Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Djeoromitxi

Family
Macro-Jean
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
jbt
Location
-12.04°, -64.67°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Ribeiro, Michela Araújo. 2008. Dicionário Djeoromitxi-Português: registro da língua do povo Jabuti. Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Guajará-Mirim. (MA thesis). Van der Voort, Hein. 2007. Proto-Jabutí: um primeiro passo na reconstrução da língua ancestral dos Arikapú e Djeoromitxí. Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi 2.2: 133-168


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location benĩ benĩ See Language page
and y e grammar See Language page
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment kamẽ kamẽ See Language page
at en, a em, a location See Language page
back espalda costas body hükari høkari See Language page
bad mal mal quality pipitxi pipitʃi See Language page
belly barriga barriga body pika pika See Language page
below abajo, debajo abaixo location pfütxe ɸøtʃe See Language page
big grande grande quality txitxi tʃitʃi See Language page
black negro preto colour biro biro See Language page
blood sangre sangue body käi kǝi See Language page
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body kunĩ kunĩ See Language page
bone hueso osso body dji dʒi See Language page
breast pecho, seno peito body nõwi nõwi See Language page
child niño, niña criança human djiri dʒiri See Language page
cloud nube nuvem environment benõhi benõhi See Language page
cold frío frio quality djidjirü dʒidʒirø See Language page
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality kinẽẽ kinẽẽ See Language page
day día dia time türü tørø See Language page
dirty sucio sujo quality katorü katorø See Language page
dingo/wolf fauna See Language page
dry seco seco quality hioriru (vb.) hioriru (vb.) See Language page
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality hütõ (sharp-NEG) høtõ (sharp-NEG) See Language page
dust polvo poeira environment minõ minõ See Language page
ear oreja orelha body nipi nipi See Language page
earth/soil tierra terra environment mĩ mĩ See Language page
egg huevo ovo fauna dje dʒe See Language page
eye ojo olho body hõka hõka See Language page
far lejos longe quality bepfü beɸø See Language page
fat/grease grasa gordura body tõ tõ See Language page
father padre, papá pai kinship hotxi hotʃi See Language page
feather pluma pena fauna hi hi See Language page
fire fuego fogo environment pitxe pitʃe See Language page
flower flor flor environment hawa hawa See Language page
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment pitxenõ pitʃenõ See Language page
fruit fruta fruta flora kuka kuka See Language page
good bueno bom quality medjü, hainẽ (vb.) medʒø, hainẽ (vb.) See Language page
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body kõãhi kõãhi See Language page
hand mano mão body nĩhu nĩhu See Language page
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar na na See Language page
head cabeza cabeça body kõãka kõãka See Language page
heavy pesado pesado quality kumirü kumirø See Language page
how? como como grammar hatxinĩ hatʃinĩ See Language page
1sg yo eu grammar hü hø For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms See Language page
if si se grammar See Language page
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location kükü køkø See Language page
intestines intestinos intestinos body ninika ninika See Language page
lake lago lago environment kupa kupa See Language page
leaf hoja folha environment nĩ nĩ See Language page
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body hapfõ haɸõ See Language page
leg/foot pierna perna body hetã hetã See Language page
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment mĩmĩ mĩmĩ See Language page
liver hígado figado body bä bǝ See Language page
long largo comprido, longo quality täri tǝri See Language page
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna tõdje tõdʒe order Phtiraptera See Language page
man/male hombre homem human txiü tʃiø See Language page
meat/flesh carne carne fauna nĩ nĩ See Language page
moon luna lua environment kupa kupa See Language page
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship tätxi, dji tǝtʃi, dʒi See Language page
mouth boca boca body hakü hakø See Language page
name nombre nome human tõhi tõhi See Language page
near/close cerca de perto quality kapfütxe kaɸøtʃe See Language page
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body heo heo See Language page
neck cuello pescoço body küpfü køɸø See Language page
new nuevo novo quality dote dote See Language page
night noche noite time hõĩka hõĩka See Language page
no/not no não grammar tõ tõ See Language page
nose nariz nariz body nĩnĩküte nĩnĩkøte See Language page
old viejo velho quality hanõtxi hanõtʃi See Language page
one uno um number uitxi uitʃi See Language page
other otro outro grammar ränẽ rǝnẽ See Language page
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body hübi høbi See Language page
person/human being persona pessoa human hikäbü hikǝbø See Language page
rain lluvia chuva environment nĩpa nĩpa See Language page
red rojo vermelho colour nõrü nõrø See Language page
right/right hand derecha direita location/body wewe wewe See Language page
road/path camino caminho manufacture wikü wikø See Language page
root raíz raiz flora rari rari See Language page
rotten podrido podre quality to, here to, here See Language page
sand arena areia environment mĩkänõrü mĩkǝnõrø See Language page
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality hürü hørø See Language page
short corto curto quality patä patǝ See Language page
shoulder hombro ombro body tebükudji tebøkudʒi See Language page
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental hõmã hõmã See Language page
skin piel pele body kä kǝ See Language page
sky cielo céu environment bekükü bekøkø See Language page
small pequeño pequeno quality titi, bihi, tätä, txunĩ titi, bihi, tǝtǝ, tʃunĩ See Language page
smoke humo fumaça environment nõ nõ See Language page
star estrella estrela environment bzirebzire bzirebzire See Language page
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora ku ku See Language page
stone piedra pedra environment ta ta See Language page
tail cola, rabo rabo body o o See Language page
that ese/esa esse grammar newi newi See Language page
