Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

sugarcane/sugar

Semantic Field: acculturation
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: azúcar, caña de azúcar
Meaning Portuguese: açucar (de cana)

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	básue 'sugar cane'	básue 'sugar cane'												See Language page
Aché		takua ẽʔẽ												See Language page
Aguaruna	pagat 'sugar cane'	pagat 'sugar cane'												See Language page
Akawaio	chiigaruu	tʃigaru		inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon								See Language page
Andoke	ta'o 'sweet'	taʔo 'sweet'												See Language page
Apalai	asukara	asukara												See Language page
Araona		oši											Means 'white cane'; 'tacuara' is moi. Tacn form is šita.	See Language page
Ashuar	páat 'cane (sugar or wild)'	páat 'cane (sugar or wild)'												See Language page
Ayoreo		'geen̥a-ke'de-n̥ai											Means 'different corn plant'; sugar cane plant is n̥aaka'raai, cf. 08. 510.	See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	missing			missing
Baure	ko'te-n	ko'te-n												See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	pihnaa-pin		sugar	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex	pihnaah 'sweet'		Crapo 1976
Bora	imújtso (v. 'sweeten')	imúxtsʰo												See Language page
Cahuilla	pisily		sugar	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex			Seiler & Hioki 1979
Carapana	ñucãmene	ñukãmene												See Language page
Cavineña	šita; asoka (The former is "sugar cane"; the latter is sugar, from the Spanish "azucar"; Girard states that šita is borrowed from Panoan)	šita; asoka												See Language page
Central Aymara	asukara (P04)	asukara (Sp loan)												See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	missing			missing
Cha'palaa		'ela											Means 'cane'. 'Caña brava' is 'ɲaɲi.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	pihavI		sugar	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex			Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Chiriguano		takʷanẽe												See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		tic̷oyin											Cf. 05.850.	See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	7asuka		sugar	loan			Spanish	WW	%azúcar	see also 'honey'	simplex			Beeler 1978
Chumash Ineseno	missing			missing
Chumash Obispeno	jatSqe jaktajusa		el panal, like onde ponen el azucar (= el miel) only word	unknown							phrase			Harrington
Chumash Ventureno	7asukal		sugar	loan			Spanish	WW	%azúcar		simplex			Mamet 2008
Chácobo	šita	šita												See Language page
Cocopa	7asúkr		sugar	loan			Spanish	WW	%azúcar		simplex			Crawford 1989
Cofán	sutsapa'cco (sugar cane); cuñajun'cho (sugar, honey)	sutspaʔkho; kuñahunʔʃo											phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	pihnáa7		sugar, sweets	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	simplex			R
Cubeo	cavamene, cavameneñʉ	kavamɛnɛ, kavamɛnɛñʉ		unknown						Also:kavamɛnɛñʉ				See Language page
Cupeño	asuukar		sugar	loan			Spanish	WW	%azúcar		simplex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Desano	gãrʉ	gãrʉ		missing										See Language page
Djeoromitxi	bekidji	bekidʒi												See Language page
Dâw	xãán’ (cane), asuk (sugar)	xã̌n’, aʃuk		Missing										See Language page
