Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

paper

Semantic Field: acculturation
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: papel
Meaning Portuguese: papel

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	káaʃta 'book, paper'	káaʃta 'book, paper'		loan	Span/Port 'carta'							See Language page
Aché		[kuačia]		unknown	source says loan from Guarani; could be cognate?							See Language page
Aguaruna	[pa'pi]	[pa'pi]		loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Apalai	pape	pape		loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Araona		hilika										See Language page
Ashuar	pápi (Sp.)	pápi (Sp.)										See Language page
Ayoreo		daru-'n̥aa-ooi									Means 'skin of a cactus' 11.690, 18.520.	See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	missing			missing
Bardi	milimili			loan	English	WW	%milimili
Baure	hamerok	hamerok		unknown								See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	tepooppeh		paper, book	unique				Duckwater	derived	pooH 'write, mark'		Miller 1972
Bora	waajácuháámɨ (waajácu 'knowledge)	kwaaxákʰɯʔáámɨ		unique								See Language page
Bunuba	wulu			semantic shift				<paperbark
Burarra	dyurra			loan	Makassar	WW	%djorra
Cahuilla	pepéel		paper, newspaper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Seiler & Hioki 1979
Candoshi-Shapra	kiraka, kirákari	kiraka, kirákari		loan	Quechua (from 'write/paint')							See Language page
Carapana	papera	papera										See Language page
Cavineña	kirika ~ kilika (also means "book", "letter")	kirika ~ kilika										See Language page
Cayuvava		ɲã'daera										See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	missing			missing
Cha'palaa		'kiika									Cf. 'skin, bark' 04.120 'kika. Cf. Quechua 'write'.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	papilivY		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		other complex			Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Chipaya		[papila]									From Span. 'papel'.	See Language page
Chiriguano		kʷatia		semantic shift	from 'paint'							See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		-xokinek ~ -xukinek									Also means 'book' 18.610.	See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	missing			missing
Chumash Ineseno	papel		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Applegate 1972
Chumash Obispeno	sak'spa7		cigarro, papel	unknown					other complex	has sa- 'fire'???		Harrington
Chumash Ventureno	papel		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Applegate 1973 ms
Chácobo	papi (Spanish "papel")	papi (Spanish "papel")		loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Cocopa	papí:l		paper, letter, book	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Crawford 1989
Cofán	tevaen'je	teβaenʔhe									phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	tyboopY		letter, paper	unique					other complex	writing-ABS		Robinson & Armagost 1990
Cubeo	papera	papera		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Cupeño	papεεl		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Desano	papera	papera		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Dhangu	dyorra'			loan	Makassar	WW	%djorra
Dhay’yi	dyu:rra			loan	Makassar	WW	%djorra
Dhuwal	baypa			loan	English	WW	paper
Djapu	baypa			loan	English	WW	paper
Djeoromitxi	käko	kǝko										See Language page
Djinang	dyurra			loan	Makassar	WW	%djorra
Dâw	xapêèl’	xapêl’		loan	Span/Port 'papel', via Carib (cf. Eñepa)?							See Language page
Epena		['kʰartʰa] 'kʰiru									Spanish 'carta' + 'leaf' 08.560.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		[papeni]										See Language page
Esselen	missing			missing
Eñepa	kapeere, mapeere	kapeere, mapeere (MM)		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo				See Language page
Gabrielino	ā's-tsoot		paper	unique					other complex			Merriam (McCawley 1996)
Gooniyandi	milimili			loan	Tharrgari			mirli paperbark>redup like paperbark
Gumatj	baypa			loan	English	WW	paper
Gupapuyngu	boyaŋ			unique
Gurindji	mirlimirli			loan	Mantharda	WW	%milimili	via other lgs; also pakarli 'paperbark'
Hodï	da	da		unique					Other complex	ʰya 'leaf'		See Language page
Huambisa	papi	papi										See Language page
Hup	cug'æt	cug'æt		semantic shift	leaf'			From 'leaf'	Other complex	Lexicalized, prob. from 'forest-leaf'		See Language page
Ignaciano		ahumeruka										See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	papeel		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Iquito	simiím+	simiímɨ 'book, paper'		unknown								See Language page
Itonama		mačiriri										See Language page
Jaru	milimili			loan	Mantharda	WW	%milimili	Manth mirli paperbark, via intermediate lgs
Jingulu	pityilirla			unknown				Wambaya purrupurru
Kaingang	wɛ̃ɲ-rə (IDS)	wɛ̃ɲ-rə										See Language page
Kakua	papelaʔ			missing	Nheengatu?	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Kamayurá	kaˀahet	kaˀahet		semantic shift	from 'paint'							See Language page
Karajarri	mili mili			loan	English	WW	%milimili
Kariña	kareta	kareta	paper, written document, book		Courtz 2007:293
Katukina		kɨnɨ										See Language page
Kawaiisu	papel		paper, letter	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Zigmond et al. 1990
