Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

sugarcane/sugar

Semantic Field
acculturation
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
azúcar, caña de azúcar
Meaning Portuguese
açucar (de cana)

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla pisily sugar semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño asuukar sugar loan Spanish WW %azúcar simplex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño kó$aat sweet, candy, jam, sugar, sweets, cookies unique other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino 7awe:7 sugar, azucar, es dulce unique other complex Hill Harrington notes
Serrano pīhç sugar, sweet semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 other complex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk piha-č sugar semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal hāpisht, asuka sugar, sweet semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim missing missing
Kawaiisu piha-vi sugar semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 other complex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi pihavI sugar semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 other complex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute missing missing
Southern Ute pia-gama-tY sugar, lit. sweet tasting semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 compound, other complex pia-gamay to taste sweet Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone pihnaapin, pihyaapin honey, sugar, sweets semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 other complex pihnaa, pihyaa 'sweet' Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pihnaa-pin sugar semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 other complex pihnaah 'sweet' Crapo 1976
Comanche pihnáa7 sugar, sweets semantic shift *pisa(L) Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2259 simplex R
Western Mono suγanA7 sugar loan Spanish WW %soldado Loether thins might be from English, but that is probably the alternte form sUγA7 simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute pihabi sugar semantic shift originally a sugar made from sap Liljeblad et al. 2012:377
Southern Sierra Miwok 7asu:ka- sugar loan Spanish WW %azúcar simplex Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok missing missing
Northern Sierra Miwok cu7cuj-u- sweet; jelly; honey; sugar; anything sweet semantic shift Proto-Eastern Miwok also 7as:u:ka- p. 266 other complex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok cu7cuj sweet; darling; sugar, cake semantic shift Proto-Eastern Miwok also 7as:u:ka-, 7es:u:ka- 'sugar' 187 simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok kawáacu sugar, sugar from sugar pine, honey, anything sweet loan Western Wappo simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu sudák sugar, sweet semantic shift Shipley 1961:51 does not reconstruct simplex Shipley 1963
Nisenan missing missing note kawa:su 'sugar pine sugar' 211
Yokuts Yawelmani missing missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi missing missing
Yokuts Palewyami missing missing
Washo bámc'i sugar unknown simplex Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu su:ka sugar loan English WW %sugar also xurxur 'pine sugar, sugar', and mun- root for 'sweet' simplex Schlichter 1981
Yuki su:ke sugar loan English WW %sugar simplex Schlichter 1985
Wappo káwa:ču7 sugar loan Spanish simplex Sawyer 1965
Mutsun petsen ts cluster, not [c] sugar semantic shift Proto-Southern Costanoan Rumsen has (Henshaw in Heizer), also Soledad derived Okrand 1977
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A k'óm'aš sugar unknown simplex Turner 1987
Salinan M missing missing
Chumash Obispeno jatSqe jaktajusa el panal, like onde ponen el azucar (= el miel) only word unknown phrase Harrington
Chumash Ineseno missing missing
Chumash Barbareno 7asuka sugar loan Spanish WW %azúcar see also 'honey' simplex Beeler 1978
Chumash Ventureno 7asukal sugar loan Spanish WW %azúcar simplex Mamet 2008
