Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

paper

Semantic Field
acculturation
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
papel
Meaning Portuguese
papel

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla pepéel paper, newspaper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño papεεl paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño missing missing
Gabrielino ā's-tsoot paper unique other complex Merriam (McCawley 1996)
Serrano papēl paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk missing missing
Tübatulabal missing missing
Bankalachi Toloim missing missing
Kawaiisu papel paper, letter loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi papilivY paper loan Spanish WW %papel other complex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute missing missing
Southern Ute ta7Asi-vY paper unique other complex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone pappenni(ppyh) paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tepooppeh paper, book unique Duckwater derived pooH 'write, mark' Miller 1972
Comanche tyboopY letter, paper unique other complex writing-ABS Robinson & Armagost 1990
Western Mono popI7na, popI7ni paper, book loan Spanish WW %papel Loether thinks might be from English simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute pipy, pipo paper (any kind) loan English WW %paper Liljeblad et al 2012:
Southern Sierra Miwok pape:l-aH- paper loan Spanish WW %papel also pop:il 'papers' other complex nt Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok missing missing
Northern Sierra Miwok papel:y- paper, page loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok papel paper loan Spanish simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok pápel paper, letter, newsaper, book loan Spanish WW %papel possibly by way of Patwin papel or E. Pomo pápel7 simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu papél paper, write loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Shipley 1963
Nisenan papel paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani missing missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi missing missing
Yokuts Palewyami missing missing
Washo bí:ba paper loan English WW %paper simplex Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu pape:l paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Schlichter 1981
Yuki papel paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Sawyer & Schlichter 1984
Wappo pápel' paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Sawyer 1965
Mutsun pappel paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Okrand 1977
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A α/cime paper, book unknown simplex Mason 1918
Salinan M missing missing
Chumash Obispeno sak'spa7 cigarro, papel unknown other complex has sa- 'fire'??? Harrington
Chumash Ineseno papel paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Applegate 1972
Chumash Barbareno missing missing
Chumash Ventureno papel paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Applegate 1973 ms
Iipay 'Aa papeel paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa papí:l paper, letter, book loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave kapel, papel paper, book loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai papé:la, kapé:l paper loan Spanish WW %papel simplex Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa t-x+pha7 paper (perhaps part of the ruminant digestive system called "el libro" in Sp., or related to sheepskin parchment? unknown derived Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) hapáspoj paper, book semantic shift name for tail fan e.g. of shrimp is hapaspoj yaa, lit. sus naipes simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua papelaʔ missing Nheengatu? WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Nheengatu papera (Port loan, C11) papera (Port loan, C11) loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Waorani bĩkajõ-ta unique Compare Nadeb makahɛ.bʌh See Language page
Hodï da da unique Other complex ʰya 'leaf' See Language page