Kija	merntany			semantic shift		WW	%mernta	from paperbark
Kiliwa	t-x+pha7		paper (perhaps part of the ruminant digestive system called "el libro" in Sp., or related to sheepskin parchment?	unknown					derived			Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk	missing			missing
Koreguaje	utija'o	utixa'o		unknown								See Language page
Kotiria	papera pû	papera pû		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Kwazá	exy, papɛu (the latter is from the Portuguese "papel"	exy, papɛu (the latter is from the Portuguese "papel"										See Language page
Lake Miwok	pápel		paper, letter, newsaper, book	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel	possibly by way of Patwin papel or E. Pomo pápel7	simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lengua		waikyahak										See Language page
Lokono	karta	karta	book, paper									Hickerson 1953:187
Luiseño	missing			missing
Maca		-fakanek (m.)									Also means 'book' 18.610.	See Language page
Macaguan	papéna	papéna		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Maidu	papél		paper, write	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Shipley 1963
Maihiki	toya jao ja	toja xao xã		unknown					Compound	toja 'write'		See Language page
Makiritare	hahe:da (KH)	hahe:da (KH)		loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Makuna	papera	papera		loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Makushi	kaareta	kaareta		loan	Span/Port 'carta'			From Port. 'carta (letter)'				See Language page
Mangala	milimili			loan	English	WW	%milimili
Mapudungun		[papel]									From Spanish 'papel'. Ranquel form is [papil].	See Language page
Matses	dadauate	dadauate		unknown								See Language page
Miriwung	menta			semantic shift				< paperbark; inheritance
Mocoví		[papel]									From Span. 'papel'.	See Language page
Mojave	kapel, papel		paper, book	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Munro et al. 1992
Mosetén-Chimané		[pa'per]									From Span. 'papel'.	See Language page
Movima	al-wam-ɓen̉	al-wam-ɓen̉										See Language page
Muinane	áame (=leaf) (W97)	áame										See Language page
Muisca	ioque 'paper, leather, skin'	joke 'paper, leather, skin'										See Language page
Murui Witoto	rabe	rabɛ ('leaf, paper') (B83)		semantic shift	leaf							See Language page
Mutsun	pappel		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Okrand 1977
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		makahɛ.bʌh (Martins dict)		unknown								See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	quillca (related to 'write')	kiʎka										See Language page
Ngarluma	mirlimirli			loan	English	WW	%milimili
Nheengatu	papera (Port loan, C11)	papera (Port loan, C11)		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Nimanburru	milimil			loan	English	WW	%milimili
Ninam	liplo-si	liplo-si		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex	liplo-si, “paper-classifier (skin)”		See Language page
Nisenan	papel		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Uldall & Shipley 1966
Nivaclé		wat-kˀis-xayan-ač									Arribeños dialect is wat-kˀis-xayan-eč.	See Language page
Northern Emberá	karta (loan Sp. carta, IDS)	karta (loan Sp. carta, IDS)										See Language page
Northern Paiute	pipy, pipo		paper (any kind)	loan	English	WW	%paper					Liljeblad et al 2012:
Northern Sierra Miwok	papel:y-		paper, page	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Callaghan 1987
Nyangumarta	mili-mili			loan	English	WW	%milimili
Nyikina	paŋarriy			semantic shift							paperbark
Nyulnyul	mirlimirl			loan	English	WW	%milimili	‘mail’			‘mail’
Ocaina	tyohoovu	tjoʔooβɯ		unknown								See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		kuatia										See Language page
Paresi	aniti, nane, babera	aniti, nane, babera		unknown; loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Pemon	kareta	kareta		loan	Span/Port 'carta'			Alternate: paperu				See Language page
Piapoco	cuyàluta, nucùyalutàni.	kuyàluta, nukùyalutàni.										See Language page
Piaroa	kuyáru ɨ'chE'	kujáru ɨɁshEɁ		unknown								See Language page
Pilagá		wakahak [loan Mascoyan]										See Language page
Plains Miwok	papel		paper	loan	Spanish				simplex			Callaghan 1984
Puinave	[papeda]	[papeda]		loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Pumé	gõẽ i											See Language page
Páez	ets 'paper, leaf'	ets 'paper, leaf'										See Language page
Qawasqar		teres									Cf. 'bark' 08.750, footnote. Sk, Fe record taykalka for Central QWS.	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	qillqa	qiʎqa										See Language page
Resígaro	té?aamí	téʔaamí		unique	formed from loan classifier from Bora					something to do with writing/paper		See Language page
Salinan A	α/cime		paper, book	unknown					simplex			Mason 1918
Salinan M	missing			missing
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		waetkaʔhak										See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		kirika										See Language page
Sanumá	waheta (Pt)	waheta (Pt)		loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	hapáspoj		paper, book	semantic shift				name for tail fan e.g. of shrimp is hapaspoj yaa, lit. sus naipes	simplex			Moser & Marlett 2005