Iipay 'Aa kumyulk sugar, sweets (lit. the sweet one) semantic shift Proto-Yuman see Yavapai myû(:)la sugar, sweet derived ku- form Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa 7asúkr sugar loan Spanish WW %azúcar simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave 7asukar sugar loan Spanish WW %azúcar simplex Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai myû(:)la sugar semantic shift inheritance myul sweet, see 'Iipay Aa derived myuli 'sweet' Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa t-kw-s+maqn sweets, sugar unknown derived maqn be sweet Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) sancáac brown sugar loan Pima Bajo or maybe Yaqui sankaka (ultimate source is what?) simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua dì dì unknown Simplex See Language page
Nheengatu kana (sugar cane; Casas2000) kana (sugar cane; Casas2000) loan Portuguese Simplex See Language page
Waorani owãdoka (IDS) unknown See Language page
Hodï ʰkalãlã 'sugar cane' ʰkalãlã 'sugar cane' sugar doubtful loan Spanish Compound ʰkalãlã 'grease' ('tasty'??) + ʰyowã 'grains' See Language page
Yanomami kretetiwë (sweet), puu sikɨ (sugar cane) (MM07) kretetiwə (sweet), puu sikɨ (sugar cane) (MM07) sugar cane unique Alternate: kretetiwə (sweet) Compound honey/bee ? See Language page
Yanomam asuka asuka loan Spanish/Portuguese Simplex See Language page
Ninam asuka asuka loan Spanish/Portuguese via Nheengatu or other? Simplex See Language page
Kotiria ~khadʉ ~khadʉ unknown See Language page
Cubeo cavamene, cavameneñʉ kavamɛnɛ, kavamɛnɛñʉ unknown Also:kavamɛnɛñʉ See Language page
Tukano ãrɨ̂ 'cane' ãrɨ̂ 'cane' missing See Language page
Desano gãrʉ gãrʉ missing See Language page
Maihiki yoco ja joko xã unknown Simplex See Language page
Hup mǔh=teg (arrow/sugar cane); acuka (sugar) mǔh=teg (arrow/sugar cane); acuka (sugar) unique Compound arrow=CL:stick See Language page
Dâw xãán’ (cane), asuk (sugar) xã̌n’, aʃuk Missing See Language page
Sikuani basueboto basueboto sugar cane unknown Compound boto 'cane' See Language page
Macaguan káihia sugarcane unknown Simplex See Language page
Pemon kaiwarakun yeuku erintesak (A1981); chiikaruu (E1980) kaiwarakun yeuku erintesak (A1981) Inheritance Akawaio-Pemon Alternate: kaiwarakun jeuku erintesak See Language page
Akawaio chiigaruu tʃigaru inheritance Akawaio-Pemon See Language page
Makushi aʔkiʔku aʔkiʔku unknown See Language page
Eñepa karana karana loan Spanish Alternate: karanayeɲamun, paamë kaiʔmën See Language page
Yukuna kana kana missing See Language page
Wapishana kʰaiwara kʰaiwara sugar cane loan Carib Simplex See Language page
Resígaro iítshiíjihú iítsʰidᶚi-hú sugar unknown Alternate: iítsʰi-mú (sugar cane, sugar + “tubelike” classifier) d͡ʒihu a classifier; or perhaps -d͡ʒi (nominalizer) -hu (classifier/singular marker?) See Language page
Achagua básue 'sugar cane' básue 'sugar cane' See Language page
Piapoco bèsuè 'sugar cane' bèsuè 'sugar cane' See Language page
Yavitero min'deľe min'deľe See Language page
Wayuu wɨir̃ɨ See Language page
Yine počwaksɨrɨ 'Cane' is kac̷ľɨ; wačkono; yapihaya. See Language page
Paresi asoka atsoka See Language page
Ignaciano akutena 'Miel de caña' is akutenama. See Language page
Trinitario ektenrahi; 'ʔkuteno See Language page
Baure ko'te-n ko'te-n See Language page
Waurá kanawĩya (from Port.) kanawĩja (from Port.) See Language page
Cha'palaa 'ela Means 'cane'. 'Caña brava' is 'ɲaɲi. See Language page
Bora imújtso (v. 'sweeten') imúxtsʰo See Language page
Muinane náámoguiijɨ 'sweet powder' (W97) náámoguiixɨ 'sweet powder' See Language page
Apalai asukara asukara See Language page
Wayana asikalu asikalu See Language page
Tiriyó pïreimë pɨreimǝ See Language page
Makiritare ëši:ča:dï (sugar cane) (KH) ëʃi:tʃa:dï (sugar) (KH) inheritance See Language page
Wai Wai Φaranči Φaranči inheritance See Language page
Waimiri Atroari awaxi 'sugar cane' awaʃi 'sugar cane' See Language page
Yabarana asuka 'sugar'; karana 'sugar cane' See Language page
Yukpa anisi, asuka, jen, sésare anisi, asuka, hen, sésare See Language page
Muisca su amne 'sugar cane?' su amne 'sugar cane?' See Language page
