ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit
- Semantic Field
- culture-mythology
- Part of Speech
- Meaning Spanish
- espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio
- Meaning Portuguese
- espirito
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Languages
| Language | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|
Language | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | wawáʃi | wawáʃi | unknown | shared Piapoco | See Language page | |||||||||
| Aché | ãǰãwe | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Aguaruna | wa'kan ('ghost') | wa'kan ('ghost') | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Akawaio | kuuikta | kuɪʔta | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Andoke | koé (spirit, not necessarily evil) | koé (spirit, not necessarily evil) | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Ashuar | pasé wakan | pasé wakan | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Ayoreo | oo're gaa'tee | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Baniwa | íñaimi | íɲaimi | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Bankalachi Toloim | ah-bo-oo-nat | devil or bad spirit | unique | Same as Tub but these are really same lg | other complex | Merriam 49:201 | ||||||||
| Bankalachi Toloim | tow-tah | a dead person | inheritance | *tywi- | Takic | Stubbs 1799 | other complex | Merriam 49:199 | ||||||
| Bardi | ŋa:rri | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Bare | mawaɻi | mawaɻi | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Baure | wopičon | wopitʃon | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone | co7a-ppiccih | ghost, monster (mythological creature) | inheritance | *co7aC | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2114 W. and Central Numic, a loaN?? | other complex | Crapo 1976 | ||||||
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone | co7a-ppyh, co7a | ghost, spirit of dead person | inheritance | *co7aC | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2114 W. and Central Numic, a loaN?? | other complex | Crapo 1976 | ||||||
| Bora | naavéne, chítyawáyu | naaβéne, tʃʰítʰjakwáju | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Bunuba | mamu | loan direction unknown | WW | %mamu | perhaps from Western Desert | perhaps from Western Desert | ||||||||
| Burarra | -gubuwupa | unique | ||||||||||||
| Cahuilla | tewlavel | spirit of the dead, deceased person | inheritance | *tywi- | Takic | Stubbs 1799 | other complex | tew- see corpse | Seiler & Hioki 1979 | |||||
| Cahuilla | tewlavel | spirit of the dead, deceased person | inheritance | *tywi- | Takic | Stubbs 1799 | other complex | Seiler & Hioki 1979 | ||||||
| Candoshi-Shapra | kaniizi | kaniiʂi | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Carapana | jõcõrõrĩ | xɔ̃k̃ɔɾ̃ɔɾĩ | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Carijona | amorehə (SM) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Cavineña | ihawa (also means "fox") | ihawa | semantic shift? | fox'? | See Language page | |||||||||
| Cayuvava | da'bɨkɨe | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Central Aymara | supaya | supaja | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Central Sierra Miwok | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Central Sierra Miwok | lé:ši-ško-, šu:le-ško- | ghost | inheritance | *şu:les- | Proto-Sierra Miwok | Callaghan 1971:19 | other complex | Freeland & Broadbent 1960 | ||||||
| Cha'palaa | 'uh-mu | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Chemehuevi | 7ynypI | spirit | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | other complex | |||||||
| Chemehuevi | 7ynypI | spirit (spirit, ghost in Press 1979) | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | other complex | Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) | ||||||
| Chiriguano | tau | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Chorote, Iyojwa'ja | axnawoʔ; peyluki | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Chumash Barbareno | nunašiš | animal, beast, devil | inheritance | Proto-Central Chumash | also yowoyow, devil, proper name of mythic creature, Beeler 1978:190; also lewlew Ono 1996:87 | derived | Beeler 1978 | |||||||
| Chumash Barbareno | 7ahaš, 7ahašiš | axa7š Wash 2001:17 | heart, ghost, spirit | inheritance | *-haš | Proto-Chumashan | Klar 1977:73 | derived | Beeler 1978 | |||||
| Chumash Ineseno | lewlew | supernatural being | inheritance | Yokuts | WW | %lewasip | really nasty in Barb; B lewlew 'proper name of a mythological creature' (Beeler); Merriam 37:529 gives no-nah-shush (see other lgs, where is 'devil') | reduplicated | Applegate 1972 | |||||
| Chumash Ineseno | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Chumash Obispeno | tquLmitsi7 | L is barred l | devil | unknown | derived | Harrington | ||||||||