Serrano	papēl		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			K. Hill Dict.
Sikuani	kuyalata	kujalata		loan	Span/Port 'carta'			possibly Carib?				See Language page
Siona	uti	uti		unknown								See Language page
Sirionó	kirika (Quechua)	kirika (Quechua)		loan	Quechua							See Language page
Southern Paiute	missing			missing
Southern Pastaza Quechua	papil	papil										See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	pape:l-aH-		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel	also pop:il 'papers'	other complex	nt		Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute	ta7Asi-vY		paper	unique					other complex			Givon
Sáliva	cuelutaha	kʷelutaʔa		loan	Span/Port 'carta'							See Language page
Tacana		[papel]									From Span. 'papel'.	See Language page
Tanimuca	pa'pera	pa'pera		loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Tariana	papéra	papéɾa		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Taushiro	avah (stick, tree, paper, book)	awah (stick, tree, paper, book)										See Language page
Tikuna	pópera (Alv44)	pópera		loan	Span/Port 'papel'							See Language page
Toba		ʔhʸumeruko										See Language page
Tukano	papéra	papéɾa		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Tübatulabal	missing			missing
Tümpisa Shoshone	pappenni(ppyh)		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Dayley 1989
Wai Wai	karita	karita		loan	Span/Port 'carta'							See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	peepe	peepe										See Language page
Walmajarri	tanginti			semantic shift				paperbark>letter
Waorani	bĩkajõ-ta			unique				Compare Nadeb makahɛ.bʌh				See Language page
Wapishana	kʰaritʰa	kʰaritʰa		loan	Span/Port 'carta', via Carib?			form only attested in Macushi, but data missing for Akawaio and others.	Simplex			See Language page
Wappo	pápel'		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Sawyer 1965
Warrwa	bilwa			semantic shift
Washo	bí:ba		paper	loan	English	WW	%paper		simplex			Washo Project Dictionary
Waurá	ata-pana; ɨnupa-ki-c̷aku	ata-pana; ɨnupa-ki-¢aku		unknown								See Language page
Wayampi	[kalɛta]	[kalɛta]		loan	Span/Port 'carta'							See Language page
Wayana	pampila	pampila		loan	Span/Port 'papel', via Maroon							See Language page
Wayuu		[kar̃aľouta]									Perhaps from Span. 'carta'.	See Language page
Western Mono	popI7na, popI7ni		paper, book	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel	Loether thinks might be from English	simplex			Loether & Bethel 1993
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		[papel]									From Span. 'papel'.	See Language page
Wintu	pape:l		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Schlichter 1981
Yagua	catera-vĩ	katera-wĩ		loan	Span/Port 'carta'							See Language page
Yaminahua		gõẽ i										See Language page
Yan-nhangu	dyorra'			loan	Makassar	WW	%djorra
Yanomam	papʰeo	papʰeo		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Yanomami	onimamotima (lit. draw + Nominalizer, anything that can be used for drawing or writing), papeo, papeyo (MM07)	onimamotima (lit. draw + nominalizer, anything used for drawing/writing), papeo, papejo (MM07)		unique; loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Yavapai	papé:la, kapé:l		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Shaterian 1983
Yavitero	ha'hela (Sp loan)	haʔhela (Sp loan)										See Language page
Yawuru	milimili			loan	English	WW	%milimili
Yine		[kirɨka]										See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	missing			missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi	missing			missing
Yokuts Yawelmani	missing			missing
Yuki	papel		paper	loan	Spanish	WW	%papel		simplex			Sawyer & Schlichter 1984
Yukpa	papiru	papiru										See Language page
Yukuna	papera	papeɾa		loan	Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
Yulparija	milimili			loan	English	WW	%milimili


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Apalai
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Bankalachi Toloim
Bardi
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhay’yi
Dhuwal
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gooniyandi
Gumatj
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Iquito
Itonama
Jaru
Jingulu
Kaingang
Kakua
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Kariña
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Mangala
Mapudungun
Matses
Miriwung
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngarluma
Nheengatu
Nimanburru
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Ocaina
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Qawasqar
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Sikuani
Siona
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tacana
Tanimuca
Tariana
Taushiro
Tikuna
Toba
Tukano
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wai Wai
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Warrwa
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yan-nhangu
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawuru
Yine
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yulparija

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