97) See Language page
three tres tres number See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment comerem (E&K97) komerem (E&K97) See Language page
bite morder morder body kio kio 'Bite' [suck], e.g. a mosquito: šok. See Language page
blow soplar soprar body hu; hukoʔ hu; hukoʔ To blow [the nose]' hi; 'to blow [the wind]' nuru; pahop, cf. 01.720. See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body wereme wereme See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment tom, torotom (E&K97) tom, torotom (E&K97) See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body quio (E&K97) kio (E&K97) See Language page
climb subir subir motion pantara' (climb over, E&K97) pantaraʔ (climb over, E&K97) See Language page
come venir vir motion makiʔ makiʔ See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact hoc (E&K97) hok (E&K97) See Language page
count contar contar mental piyimʔ pijimʔ Also means 'tell'. See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental awaran (E&K97) awaran (E&K97) See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact wak, wawak; nakamʔ, nakarkamʔ; ta wak, wawak; nakamʔ, nakarkamʔ; ta E.g., cut grass, cloth, etc. 'to cut (hair)' wiyak. See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state miʔ pin; konoʔ miʔ pin; konoʔ See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact še; šikeʔ ʃe; ʃikeʔ See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental tohein' (E&K97) toheinʔ (E&K97) See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body tok, tototok tok, tototok See Language page
eat comer comer body kaoʔ, kakakaoʔ kaoʔ, kakakaoʔ See Language page
fall caer cair motion panʔ; kamaraʔ panʔ; kamaraʔ See Language page
fear miedo medo mental yinʔ jinʔ See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion weo, weweweo weo, weweweo See Language page
fly volar voar motion takiʔ; toin takiʔ; toin 'To fly (insect)' tohoroʔ. See Language page
grow crecer crescer state horon (Sousa2009) horon (Sousa2009) See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental tarayu taraju See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion xa (E&K97) ʃa (E&K97) See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact toʔ toʔ See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other kep kep See Language page
kill matar matar impact paʔ paʔ 'To hit and kill' is toʔ paʔ. See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental tašiʔ; kerek; kerek pinʔ taʃiʔ; kerek; kerek pinʔ Respectively: 'to know a fact; to know a person; to recognize'. See Language page
laugh reír rir mental tatamʔ, katamʔ tatamʔ, katamʔ See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion teremʔ; tokoʔ teremʔ; tokoʔ See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body eʔ eʔ See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other pa' (E&K97) paʔ (E&K97) See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact to' (E&K97) toʔ (E&K97) See Language page
say decir dizer mental tomiʔ šoʔ tomiʔ ʃoʔ Means 'say correctly'. See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact pixac (E&K97) piʃak (E&K97) See Language page
see ver ver mental kerek kerek See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact ja' (E&K97) jaʔ (E&K97) See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state šaoʔ pe, šaoʔ to ʃaoʔ pe, ʃaoʔ to See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body piʔam piʔam See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body nac (E&K97) nak (E&K97) primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body hupaʔ hupaʔ See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact toʔ pahot, toʔ pahorohot toʔ pahot, toʔ pahorohot See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact humʔ humʔ See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact šukunʔ ʃukunʔ See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state tekiʔ pe, tekiʔ to tekiʔ pe, tekiʔ to See Language page
steal robar roubar other xa (also 'hide', E&K97) ʃa (also 'hide', E&K97) See Language page
suck chupar chupar body šok; šak ʃok; ʃak Respectively: 'to nurse; to suck (e.g., candy)'. See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body mom mom See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion panʔ kam, panʔ karakam panʔ kam, panʔ karakam See Language page
think pensar pensar mental koromikat koromikat See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact šin; wišikaoʔ ʃin; wiʃikaoʔ See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact tuku tuku See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other yami jami may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body weʔ weʔ See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion šut, šurušut ʃut, ʃuruʃut See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other taramaja (E&K97) taramaja (E&K97) See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body carat (E&K97) karat (E&K97) See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body petehwet nešiʔ (petehwet) petehwet neʃiʔ (petehwet) See Language page
tooth diente dente body šišiʔ (yat) ʃiʃiʔ (jat) See Language page
two dos dois number tuku karakan tuku karakan Lit. 'facing each other'. See Language page
water agua agua environment kom (komišiʔ) kom (komiʃiʔ) See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar wariʔ wariʔ Emphatic pronoun. See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar warut warut Emphatic pronoun. See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality šoʔ ʃoʔ See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar See Language page