Epena		'sĩa-sõ											Lit. 'cane-suck'. 'Cane (caña brava)' is 'sia.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		eka iši												See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	e'ka	e'ka												See Language page
Esselen	missing			missing
Eñepa	karana	karana		loan			Spanish			Alternate: karanayeɲamun, paamë kaiʔmën				See Language page
Gabrielino	7awe:7		sugar, azucar, es dulce	unique							other complex			Hill Harrington notes
Hodï	ʰkalãlã 'sugar cane'	ʰkalãlã 'sugar cane'	sugar	doubtful loan			Spanish				Compound	ʰkalãlã 'grease' ('tasty'??) + ʰyowã 'grains'		See Language page
Huambisa	paat 'sugar cane'	paat 'sugar cane'												See Language page
Hup	mǔh=teg (arrow/sugar cane); acuka (sugar)	mǔh=teg (arrow/sugar cane); acuka (sugar)		unique							Compound	arrow=CL:stick		See Language page
Ignaciano		akutena											'Miel de caña' is akutenama.	See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	kumyulk		sugar, sweets (lit. the sweet one)	semantic shift		Proto-Yuman				see Yavapai myû(:)la sugar, sweet	derived	ku- form		Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Kaingang	ŋrɛ̃ 'sugar' (IDS)	ŋrɛ̃ 'sugar' (IDS)												See Language page
Kakataibo		ṣ̌ai											Panoan ṣ̌awi.	See Language page
Kakua	dì	dì		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Karajá		maiti												See Language page
Kariña	asikaru	asikaru	sugar cane				Yamada 2010:720
Karitiana	tẽm ('cana')	tẽm ('cana')												See Language page
Katukina		tawa βata											Lit. '? sweet' 15.350.	See Language page
Kawaiisu	piha-vi		sugar	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex			Zigmond et al. 1990
Kiliwa	t-kw-s+maqn		sweets, sugar	unknown							derived	maqn be sweet		Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk	piha-č		sugar	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex			Anderton 1988
Kokama	uwakɨra	uwakɨra												See Language page
Koreguaje	chʉ'chʉ	dʒʉ'dʒʉ												See Language page
Kotiria	~khadʉ	~khadʉ		unknown										See Language page
Kwazá	atsuka, atsukanũ, atsukakalo	atsuka, atsukanũ, atsukakalo												See Language page
Lake Miwok	kawáacu		sugar, sugar from sugar pine, honey, anything sweet	loan			Western Wappo				simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lengua		yam-paat											Lit. 'like grass' 08.510.	See Language page
Lokono	sikalho	sikaɽo	sugar cane											Pet 1987:373
Luiseño	kó$aat		sweet, candy, jam, sugar, sweets, cookies	unique							other complex			Elliott 1999
Maca		ɬeḳepinuʔ (m.)											Also used for 'sugar' 05.850.	See Language page
Macaguan	káihia		sugarcane	unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Maidu	sudák		sugar, sweet	semantic shift						Shipley 1961:51 does not reconstruct	simplex			Shipley 1963
Maihiki	yoco ja	joko xã		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Makiritare	ëši:ča:dï (sugar cane) (KH)	ëʃi:tʃa:dï (sugar) (KH)		inheritance										See Language page
Makuna	mimi yucʉ	mimi yukʉ												See Language page
Makushi	aʔkiʔku	aʔkiʔku		unknown										See Language page
Mapudungun		[sapalʸu]											From Spanish 'zapallo'. Ranquel form is sapalʸo; kɨṭ͡ʀan.	See Language page
Matses	pia bata (sugar cane)	pia bata (sugar cane)												See Language page
