Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Itonama

Family
Isolate (SAM)
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
ito
Location
-12.80°, -64.36°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Key, Mary Ritchie, from material by Camp, Elizabeth, and Millicent Liccardi. 2007. Itonama. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location nadɨlɨ(ʔte); načaʔu(ʔte) Respectively: belongs to class 2; class 3. Also class 10: manobo. Also uhnano. See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment koropo See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body uh-pačačano Refers to upper back. 'Lower back' is uh-wamučačačano. Extreme upper back is uh-wanispapano. See Language page
bad mal mal quality okˀela; kˀelala See Language page
belly barriga barriga body uh-bunu; uh-wanunu See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location ohnikosno See Language page
big grande grande quality ibɨsča; ukahna; kahanaʔna Also matˀohke; pasimatˀo. See Language page
black negro preto colour kawolo; karomaya See Language page
blood sangre sangue body u-nasto See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body o-pohro 'To have a boil is pohroʔna. A boil on the hand is ma-pohroʔna. See Language page
bone hueso osso body čɨdɨkɨ 'Fishbone' is oʔ-kˀi. See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body pi-pɨme See Language page
child niño, niña criança human ahmay-ʔye; oh-kˀiʔye Plural forms. See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment o-nela 'To be cloudy' is kamaniʔtʸa uwayo. See Language page
cold frío frio quality diyaʔtʸa; latʸusna See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality See Language page
day día dia time u-wayo See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality wahlahna; yukˀahɨʔna Also wahɨʔna; kˀosaʔna; yuʔwahna. See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment See Language page
ear oreja orelha body oh-mostˀoʔdo See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment tʸanisoʔte Means to be on the ground. See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna kˀipala See Language page
eye ojo olho body uh-kˀururu See Language page
far lejos longe quality makabɨsča; uhmakoʔtʸo Also makabɨhe. See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body daʔlele; kahanaʔna See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship ahme-mayeʔne Also padɨʔka, paduʔka. See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna mačara See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment u-bari Same as 'firewood' 01.880. See Language page
flower flor flor environment Magdalena dialect is polore; San Ramón dialect porore. See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment wakutʸa See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora ahmimɨhwa See Language page
good bueno bom quality uhmala See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body uh-suwa; uh-tʸasuwa See Language page
hand mano mão body uh-maʔpara To be making with the hands is mapɨlaʔkˀe. Also see 'wrist, arm'. See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar ohni; pini See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body uh-ču 'Crown of the head' is uhyanakˀakˀano. See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality labeʔna See Language page
how? como como grammar i-toʔko See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar osni; osniʔka Respectively: masc.; fem. See Language page
if si se grammar čaka See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body biʔlulu; čaytowi See Language page
lake lago lago environment kapime See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment u-mado To be leafy is melepahte. See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body Left hand' is ɨh-masɨ; to be 'left-handed' is ma-sɨhna. See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body uh-sawano; uh-mukakano The 'shin' is oh-niwasčačano. See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment o-weʔla See Language page
liver hígado figado body uh-wanɨʔta See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality napabɨsča; pabɨsča See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna u-čˀaʔe order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human u-mu See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna u-waka Possibly from Span. 'vaca (cow/cattle)'. See Language page
moon luna lua environment u-ʔtʸahka-ʔkaʔka Cf. 'month' 14.710. See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship a-noʔka; dihneʔte Also ahme-mayeʔneʔka. See Language page
mouth boca boca body uh-waʔpara; uh-kˀasno See Language page
name nombre nome human uh-kadaya See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality makapalahna; makahtˀidiʔna See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body uh-kamunano See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body uh-pakasno 'Back of neck' is uhkamunano. See Language page
new nuevo novo quality u-sawa See Language page
night noche noite time yumani 'Midnight' is waskuhluhna yumani; 'last night' is kumani. See Language page
no/not no não grammar See Language page
nose nariz nariz body uh-nu 'Snout' is oh-noris. See Language page
old viejo velho quality ibɨsča; matˀohke; ukahna See Language page
one uno um number u-kˀaʔne Used for classes 1 and 3. Other prefixes for other classes. See Language page
other otro outro grammar See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body wahdiʔke; paylalaʔna Noun form is uh-wahdi; paylala. See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human u-buwa See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment i-tʸe; uduhna Latter form is verbal. To rain hard is saraharasne(?); to rain much is nikaʔbɨhe. See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour i-dahke; čˀerasna, čˀeresna See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body mokoyowi Means 'right hand'. See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture uʔ-wasda See Language page
root raíz raiz flora ahmi-mus See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality woroʔtʸa See Language page
sand arena areia environment a-lɨpɨ kowowoʔna See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality wasiwahna; yaʔihe Latter form is verbal. See Language page
short corto curto quality wayupalahna See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body uh-pačukakano Also uh-čačano. See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental čakamɨhna See Language page
skin piel pele body poʔroma See Language page
sky cielo céu environment uh-nano See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality opiʔi; buyuyuʔtʸa See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment u-ku; puyuʔne Latter form is verbal. See Language page
star estrella estrela environment o-kičˀi See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment u-pala 'Pebbles' is kˀalaʔla. See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body oh-mobi See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar ohnitʸeʔke See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality čanasbɨsča; čɨbɨsča See Language page
thin delgado fino quality čanaspalahna; čɨpalahna See Language page
this este/esta este grammar See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar oʔni; koʔni Respectively: masc.; fem. See Language page