Northern Emberá čia-sõ ('reed-suck' IDS) čia-sõ ('reed-suck' IDS) See Language page
Epena 'sĩa-sõ Lit. 'cane-suck'. 'Cane (caña brava)' is 'sia. See Language page
Cofán sutsapa'cco (sugar cane); cuñajun'cho (sugar, honey) sutspaʔkho; kuñahunʔʃo phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Páez nʸuša nʸuša See Language page
Tikuna de-né ('cane') (Alv44) deʔné See Language page
Urarina hjanarihi 'sugar cane' hjanarihi 'sugar cane' See Language page
Andoke ta'o 'sweet' taʔo 'sweet' See Language page
Pumé čĩã-reã kʊ (sugar cane + ?) See Language page
Puinave [asuka], susim 'sugar cane' [asuka], susim 'sugar cane' See Language page
Ashuar páat 'cane (sugar or wild)' páat 'cane (sugar or wild)' See Language page
Huambisa paat 'sugar cane' paat 'sugar cane' See Language page
Aguaruna pagat 'sugar cane' pagat 'sugar cane' See Language page
Nukak mɛlɛʔ4 'cane' (H&R) See Language page
Matses pia bata (sugar cane) pia bata (sugar cane) See Language page
Kakataibo ṣ̌ai *Panoan *ṣ̌awi. See Language page
Katukina tawa βata Lit. '? sweet' 15.350. See Language page
Shipibo-Konibo ṣ̌awi See Language page
Yaminahua [kaɲa] See Language page
Chácobo šita šita See Language page
Yagua sabodu 'sugar cane' sabodu 'sugar cane' See Language page
Piaroa a'cúka ɨcá'pheh aɁsúka ɨcsáɁpheh See Language page
Sáliva õdi õdi See Language page
Carapana ñucãmene ñukãmene See Language page
Makuna mimi yucʉ mimi yukʉ See Language page
Tuyuka cãnʉ kãnʉ See Language page
Koreguaje chʉ'chʉ dʒʉ'dʒʉ See Language page
Siona sˀɨʔsˀɨ sˀɨʔsˀɨ See Language page
Karitiana tẽm ('cana') tẽm ('cana') See Language page
Kokama uwakɨra uwakɨra See Language page
Wayampi [asikalu] [asikalu] See Language page
Aché takua ẽʔẽ See Language page
Chiriguano takʷanẽe See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní takuareʔẽ See Language page
Sirionó takʷa reẽ ~ takʷa reĩ takʷa reẽ ~ takʷa reĩ See Language page
Ocaina ñaamúra ('sugar cane') ɲaamúra See Language page
Murui Witoto gononaɨ̀gɨ ('sugar cane') gononaɯ̀gɯ ('sugar cane') (B83) See Language page
Sanumá pu pu See Language page
Záparo ichawkanaka itʃawkanaka See Language page
Wari kajitawi (Sousa2009) kajitawi (Sousa2009) See Language page
Araona oši Means 'white cane'; 'tacuara' is moi. *Tacn form is *šita. See Language page
Ese Ejja eka iši See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e'ka e'ka See Language page
Tacana šita See Language page
Cavineña šita; asoka (The former is "sugar cane"; the latter is sugar, from the Spanish "azucar"; Girard states that šita is borrowed from Panoan) šita; asoka See Language page
Central Aymara asukara (P04) asukara (Sp loan) See Language page
Kwazá atsuka, atsukanũ, atsukakalo atsuka, atsukanũ, atsukakalo See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané wi'ro See Language page
Movima ča-raye, asukar tʃa-raje (cane), asukar (sugar, from Sp.) See Language page
Trumai aroxo-roxo-k, kanauiia aroxo-roxo-k, kanauiia See Language page
Kaingang ŋrɛ̃ 'sugar' (IDS) ŋrɛ̃ 'sugar' (IDS) See Language page
Karajá maiti See Language page
Djeoromitxi bekidji bekidʒi See Language page
Mocoví ['kaɲa] From Span. 'caña'. See Language page
Pilagá he-daʔ ma-ik Lit. 'masc.-standing/vertical sweet-producer'. See Language page
Toba [kaaɲa] From Span. 'caña'. See Language page
Lengua yam-paat Lit. 'like grass' 08.510. See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yama-paat See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet yaampaʔat walay yawhan See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay is'čin See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja tic̷oyin Cf. 05.850. See Language page
Maca ɬeḳepinuʔ (m.) Also used for 'sugar' 05.850. See Language page
Nivaclé fin-če See Language page
Ayoreo 'geen̥a-ke'de-n̥ai Means 'different corn plant'; sugar cane plant is n̥aaka'raai, cf. 08. 510. See Language page
Mapudungun [sapalʸu] From Spanish 'zapallo'. Ranquel form is sapalʸo; kɨṭ͡ʀan. See Language page
Lokono sikalho sikaɽo sugar cane Pet 1987:373
Kariña asikaru asikaru sugar cane Yamada 2010:720