| Chumash Obispeno | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Chumash Ventureno | nunašïš | devil | inheritance | Proto-Central Chumash | derived | Mamet 2008 | ||||||||
| Chumash Ventureno | 7enhešeš | ghost, spirit | unknown | also alcinaxkuhu Lex 10 | derived | Applegate 1973 ms | ||||||||
| Chácobo | yošini (also means "wind") | yošini (also means "wind") | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Cocopa | lxwacáq nYšuLY s7uLY | devil | unknown | phrase | ghost tail arrow | Crawford 1989 | ||||||||
| Cocopa | lxwacáq | ghost, television | unknown | derived | xcaq 'be bad' | Crawford 1989 | ||||||||
| Cofán | cocoya | kokoja | phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Comanche | Tuhkwasi taiboo7 | Satan, devil | unique | phrase | Robinson & Armagost 1990 | |||||||||
| Comanche | pye tyjaii7 | ghost, evil spirit | inheritance | *ja7ay | Numic | Stubbs 2011 656; has the *ty- element too like towish, etc. | phrase | R | ||||||
| Cubeo | põedecocʉ ('person-image-MSC); ũme | põedekokɨ ('person-image-MSC); ũme | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Cupeño | pi'mukish | ghost, spirit, devil | unique | contains *muk 'die' | compound, other complex | pi7 'bewitch', muk 'die sg' | Hill & Nolasquez 1973 | |||||||
| Cupeño | pi'mukish | ghost, spirit, devil | unique | compound, other complex | pi7 'bewitch' muk 'die' | Hill & Nolasquez 1973 | ||||||||
| Desano | sĩporã (ghost, heart) | sĩpoɾã | semantic shift | heart' | See Language page | |||||||||
| Dhangu | waŋa | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Dhay’yi | birrimbirr | semantic shift | ||||||||||||
| Dhuwal | ŋa:ṉuk | unique | ||||||||||||
| Djapu | ŋa:rnuk | unique | ||||||||||||
| Djeoromitxi | kanõnõ, honĩtĩ | kanõnõ, honĩtĩ | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Djinang | mirri | unique | ||||||||||||
| Dâw | mâáç | mə̌c | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Epena | 'haure kʰa'čia | Lit. 'spirit bad'. | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Ese Ejja | e-kʷikia | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Esselen | tu+mas-atc-hâ-pa | devil or evil spirit (tumas 'dark'??) | unknown | Henshaw; also hatcox-pa, atchâ-pa 'you are a devil' | compound, derived | really guessing here but see Shaul 1995:216 for suffix -pa. | Kroeber 1902 | |||||||
| Esselen | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Eñepa | mahtikiri; tukuəik; kocham (M.M.); koičamun (JP) | mahtikiri; tukuəik; kɔtʃam, kɔitʃamun | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Gabrielino | she-soo | Devil or bad spirit | loan | unknown | should be added to list of substratal vocab in Gab. | simplex | Merriam 49:113 | |||||||
| Gabrielino | ah-ni't | ghost | unique | other complex | Merriam 49:113 | |||||||||
| Gajirrabeng | marnten | unknown | also white man | Miriwung jarinyin | ||||||||||
| Gooniyandi | pirlirr | unknown | ||||||||||||
| Guayabero | dẽep (R18), phɛhmác̶ (Keels) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Gumatj | baḻirrpaḻirr | unique | ||||||||||||
| Gupapuyngu | mokuy | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Gurindji | kaya | inheritance | tyanpa is different kind of spirit | tyanpa is different kind of spirit | ||||||||||
| Hodï | ǫ́nowóka (soul, spirit generic term); yue 'spirit'; aweila 'soul, spirit' | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Huambisa | pasun ('evil spirit'), wakan ('spirit') | pasun ('evil spirit'), wakan ('spirit') | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Hup | baktɨb', nɨm | baktɨb', nɨm | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Ignaciano | kunare | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Iipay 'Aa | 7echillich | devil, ghost, spirit (lit. bad heart) | unique | WW | %7el | derived | iichih his chest, heart, lungs | Couro & Hutcheson 1973 | ||||||
| Iipay 'Aa | 7echillich | devil, ghost, spirit (lit. bad heart) | unique | Yok-Utian | WW | %7el | derived | Couro & Hutcheson 1973 | ||||||
| Ingá | kuku | kuku | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Iquito | nahu+yíni (spirit of dead person); sihuaára (demonio de la selva) | nawɨjíni (spirit of dead person); siwaára (demonio de la selva) | inheritance? | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Jabirr-Jabirr | banbalk | doubtful inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Jaru | warrityki | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Jingulu | warrityki | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Kaingang | kãnhmèg | nɛn-nɛ̃ we | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Kakua | henaʔ-huj-ka-ni [?-listen-neg-advjz?] | unique | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Karajarri | palaŋan | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Karajá | uni | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Kariña | ahkaho | akaho | ghost | Yamada 2010:707 | ||||||||||