where? donde onde grammar See Language page
white blanco branco colour towoʔ towoʔ See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship mana mana Lit. 'my hole'. See Language page
wind viento vento environment hotowa hotowa The 'wind blows' is nuru; pahop. See Language page
wing ala asa body tapaši tapaʃi See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human narimaʔ narimaʔ See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour košik koʃik See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar wahuʔ wahuʔ Emphatic pronoun. See Language page
foot pie pé body kašimašiʔ (kašim) kaʃimaʃiʔ (kaʃim) Cf. 'root' 08.540. See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar mami' (E&K97) mamiʔ (E&K97) See Language page
all todo todos other šam ʃam See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body pahunexi' (E&K97) pahuneʃiʔ (E&K97) See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body mon (E&K97) mon (E&K97) See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body hoho' nexi' (E&K97) hohoʔ neʃiʔ (E&K97) See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body ca nahwere' nexi' (lit. ‘our sweating’, E&K97)) ka nahwereʔ neʃiʔ (lit. ‘our sweating’, E&K97)) See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body piʃak (Sousa2009) piʃak (Sousa2009) See Language page
bark corteza casca environment tapari Also means 'skin' 04.120. See Language page
fingernail uña unha body See Language page
heart corazón coração body šimišiʔ (šim) See Language page
sun sol sol time šina See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment pakun Lit. 'rock' 01.440. See Language page
green verde verde quality tb̃um See Language page
hot caliente quente quality See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (135)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. nao' (E&K97) naoʔ (E&K97) See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna me me See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. me-kamowa (Sousa2009) me-kamowa (Sousa2009) See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. awu (E&K97) awu (E&K97) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans arum (E&K97) arum (E&K97) See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. kamo (Sousa2009) kamo (Sousa2009) See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae tam (E&K97) tam (E&K97) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae pijoʔ (Sousa2009) pijoʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae tʃaiŋ (Sousa2009) tʃaiŋ (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes ʔarakome (Sousa2009) ʔarakome (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. taramin (Sousa 2009) taramin (Sousa 2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica towarawʔ (Sousa2009) towarawʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae tʃykyʔ (Sousa2009) tʃɨkɨʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae hije, ʔarakome (Sousa2009) hije, ʔarakome (Sousa2009) See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae maho (Sousa2009) maho (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family mømø̃m (Sousa2009) mømø̃m (Sousa2009) See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba kawawʔ, morowaʔ (Sousa2009) kawawʔ, morowaʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae patʃamʔ (Sousa2009) patʃamʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris oromiyak oromijak See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) pijiman, ʔopik (Sousa2009) pijiman, ʔopik (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri pikot, tikipan (Sousa2009) pikot, tikipan (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. tʃomin (Sousa2009) tʃomin (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. hop (Sousa2009) hop (Sousa2009) See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus niwi (Sousa2009) niwi (Sousa2009) See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna hwam (hwamišiʔ) hwam (hwamiʃiʔ) See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. ʔara-taramaʔ (Sousa2009) ʔara-taramaʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae pita (Sousa2009) pita (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. tʃikwin (Sousa2009) tʃikwin (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. ʔawopaʔ (Sousa2009) ʔawopaʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. ʔara-tarawan (Sousa2009) ʔara-tarawan (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata hima (Sousa2009) hima (Sousa2009) See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. papa (Sousa2009) papa (Sousa2009) See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura makyʔ (Sousa2009) makɨʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes ʔemʔ-tak (snake-swallower) (Sousa2009) ʔemʔ-tak (snake-swallower) (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae haryp-ʔemʔ (Sousa2009) harɨp-ʔemʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna emʔ emʔ See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox tonaiŋ (Sousa2009) tonaiŋ (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria towa (Sousa2009) towa (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis kahaw (Sousa2009) kahaw (Sousa2009) See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) jeiŋ (Sousa2009) jeiŋ (Sousa2009) See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba ji (Sousa2009) ji (Sousa2009) See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. ʔiram (Sousa2009) ʔiram (Sousa2009) See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa kajiwa (Sousa2009) kajiwa (Sousa2009) See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana torot (Sousa2009) torot (Sousa2009) See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea horop (Sousa2009) horop (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes temem' temem' pupunha (certo tipo de planta da família das arecáceas, Bactris gasipaes). temem' 'bow (for shooting)' Sousa 2009: 101 cf. Bolivian regional term tembe