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar na na See Language page
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality txitxi tʃitʃi See Language page
thin delgado fino quality käbzitä kǝbzitǝ See Language page
this este/esta este grammar newe newe See Language page
2sg xx xx grammar adje adʒe See Language page
throat garganta garganta body borekü borekø See Language page
three tres tres number djeboäbo dʒeboǝbo See Language page
thunder truenos trovão environment uhõhõ uhõhõ See Language page
bite morder morder body wekä wekǝ See Language page
blow soplar soprar body heku heku See Language page
breathe respirar respirar body habädjenõkü habǝdʒenõkø See Language page
burn quemar queimar environment txetu tʃetu See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body pa pa See Language page
climb subir subir motion huwi huwi See Language page
come venir vir motion hari, neuwenĩ hari, neuwenĩ See Language page
cook cocinar cozinhar impact bzihe, txe bzihe, tʃe See Language page
count contar contar mental hubä hubǝ See Language page
cry llorar chorar mental bü, hĩhĩ bü, hĩhĩ See Language page
cut/hack cortar cortar impact äre, kuka ǝre, kuka See Language page
die/be dead morir morrer state hahi hahi See Language page
dig cavar cavar impact kõ kõ See Language page
dream soñar sonhar mental nõtenõ nõtenõ See Language page
drink beber, tomar beber body nõ nõ See Language page
eat comer comer body pfo, ko ɸo, ko See Language page
fall caer cair motion hõkü, nõkü, pä hõkø, nõkø, pǝ See Language page
fear miedo medo mental djü, pi dʒø, pi See Language page
flow fluir fluir motion See Language page
fly volar voar motion hüpfü høɸø See Language page
grow crecer crescer state hüte, bere høte, bere See Language page
hear oír ouvir mental bä bǝ See Language page
hide esconder esconder motion ü ü See Language page
hit golpear, pegar bater impact päpä, tümĩ pǝpǝ, tümĩ See Language page
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other pepe pepe See Language page
kill matar matar impact hi hi See Language page
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental änõ ǝnõ See Language page
laugh reír rir mental dje dʒe See Language page
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ore ore See Language page
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body hõna hõna See Language page
open/uncover abrir abrir other be be See Language page
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact päpä, tümi pǝpǝ, tümi See Language page
say decir dizer mental hubä hubǝ See Language page
scratch rascar rasgar impact piriri piriri See Language page
see ver ver mental änõ ǝnõ See Language page
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact See Language page
sit sentar(se) sentar state hõna hõna See Language page
sleep dormir dormir body nõtõ nõtõ See Language page
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body ĩ ĩ primarily transitive See Language page
spit escupir cuspir body heitxi heitʃi See Language page
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact djebühe dʒebøhe See Language page
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact mĩ mĩ See Language page
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact See Language page
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state tumĩ tumĩ See Language page
steal robar roubar other hubi hubi See Language page
suck chupar chupar body u u See Language page
swell hincharse inchar body bere bere See Language page
swim nadar nadar motion bziruiwa bziruiwa See Language page
think pensar pensar mental nĩpikühenĩ nĩpikøhenĩ See Language page
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact kühi køhi See Language page
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact txi tʃi See Language page
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other pari, bero pari, bero may be transitive or intransitive See Language page
vomit vomitar vomitar body nõküpfu nõkøɸu See Language page
walk caminar, andar andar motion dudu dudu See Language page
work trabajar trabalhar other nĩhõnõnõda nĩhõnõnõda See Language page
yawn bostezar bocejar body hakübe hakøbe See Language page
tongue lengua lingua body piro piro See Language page
tooth diente dente body hü hü See Language page
two dos dois number djebo dʒebo See Language page
water agua agua environment bziru bziru See Language page
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar hirü hirø no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted See Language page
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar See Language page
wet mojado molhado quality boi (vb.) boi (vb.) See Language page
what? que, qué que grammar be be See Language page
when? cuando quando grammar hatxiä hatʃiǝ See Language page
where? donde onde grammar hadjo, hau hadʒo, hau See Language page
white blanco branco colour känõrü kǝnõrø See Language page
who? quien, quién quem grammar hüa høa See Language page
wife esposa esposa kinship täro tǝro See Language page
wind viento vento environment o o See Language page
wing ala asa body hari hari See Language page
woman/female mujer mulher human pako pako See Language page
yellow amarillo amarelo colour See Language page
2pl ustedes vocês grammar See Language page
foot pie pé body pfü, pa ɸø, pa See Language page
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar See Language page
all todo todos other bzitã bzitã See Language page
ankle tobillo tornozelo body papfüoka paɸøoka See Language page
armpit axila, sobaco axila body hakükakü hakøkakø See Language page
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body nĩmeko nĩmeko See Language page
lung pulmón pulmão body bähenõ bǝhenõ See Language page
sweat sudar suor, suar body tõru tõru See Language page
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body txi tʃi See Language page
bark corteza casca environment kä kǝ See Language page
fingernail uña unha body See Language page
heart corazón coração body bätutuka bǝtutuka See Language page
sun sol sol time tõhõ tõhõ See Language page
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment uri uri See Language page
green verde verde quality See Language page
hot caliente quente quality häterü hǝterø See Language page


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. beretxe beretʃe See Language page
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna bitä bitǝ See Language page