Mocoví		['kaɲa]											From Span. 'caña'.	See Language page
Mojave	7asukar		sugar	loan			Spanish	WW	%azúcar		simplex			Munro et al. 1992
Mosetén-Chimané		wi'ro												See Language page
Movima	ča-raye, asukar	tʃa-raje (cane), asukar (sugar, from Sp.)												See Language page
Muinane	náámoguiijɨ 'sweet powder' (W97)	náámoguiixɨ 'sweet powder'												See Language page
Muisca	su amne 'sugar cane?'	su amne 'sugar cane?'												See Language page
Murui Witoto	gononaɨ̀gɨ ('sugar cane')	gononaɯ̀gɯ ('sugar cane') (B83)												See Language page
Mutsun	petsen	ts cluster, not [c]	sugar	semantic shift		Proto-Southern Costanoan				Rumsen has (Henshaw in Heizer), also Soledad	derived			Okrand 1977
Nheengatu	kana (sugar cane; Casas2000)	kana (sugar cane; Casas2000)		loan			Portuguese				Simplex			See Language page
Ninam	asuka	asuka		loan			Spanish/Portuguese			via Nheengatu or other?	Simplex			See Language page
Nisenan	missing			missing						note kawa:su 'sugar pine sugar' 211
Nivaclé		fin-če												See Language page
Northern Emberá	čia-sõ ('reed-suck' IDS)	čia-sõ ('reed-suck' IDS)												See Language page
Northern Paiute	pihabi		sugar	semantic shift						originally a sugar made from sap				Liljeblad et al. 2012:377
Northern Sierra Miwok	cu7cuj-u-		sweet; jelly; honey; sugar; anything sweet	semantic shift		Proto-Eastern Miwok				also 7as:u:ka- p. 266	other complex			Callaghan 1987
Nukak		mɛlɛʔ4 'cane' (H&R)												See Language page
Ocaina	ñaamúra ('sugar cane')	ɲaamúra												See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		takuareʔẽ												See Language page
Paresi	asoka	atsoka												See Language page
Pemon	kaiwarakun yeuku erintesak (A1981); chiikaruu (E1980)	kaiwarakun yeuku erintesak (A1981)		Inheritance		Akawaio-Pemon				Alternate: kaiwarakun jeuku erintesak				See Language page
Piapoco	bèsuè 'sugar cane'	bèsuè 'sugar cane'												See Language page
Piaroa	a'cúka ɨcá'pheh	aɁsúka ɨcsáɁpheh												See Language page
Pilagá		he-daʔ ma-ik											Lit. 'masc.-standing/vertical sweet-producer'.	See Language page
Plains Miwok	cu7cuj		sweet; darling; sugar, cake	semantic shift		Proto-Eastern Miwok				also 7as:u:ka-, 7es:u:ka- 'sugar' 187	simplex			Callaghan 1984
Puinave	[asuka], susim 'sugar cane'	[asuka], susim 'sugar cane'												See Language page
Pumé	čĩã-reã kʊ (sugar cane + ?)													See Language page
Páez	nʸuša	nʸuša												See Language page
Resígaro	iítshiíjihú	iítsʰidᶚi-hú	sugar	unknown						Alternate: iítsʰi-mú (sugar cane, sugar + “tubelike” classifier)		d͡ʒihu a classifier; or perhaps -d͡ʒi (nominalizer) -hu (classifier/singular marker?)		See Language page
Salinan A	k'óm'aš		sugar	unknown							simplex			Turner 1987
Salinan M	missing			missing
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		yama-paat												See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		yaampaʔat walay yawhan												See Language page
Sanumá	pu	pu												See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	sancáac		brown sugar	loan			Pima Bajo			or maybe Yaqui sankaka (ultimate source is what?)	simplex			Moser & Marlett 2005
Serrano	pīhç		sugar, sweet	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex			K. Hill Dict.