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua tarawan (Sousa2009) tarawan (Sousa2009) See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) ʔawom, wom (Sousa2009) ʔawom, wom (Sousa2009) See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra ʔoro-kitaʔ (Sousa2009) ʔoro-kitaʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens tʃaji-tʃaji (Sousa2009) tʃaji-tʃaji (Sousa2009) See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus non (Sousa2009) non (Sousa2009) See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. kajiʃiri (Sousa2009) kajiʃiri (Sousa2009) See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. tokon matʃiram (Sousa2009) tokon matʃiram (Sousa2009) See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) tononoin tononoin See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays mapak, papak (Sousa2009) mapak, papak (Sousa2009) See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum kajitʃe (non-planted) (Sousa2009) kajitʃe (non-planted) (Sousa2009) See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna pana pana See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana nawin (Sousa2009) nawin (Sousa2009) See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. watʃikam (Sousa2009) watʃikam (Sousa2009) See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala tatawʔ (Sousa2009) tatawʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] tokwe (Sousa2009) tokwe (Sousa2009) See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum wino (Sousa2009) wino (Sousa2009) See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana ʔorop (Sousa2009) ʔorop (Sousa2009) See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. pik (Sousa2009) pik (Sousa2009) See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta akop, kop (Sousa2009) akop, kop (Sousa2009) See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta ʔiri kop (Sousa2009) ʔiri kop (Sousa2009) See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas tamatan (Sousa2009) tamatan (Sousa2009) See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. xuxut (E&K97) ʃuʃut (E&K97) See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) to (Crescentia cujete; Sousa2009) to (Crescentia cujete; Sousa2009) See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. makon (makorišiʔ) makon (makoriʃiʔ) See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. karatokwe (Sousa2009) karatokwe (Sousa2009) See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae ʔyʔ (Sousa2009) ʔɨʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata topitak (Sousa2009) topitak (Sousa2009) See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. karan (Sousa2009) karan (Sousa2009) See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis wiwiran (Sousa2009) wiwiran (Sousa2009) See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria tohoroʔ (Sousa2009) tohoroʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae karatokwe (Sousa2009) karatokwe (Sousa2009) See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera terereʔ (Sousa2009) terereʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora meteʔ meteʔ See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda tokwan mi (Sousa2009) tokwan mi (Sousa2009) See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones kyn (Sousa2009) kɨn (Sousa2009) See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea tokojonʔ (Sousa2009) tokojonʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera katʃikon ʔopiʔ (Sousa2009) katʃikon ʔopiʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera tohwaraʔ (Sousa2009) tohwaraʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae kawʔ mon (Sousa2009) kawʔ mon (Sousa2009) See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae ʔira-ʔira-ʔiwʔ (Sousa2009) ʔira-ʔira-ʔiwʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. paparan (Sousa2009) paparan (Sousa2009) See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera hojik (Sousa2009) hojik (Sousa2009) See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea katʃinʔ (Sousa2009) katʃinʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita tytaka (Sousa2009) tɨtaka (Sousa2009) See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda ʔatyn (Sousa2009) ʔatɨn (Sousa2009) See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae ʔoro papat (Sousa2009) ʔoro papat (Sousa2009) See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca kopakaw? (onça pintada) (Sousa2009) kopakaw? (onça pintada) (Sousa2009) See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] ʔorem (Sousa2009) ʔorem (Sousa2009) See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella jowin (Sousa2009) jowin (Sousa2009) See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus ʔoram (Sousa2009) ʔoram (Sousa2009) See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae watʃik (Sousa2009) watʃik (Sousa2009) See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis kawaja (Sousa2009) kawaja (Sousa2009) See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu katatʃik (Sousa2009) katatʃik (Sousa2009) See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari mijak (Sousa2009) mijak (Sousa2009) See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae pitop (Sousa2009) pitop (Sousa2009) See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua hataʔ (Sousa2009) hataʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. piwa (Sousa2009) piwa (Sousa2009) See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris kame (Sousa2009) kame (Sousa2009) See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) mikop (Sousa2009) mikop (Sousa2009) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus matok (Sousa2009) matok (Sousa2009) See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae piramʔ (Sousa2009) piramʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris ʔiminʔ (Sousa2009) ʔiminʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus komen (Sousa2009) komen (Sousa2009) See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material xocat ʃokat See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material tapit (Sousa2009) tapit (Sousa2009) See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material tʃijat (Sousa2009) tʃijat (Sousa2009) See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material pana (Sousa2009) pana (Sousa2009) See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport manorohowa (Sousa2009) manorohowa (Sousa2009) See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture tain tom (E&K97) tain tom (E&K97) tain tom (EK97) See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology towa (E&K97) towa (E&K97) towa (EK97) See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology tykyninimʔ (Sousa2009) tɨkɨninimʔ (Sousa2009) In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology wom (also 'cotton') (Sousa2009) wom (also 'cotton') (Sousa2009) See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other tawit (Sousa2009) tawit (Sousa2009) may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other tʃe (fire, wood) (Sousa2009) tʃe (fire, wood) (Sousa2009) See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology jam (Sousa2009) jam (Sousa2009) See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology jam (also 'spirit') (Sousa2009) jam (also 'spirit') (Sousa2009) In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology xuwiwio' (E&K97) ʃuwiwioʔ (E&K97) ʃuwiwioʔ (EK97) See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material kit (Sousa2009) kit (Sousa2009) See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material tokojami kit (Sousa2009) tokojami kit (Sousa2009) See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool ʔirikatʃi wak (Sousa2009) ʔirikatʃi wak (Sousa2009) especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool cahuru, quiwo', tiquiwo' (for fish, game, war) (E&K97) kahuru, kiwoʔ, tikiwoʔ (for fish, game, war) (E&K97) hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool temem' (E&K97) tememʔ (E&K97) arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool tapaxi' (clay pot) (E&K97) tapaʃiʔ (clay pot) (E&K97) See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material cawato' (clay bowl) (E&K97) kawatoʔ (clay bowl) (E&K97) See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool naran (Sousa2009) naran (Sousa2009) See Language page
wax cera cera other See Language page
honey miel mel food tawi, nopi, ʔorokahyʔ (Sousa2009) tawi, nopi, ʔorokahɨʔ (Sousa2009) only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture makon (makorišiʔ) makon (makoriʃiʔ) Also means 'vine' 08.670. See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material torot (Sousa2009) torot (Sousa2009) See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology piʔam toheiŋ (Sousa2009) piʔam toheiŋ (Sousa2009) See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation kok taraho (Sousa2009) kok taraho (Sousa2009) See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation kajitawi (Sousa2009) kajitawi (Sousa2009) See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation kaʃikon mijak (Sousa2009) kaʃikon mijak (Sousa2009) See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress wajiʔ (Sousa2009) wajiʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology taramaʃikon (Sousa2009) taramaʃikon (Sousa2009) See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool mapao' (E&K97) mapaoʔ (E&K97) See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food namaje (Sousa2009) namaje (Sousa2009) From Portuguese. See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology tamaraʔ (Sousa2009) tamaraʔ (Sousa2009) See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool tememʔ mapyp (Sousa2009) tememʔ mapɨp (Sousa2009) currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool hajam, hwijam hajam, hwijam esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food yiʔam jiʔam See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food karawa karawa Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool to (Sousa2009) to (Sousa2009) See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool pana (Sousa2009) pana (Sousa2009) esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool kitamy (Sousa2009) kitamɨ (Sousa2009) See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture tarakop (Sousa2009) tarakop (Sousa2009) prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food hota (manioc), hata (cornmeal) (Sousa2009) hota (manioc), hata (cornmeal) (Sousa2009) agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food kajikapam (Sousa2009) kajikapam (Sousa2009) usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool kajikoko (Sousa2009) kajikoko (Sousa2009) agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other xiri (E&K97) ʃiri (E&K97) See Language page