Yanomami onimamotima (lit. draw + Nominalizer, anything that can be used for drawing or writing), papeo, papeyo (MM07) onimamotima (lit. draw + nominalizer, anything used for drawing/writing), papeo, papejo (MM07) unique; loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Yanomam papʰeo papʰeo loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Ninam liplo-si liplo-si loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex liplo-si, “paper-classifier (skin)” See Language page
Kotiria papera pû papera pû loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Cubeo papera papera loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Tukano papéra papéɾa loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Desano papera papera loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Maihiki toya jao ja toja xao xã unknown Compound toja 'write' See Language page
Hup cug'æt cug'æt semantic shift leaf' From 'leaf' Other complex Lexicalized, prob. from 'forest-leaf' See Language page
Dâw xapêèl’ xapêl’ loan Span/Port 'papel', via Carib (cf. Eñepa)? See Language page
Sikuani kuyalata kujalata loan Span/Port 'carta' possibly Carib? See Language page
Macaguan papéna papéna loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Pemon kareta kareta loan Span/Port 'carta' Alternate: paperu See Language page
Makushi kaareta kaareta loan Span/Port 'carta' From Port. 'carta (letter)' See Language page
Eñepa kapeere, mapeere kapeere, mapeere (MM) loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo See Language page
Yukuna papera papeɾa loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Tariana papéra papéɾa loan Span/Port 'papel' WW %papera Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo Simplex See Language page
Wapishana kʰaritʰa kʰaritʰa loan Span/Port 'carta', via Carib? form only attested in Macushi, but data missing for Akawaio and others. Simplex See Language page
Resígaro té?aamí téʔaamí unique formed from loan classifier from Bora something to do with writing/paper See Language page
Gumatj baypa loan English WW paper
Dhuwal baypa loan English WW paper
Warrwa bilwa semantic shift
Gupapuyngu boyaŋ unique
Yan-nhangu dyorra' loan Makassar WW %djorra
Dhangu dyorra' loan Makassar WW %djorra
Dhay’yi dyu:rra loan Makassar WW %djorra
Djinang dyurra loan Makassar WW %djorra
Burarra dyurra loan Makassar WW %djorra
Karajarri mili mili loan English WW %milimili
Nyangumarta mili-mili loan English WW %milimili
Nimanburru milimil loan English WW %milimili
Yulparija milimili loan English WW %milimili
Yawuru milimili loan English WW %milimili
Mangala milimili loan English WW %milimili
Bardi milimili loan English WW %milimili
Nyulnyul mirlimirl loan English WW %milimili ‘mail’ ‘mail’
Ngarluma mirlimirli loan English WW %milimili
Nyikina paŋarriy semantic shift paperbark
Walmajarri tanginti semantic shift paperbark>letter
Jaru milimili loan Mantharda WW %milimili Manth mirli paperbark, via intermediate lgs
Gurindji mirlimirli loan Mantharda WW %milimili via other lgs; also pakarli 'paperbark'
Gooniyandi milimili loan Tharrgari mirli paperbark>redup like paperbark
Bunuba wulu semantic shift <paperbark
Djapu baypa loan English WW paper
Kija merntany semantic shift WW %mernta from paperbark
Jingulu pityilirla unknown Wambaya purrupurru
Miriwung menta semantic shift < paperbark; inheritance
Achagua káaʃta 'book, paper' káaʃta 'book, paper' loan Span/Port 'carta' See Language page
Piapoco cuyàluta, nucùyalutàni. kuyàluta, nukùyalutàni. See Language page
Yavitero ha'hela (Sp loan) haʔhela (Sp loan) See Language page
Wayuu [kar̃aľouta] Perhaps from Span. 'carta'. See Language page
Yine [kirɨka] See Language page
Paresi aniti, nane, babera aniti, nane, babera unknown; loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Ignaciano ahumeruka See Language page
Baure hamerok hamerok unknown See Language page
Waurá ata-pana; ɨnupa-ki-c̷aku ata-pana; ɨnupa-ki-¢aku unknown See Language page
Cha'palaa 'kiika Cf. 'skin, bark' 04.120 'kika. Cf. Quechua 'write'. See Language page
Bora waajácuháámɨ (waajácu 'knowledge) kwaaxákʰɯʔáámɨ unique See Language page
Muinane áame (=leaf) (W97) áame See Language page
Apalai pape pape loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Wayana pampila pampila loan Span/Port 'papel', via Maroon See Language page
Makiritare hahe:da (KH) hahe:da (KH) loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Wai Wai karita karita loan Span/Port 'carta' See Language page
Waimiri Atroari peepe peepe See Language page
Yukpa papiru papiru See Language page