throat garganta garganta body uh-pakosčočono 'Inside the throat' is uh-pakosčočočono. See Language page
three tres tres number o-tere See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment puyululu Verbal forms: puyuluʔna; čˀeʔerohnaʔke. See Language page
bite morder morder body i-dohne See Language page
blow soplar soprar body ɨ-pusne; časpusne 'To blow the nose' is nu-pusne. To 'blow on the body' is suwapusne. See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body wahsuʔna; sahsusuʔna See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment a-čɨraʔna See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body načˀahe See Language page
climb subir subir motion nakasna See Language page
come venir vir motion yawaʔna; niyawɨˀna Also kapahe. See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact wasčuduhna See Language page
count contar contar mental yamakˀede See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental yɨʔɨʔte 'Cause to cry' is yakˀɨhɨʔte; 'to cry for someone' is sawɨʔte; 'to be crying' is kapɨlahkˀe. See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact itˀiʔtʸe Various forms for 'cut', depending on the part of the body. See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state u-baʔtʸa Also naʔohna 'went up'; and makaʔohna 'went away'. See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact tʸohnaʔke; mesdehna See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental metˀaʔčaʔke See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body i-yone; kasiʔna; pačˀahɨʔna See Language page
eat comer comer body waʔpehe See Language page
fall caer cair motion oliʔna; serehna; solohke See Language page
fear miedo medo mental samɨhna; wamɨhna See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion See Language page
fly volar voar motion a-pɨhe See Language page
grow crecer crescer state tilahna See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental puwane See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion mapaune; poʔroma See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact baʔbahke; čuduʔna Also ibahne; ikamo, ikamu. See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other See Language page
kill matar matar impact yopowaʔna See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental kikuwaʔna, kikɨwaʔna See Language page
laugh reír rir mental lohoʔte See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion upuʔna; kuspuʔna See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body siyumaʔna See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other itʸɨhne; kamabɨ Respectively: trans.; intrans. (the door). See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact See Language page
say decir dizer mental o-sine See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact See Language page
see ver ver mental sewane 'Vision' is uhkačasno. See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact kačˀahne; ičˀočˀoʔtʸe Latter is shoot with an arrow. See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state čaʔuʔna; didihte Respectively: one sits; many sit. See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body o-nehna; yunehna Latter is to cause to sleep. See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body walema; uh-wamis Verbal form is yobisna. See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact čospitˀa; piʔiʔtʸe; yokˀiliʔke See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact itʸohne Means 'pierce'. See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state wetaʔna; načoboʔna yukˀetaʔna means 'cause to stand'. See Language page
steal robar roubar other mačapiʔtʸa See Language page
suck chupar chupar body See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body (...)-pohoʔna The swollen area must be specified. See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion paʔalɨʔte See Language page
think pensar pensar mental čekečebeʔta See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact nuseʔehte See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact čˀiʔne; čuwahkaʔna Tie together is čosčˀiʔne. See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other tʸasupeleʔna may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body kosiwiʔte See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion siʔimaʔte See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other mačɨhɨ; mačɨhɨʔke Respectively: noun; verb. See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body wawoyaʔna See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body oh-počosnila See Language page
tooth diente dente body oh-womotˀe See Language page
two dos dois number ...čupa Prefix depends on class. See Language page
water agua agua environment wanuʔwe 'A current of water' is sululu. See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar dihniʔke; dihnitʸeʔke no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar sihniʔke; sihnitʸeʔke See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality tɨdahna See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar kadaya See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar kote See Language page
where? donde onde grammar i-toʔko See Language page
white blanco branco colour rapɨhna See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar oh-koʔtʸo; pi-ʔyoʔtʸo Respectively: masc.; fem. See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship ah-mapɨʔka See Language page
wind viento vento environment ponohwe A wind from the south is dɨwɨwɨ. A 'hurricane' is onopi. See Language page
wing ala asa body mačara See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human wabɨʔka Plural form is uʔ-wabɨ. See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour o-were See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar dihniʔtʸe See Language page
foot pie pé body oh-niʔpara 'Sole of the foot' is oh-nino. See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar See Language page
all todo todos other oʔsohke; sosohte See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body oh-nipapano See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body uh-musčunano See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body walu-ne; u-walu The latter is noun form. 'Animal excrement' is ahmi-to; 'fish excrement' is porokoʔko. See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body uh-warastˀaʔtˀa See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body yahlalaʔčame See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body See Language page
bark corteza casca environment kanadapa; časdapa; wasača See Language page
fingernail uña unha body oh-meʔkˀe; oh-kečeʔkˀe See Language page
heart corazón coração body uh-wanukˀuʔyu See Language page
sun sol sol time wapačˀa Verbal form is yuʔwahna. See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment See Language page
green verde verde quality kabalaʔi See Language page
hot caliente quente quality bariʔna; padaluʔtʸa Latter refers to weather. See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (134)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. yururu See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna u-puwe See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes o-si See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica okˀere; okˀili See Language page Widespread A small parrot; a large parrot is wawaro.