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. bitxi bitʃi See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. hõtxi hõtʃi See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans kunõtotxitxi kunõtotʃitʃi See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. pfouri ɸouri See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae otxerü, otõka, orotxi, djoi otʃerø, otõka, orotʃi, dʒoi See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae kiriripika kiriripika See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae txoritxi tʃoritʃi See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes pfopfo, patxehe ɸoɸo, patʃehe See Language page Widespread
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. pire pire See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica eruwe eruwe See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae mekutxi mekutʃi See Language page
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae pikuri pikuri See Language page
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae tõtõtxi tõtõtʃi See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family parotxitxi parotʃitʃi See Language page
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba wakänõ wakǝnõ See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae mioro mioro See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris wa wa See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis ärätxä, watxiri ǝrǝtʃǝ, watʃiri See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) parori parori See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri tõo tõo See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. waodü waodø See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. uhiri uhiri See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus mire mire See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna minõ minõ See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. bziohõberü bziohõberø See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae minõrürü minõrørø See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. bzira bzira See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. nirübi, ditxedu, kunime nirøbi, ditʃedu, kunime See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. minõtxikorü minõtʃikorø See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura txinikakä tʃinikakǝ See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. hautxitxi hautʃitʃi See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata hau hau See Language page
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. txaõ tʃaõ See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura mĩtokakä mĩtokakǝ See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes mẽpfuru mẽɸuru See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae neru neru See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna mẽ mẽ See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox merübri merøbri See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria bzieko bzieko See Language page Widespread
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis eitxi eitʃi See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) pfonini ɸonini See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba djärä dʒǝrǝ See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. pahe pahe See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa kuru kuru See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea kubitxi kubitʃi See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes ʉnĩ ʉnĩ pupunha Van der Voort 2007: 166
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua naburi naburi See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) habzi habzi See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra kumepika kumepika See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens tete tete See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea komẽ komẽ See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. hõãtxitä hõãtʃitǝ See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. koretxi koretʃi See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays txitxi tʃitʃi See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum padji padʒi See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna ku ku See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana kurabi kurabi See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. homi homi See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala hokä hokǝ See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] ore ore See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum djeopäre dʒeopǝre See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana bi bi See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. txitoro tʃitoro See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia otxo (?) otʃo (?) See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta bore bore See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas hemi hemi See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. bu bu See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. bireka bireka See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) djibe, koraka dʒibe, koraka See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. bzirima bzirima See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. hokä hokǝ See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. tane, pfütxe tane, ɸøtʃe See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola padjihõ padʒihõ See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae kunõhihi kunõhihi See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. heru, pipitxi, pirürü heru, pipitʃi, pirørø See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis tuiri, itõ, ne tuiri, itõ, ne See Language page
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria komepika komepika See Language page