Muisca ioque 'paper, leather, skin' joke 'paper, leather, skin' See Language page
Northern Emberá karta (loan Sp. carta, IDS) karta (loan Sp. carta, IDS) See Language page
Epena ['kʰartʰa] 'kʰiru Spanish 'carta' + 'leaf' 08.560. See Language page
Cofán tevaen'je teβaenʔhe phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra kiraka, kirákari kiraka, kirákari loan Quechua (from 'write/paint') See Language page
Taushiro avah (stick, tree, paper, book) awah (stick, tree, paper, book) See Language page
Páez ets 'paper, leaf' ets 'paper, leaf' See Language page
Tikuna pópera (Alv44) pópera loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Pumé gõẽ i See Language page
Puinave [papeda] [papeda] loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Ashuar pápi (Sp.) pápi (Sp.) See Language page
Huambisa papi papi See Language page
Aguaruna [pa'pi] [pa'pi] loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect makahɛ.bʌh (Martins dict) unknown See Language page
Matses dadauate dadauate unknown See Language page
Katukina kɨnɨ See Language page
Yaminahua gõẽ i See Language page
Chácobo papi (Spanish "papel") papi (Spanish "papel") loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Yagua catera-vĩ katera-wĩ loan Span/Port 'carta' See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua papil papil See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua quillca (related to 'write') kiʎka See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano qillqa qiʎqa See Language page
Piaroa kuyáru ɨ'chE' kujáru ɨɁshEɁ unknown See Language page
Sáliva cuelutaha kʷelutaʔa loan Span/Port 'carta' See Language page
Carapana papera papera See Language page
Makuna papera papera loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Tanimuca pa'pera pa'pera loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Koreguaje utija'o utixa'o unknown See Language page
Siona uti uti unknown See Language page
Wayampi [kalɛta] [kalɛta] loan Span/Port 'carta' See Language page
Aché [kuačia] unknown source says loan from Guarani; could be cognate? See Language page
Chiriguano kʷatia semantic shift from 'paint' See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní kuatia See Language page
Sirionó kirika (Quechua) kirika (Quechua) loan Quechua See Language page
Kamayurá kaˀahet kaˀahet semantic shift from 'paint' See Language page
Ocaina tyohoovu tjoʔooβɯ unknown See Language page
Murui Witoto rabe rabɛ ('leaf, paper') (B83) semantic shift leaf See Language page
Sanumá waheta (Pt) waheta (Pt) loan Span/Port 'papel' See Language page
Iquito simiím+ simiímɨ 'book, paper' unknown See Language page
Araona hilika See Language page
Ese Ejja [papeni] See Language page
Tacana [papel] From Span. 'papel'. See Language page
Cavineña kirika ~ kilika (also means "book", "letter") kirika ~ kilika See Language page
Cayuvava ɲã'daera See Language page
Itonama mačiriri See Language page
Kwazá exy, papɛu (the latter is from the Portuguese "papel" exy, papɛu (the latter is from the Portuguese "papel" See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané [pa'per] From Span. 'papel'. See Language page
Movima al-wam-ɓen̉ al-wam-ɓen̉ See Language page
Kaingang wɛ̃ɲ-rə (IDS) wɛ̃ɲ-rə See Language page
Djeoromitxi käko kǝko See Language page
Chipaya [papila] From Span. 'papel'. See Language page
Mocoví [papel] From Span. 'papel'. See Language page
Pilagá wakahak [loan Mascoyan] See Language page
Toba ʔhʸumeruko See Language page
Lengua waikyahak See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité waetkaʔhak See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet kirika See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay [papel] From Span. 'papel'. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -xokinek ~ -xukinek Also means 'book' 18.610. See Language page
Maca -fakanek (m.) Also means 'book' 18.610. See Language page
Nivaclé wat-kˀis-xayan-ač Arribeños dialect is wat-kˀis-xayan-eč. See Language page
Ayoreo daru-'n̥aa-ooi Means 'skin of a cactus' 11.690, 18.520. See Language page
Mapudungun [papel] From Spanish 'papel'. Ranquel form is [papil]. See Language page
Qawasqar teres Cf. 'bark' 08.750, footnote. Sk, Fe record taykalka for Central QWS. See Language page
Lokono karta karta book, paper Hickerson 1953:187
Kariña kareta kareta paper, written document, book Courtz 2007:293