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae waʔbaba; čawaʔlulu See Language page Respectively: large; small one.
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae o-čˀiʔye; o-tʸili See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae kuruʔkuru See Language page Widespread South America Magdalena dialect. San Ramón dialect is waruʔsusu.
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family naʔuʔka; woʔroro See Language page Latter form is 'water duck'.
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris u-paʔu See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna o-pi See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata waʔtaʔta; waroʔyane See Language page Latter is large lizard.
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. a-nɨ See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna biluwa See Language page Fer-de-lance' is upakˀa; boa constrictor is uyula; 'boyé' is opori.
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria wanalɨ See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis u-pus See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) u-waʔe See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. See Language page Banana fruit is mayiru.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. oriʔča See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) o-lele See Language page Grass used to make brooms is očˀiwi; otiri.
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays u-čuʔu; kanasbɨsča See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains First ex. refers to corn on the cob. Also udame kaboro 'dark corn'; mayukomomo 'short ear of c.'; udame ɨkasɨ 'hard c'.; awɨhwɨ 'soft c'.; kačˀaʔda 'white c.'.
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum waydala See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna a-bɨte See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta čamaye; bululu See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Latter example is 'dry manioc'. To plant manioc is oteʔko; pounded manioc is kaʔpala; 'starch' is ačɨ; toasted manioc is ukatʸe; wild manioc is utuwa.
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) ɨ-yakˀɨ; makˀowo See Language page indigenous gardens Various kinds of g. marara; o-soso; makawɨ.
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. nikɨlɨpɨ See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae uʔwabɨs See Language page Also učawu 'leaf-cutter'; ulala 'army ant'; lamumu 'jorebaré'; upuyu ants which live in the Palo Santo tree.
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. učawu See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis wununuya; mɨwara See Language page First ex. refers to a big black bee.
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria woloso See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera poleʔpole See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora u-watˀu See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones wasnayaya See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera o-peʔte See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera kapara; o-čˀese; pururu See Language page Latter form is 'triangular biting fly (tábano)'.
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. o-nihko; nuʔpulu See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita kaʔtʸororo; wununuya See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda u-tˀuʔdu See Language page Refers to a water snail.
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae wɨlɨbɨbɨ See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae o-kočˀo See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu warari See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus u-kˀukˀu See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus kumare; u-wahdo See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material omoʔo; waraʔi, waroʔi Respectively: large b.; small baskets. See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material pusore See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material uhmuskanano Hammock' is ɨtahwɨ. See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material ɨtahwɨ See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material u-čˀapa See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology wayamama; tˀukuʔka Respectively: large; small drum. See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology suwamo; ohtida In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material i-lu; o-tiri See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology makaya; čoskoni; učasba See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other wačobo; ahminičuloʔtʸo may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other u-bari Same as 'fire' 01.810. See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology dihnamu In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology palawɨʔta multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool yowoti especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool ičˀeʔere hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool i-nalo arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport i-yohda Magdalena dialect. San Ramón dialect is i-yoʔda. See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool walele See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology utʸutʸu See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other o-woʔwo See Language page
honey miel mel food o-woʔwo only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture mospiko, mospiku Leather rope is wakapi. See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation mačiriri See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology metˀaʔčaʔke See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology makulana See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation Cane used to make fences is učuču. See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress nitasni Means sandal. See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation o-miči See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress wačoworoʔi; wačudu See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology manačobo; miyayčumaʔna See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool a-bɨte See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food o-belo See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology yakane; ča-yakane Latter means to sing for another. See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool yusewe esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food makumahe See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food kˀiyaʔenahkˀe Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool ɨ-yakˀɨ; makˀowo Various kinds of g. marara; o-soso; makawɨ. See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool čodohne See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture pakˀaya; čˀiriʔtʸa Latter form is verbal. See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food u-kaʔtʸe agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other u-ku See Language page