Shipibo-Konibo		ṣ̌awi												See Language page
Sikuani	basueboto	basueboto	sugar cane	unknown							Compound	boto 'cane'		See Language page
Siona	sˀɨʔsˀɨ	sˀɨʔsˀɨ												See Language page
Sirionó	takʷa reẽ ~ takʷa reĩ	takʷa reẽ ~ takʷa reĩ												See Language page
Southern Paiute	missing			missing
Southern Sierra Miwok	7asu:ka-		sugar	loan			Spanish	WW	%azúcar		simplex			Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute	pia-gama-tY		sugar, lit. sweet tasting	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	compound, other complex	pia-gamay to taste sweet		Givon
Sáliva	õdi	õdi												See Language page
Tacana		šita												See Language page
Tikuna	de-né ('cane') (Alv44)	deʔné												See Language page
Tiriyó	pïreimë	pɨreimǝ												See Language page
Toba		[kaaɲa]											From Span. 'caña'.	See Language page
Trinitario		ektenrahi; 'ʔkuteno												See Language page
Trumai	aroxo-roxo-k, kanauiia	aroxo-roxo-k, kanauiia												See Language page
Tukano	ãrɨ̂ 'cane'	ãrɨ̂ 'cane'		missing										See Language page
Tuyuka	cãnʉ	kãnʉ												See Language page
Tübatulabal	hāpisht, asuka		sugar, sweet	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex			K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tümpisa Shoshone	pihnaapin, pihyaapin		honey, sugar, sweets	semantic shift	*pisa(L)	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2259	other complex	pihnaa, pihyaa 'sweet'		Dayley 1989
Urarina	hjanarihi 'sugar cane'	hjanarihi 'sugar cane'												See Language page
Wai Wai	Φaranči	Φaranči		inheritance										See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	awaxi 'sugar cane'	awaʃi 'sugar cane'												See Language page
Waorani	owãdoka (IDS)			unknown										See Language page
Wapishana	kʰaiwara	kʰaiwara	sugar cane	loan			Carib				Simplex			See Language page
Wappo	káwa:ču7		sugar	loan			Spanish				simplex			Sawyer 1965
Wari	kajitawi (Sousa2009)	kajitawi (Sousa2009)												See Language page
Washo	bámc'i		sugar	unknown							simplex			Washo Project Dictionary
Waurá	kanawĩya (from Port.)	kanawĩja (from Port.)												See Language page
Wayampi	[asikalu]	[asikalu]												See Language page
Wayana	asikalu	asikalu												See Language page
Wayuu		wɨir̃ɨ												See Language page
Western Mono	suγanA7		sugar	loan			Spanish	WW	%soldado	Loether thins might be from English, but that is probably the alternte form sUγA7	simplex			Loether & Bethel 1993
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		is'čin												See Language page
Wintu	su:ka		sugar	loan			English	WW	%sugar	also xurxur 'pine sugar, sugar', and mun- root for 'sweet'	simplex			Schlichter 1981
Yabarana		asuka 'sugar'; karana 'sugar cane'												See Language page
Yagua	sabodu 'sugar cane'	sabodu 'sugar cane'												See Language page
Yaminahua		[kaɲa]												See Language page
Yanomam	asuka	asuka		loan			Spanish/Portuguese				Simplex			See Language page
Yanomami	kretetiwë (sweet), puu sikɨ (sugar cane) (MM07)	kretetiwə (sweet), puu sikɨ (sugar cane) (MM07)	sugar cane	unique						Alternate: kretetiwə (sweet)	Compound	honey/bee ?		See Language page
Yavapai	myû(:)la		sugar	semantic shift		inheritance				myul sweet, see 'Iipay Aa	derived	myuli 'sweet'		Shaterian 1983
Yavitero	min'deľe	min'deľe												See Language page
Yine		počwaksɨrɨ											'Cane' is kac̷ľɨ; wačkono; yapihaya.	See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	missing			missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi	missing			missing
Yokuts Yawelmani	missing			missing
Yuki	su:ke		sugar	loan			English	WW	%sugar		simplex			Schlichter 1985
Yukpa	anisi, asuka, jen, sésare	anisi, asuka, hen, sésare												See Language page
Yukuna	kana	kana		missing										See Language page
Záparo	ichawkanaka	itʃawkanaka												See Language page


Achagua
Aché
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Bankalachi Toloim
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Cahuilla
Carapana
Cavineña
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Chácobo
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Desano
Djeoromitxi
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Kaingang
Kakataibo
Kakua
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Lokono
Luiseño
Maca
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Mapudungun
Matses
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Nheengatu
Ninam
Nisenan
Nivaclé
Northern Emberá
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Ocaina
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Resígaro
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Shipibo-Konibo
Sikuani
Siona
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tacana
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Toba
Trinitario
Trumai
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waimiri Atroari
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Wari
Washo
Waurá
Wayampi
Wayana
Wayuu
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yine
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Záparo

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