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae wiräwirä wirǝwirǝ See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera hareru hareru See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora teürire teørire See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda pänikäte pǝnikǝte See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones oika oika See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea korokoro korokoro See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera päri pǝri See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera kuhenĩ kuhenĩ See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae tenopika tenopika See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. hanõ hanõ See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae tärärä tǝrǝrǝ See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. patxi patʃi See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera txerere tʃerere See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea txitxika tʃitʃika See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita tärätärä tǝrǝtǝrǝ See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda minio minio See Language page
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae nimekäri nimekǝri See Language page
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca wa wa See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha mẽnĩmĩ-pikatxi mẽnĩmĩ-pikatʃi See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] üri øri See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella bzire bzire See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus mẽnĩmĩ mẽnĩmĩ See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae dji dʒi See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis waure waure See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis wauretätä wauretǝtǝ See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu pahe pahe See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari paheri paheri See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae kunĩ kunĩ See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua õõ õõ See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. teri teri See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris hoãbzia hoãbzia See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) djedje dʒedʒe See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus bäräte bǝrǝte See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae tekati tekati See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris hõã hõã See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus kudi kudi See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material toe toe See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material tetä tetǝ See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material nĩpe nĩpe See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport kuäkä kuǝkǝ See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology hika hika See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology küro køro In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology küro køro Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material kuine kuine See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology kukä, kä kukǝ, kǝ See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other nitäkä nitǝkǝ may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other pitxerakü pitʃerakø See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology kanõnõ, honĩtĩ kanõnõ, honĩtĩ See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology hotõ, karopsihi hotõ, karopsihi In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology opä opǝ multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material hakutä hakutǝ See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material haku haku See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool mĩtä mĩtǝ especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool kubi kubi hunting, warfare See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool tewä tewǝ arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport bziruiküruä bziruikøruǝ See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material hanĩbe hanĩbe See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool oa oa See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool agriculture? See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology du du See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool kamĩte kamĩte See Language page
wax cera cera other benĩka (beeswax) benĩka (beeswax) See Language page
honey miel mel food be be only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture hokä hokǝ See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material hi hi See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation nikokäkoä nikokǝkoǝ See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation käko kǝko See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology nõtenõ nõtenõ See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation paro paro See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology korekõ korekõ See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation bekidji bekidʒi See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation warurei warurei See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation tewä (weapon, gun) tewǝ (weapon, gun) See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress kanõ kanõ See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology nĩrü nĩrø See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool See Language page
salt sal sal food kukänĩ kukǝnĩ See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology howa howa See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool nõõã nõõã esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food minõbä minõbǝ See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food õbi õbi See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food hipfo hiɸo Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool djibe, koraka dʒibe, koraka See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool kunĩ kunĩ esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool kabekä kabekǝ See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool kütü køtø See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool pfü ɸø See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture hibzi hibzi prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food bore to bore to agriculture See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food ma ma See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food ma ma agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool mẽnẽ mẽnẽ agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool tereka tereka See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other hiküka, ka, nĩka hikøka, ka, nĩka See Language page