| Karitiana | pysãmẽn | pɨsãmẽn | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Katukina | yočĩ | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Kawaiisu | 7yny-pi | spirit, ghost | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | other complex | Zigmond et al. 1990 | ||||||
| Kawaiisu | 7yny-pi | spirit, ghost | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | other complex | |||||||
| Kija | tyuwarri | loan | Ngarinyin | WW | %tyuwari | Ngarnyin tyuwaru ghost | ||||||||
| Kiliwa | t-kw+hiiy-p | devil, evil spirit, goat | unknown | derived | Mixco 1985 | |||||||||
| Kiliwa | t+hiy | spirit, ghost | unknown | derived | perhaps from *hi-y, see hi 'omen' | Mixco 1985 | ||||||||
| Kitanemuk | tüy-t | spirit, ghost, person that has died, 'diablo' | inheritance | *tew | Takic | other complex | Anderton 1988 | |||||||
| Kitanemuk | tüy-t | spirit, ghost, person that has died, 'diablo' | inheritance | *tywi- | Takic | Stubbs 1799 | other complex | Anderton 1988 | ||||||
| Kokama | mai | mai | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Koreguaje | vati | bati | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Kotiria | ~wati | ~wati | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Lake Miwok | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Lake Miwok | wuTe | to be wild, ghost | unknown | note Mie wyt:a 'to wail for the dead' | simplex | Callaghan 1965 | ||||||||
| Lengua | haŋak | This word is used to speak of a person's soul (16.110), usually after death. | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Lokono | mahui | mahui | evil spirit | DeGoeje 1928:200 | ||||||||||
| Luiseño | toowish 'alaxwish | evil spirit | inheritance | *tywi- | Takic | Yok-Utian | WW | %7el | Stubbs 1799 | phrase | Elliott 1999 | |||
| Luiseño | toowish | spirit, ghost, deceased person | inheritance | *tywi- | Takic | Stubbs 1799 | other complex | Elliott 1999 | ||||||
| Macaguan | chópinʉ, kayén | tʃópinɨ, kajén | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Maidu | by/dem májdy | evil spirit, diet of snakes only | unique | phrase | byde 'evil, bad, weird, criminal'; májdy 'person' bear??? | Shipley 1963 | ||||||||
| Maidu | kulúm májdy | spirit person, ghost; lit. "darkness person" | unique | ŭs-ki-im spirit after leaving body Merriam 41:287. ŭs-wal-loo-loo | phrase | Shipley 1963 | ||||||||
| Maihiki | aico ago (demon) | aiko ago | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Makiritare | kahūšawa (IDS) | kahu:ʃawa | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Makuna | ghost: rʉ̃mʉ; ʉsi; ghost of a dead person: wʉjo | ɾɨ̃mɨ; ɨsi; wɨxo | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Makushi | ekaton (SM) | ekaton (SM) | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Mangala | palaŋan | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Mapoyo | ñëni-'bë | ñɛni-'bɛ | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Mapudungun | pɨlʸɨ | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Matses | madu cudu, shedo | madu kudu, ʃedo | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Miriwung | tyumung | inheritance | Gaj. Tyumeng; also tyarinyin | |||||||||||
| Mocoví | n-kiʔi | Lit. 'prefix-representation/ | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Mojave | nyavdii | ghost, devil | unknown | derived | Munro et al. 1992 | |||||||||
| Mojave | nyavdii | ghost, devil | unknown | derived | Munro et al. 1992 | |||||||||
| Movima | kaini-wawa | kaini-wawa | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Mudburra | kaya | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Muinane | gáija (W97) | gáixa | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Murui Witoto | joreño (soul), dusisiño (spirit of dead) | horɛɲo (soul), duθiθiɲo (spirit of dead) (B83) | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Mutsun | hewe:pa | devil (or bad spirit CHM) | unknown | also khukhsu 'devil' , in O's phonology chapter early-15?? | simplex | Merriam 39:111, Okrand 1977 313 | ||||||||
| Mutsun | yu-mep-pook | ghost | unknown | nossow 'soul' Okrand 1977:104 | compound | Merriam 39:111 | ||||||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | ʃaw'ə:ŋ.pa:h (Martins dict) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Napo Lowland Quichua | supai | supai | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Ngarluma | warruka | unique | ||||||||||||
| Ngumbarl | <ngarree> | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Nheengatu | mira angá (mira=forest, anga=spirit); urupari (old expression, redefined to mean Christian devil, "Um mau espirito da mata para os Indios tupi, assimilado mais tarde ao Deus dos Indios tucanos), angá, yurupari (from Christian demon?) | mira aŋgá (mira=forest, anga=spirit); urupari (old expression, redefined to mean Christian devil, "Um mau espirito da mata para os Indios tupi, assimilado mais tarde ao Deus dos Indios tucanos) aŋgá (in dictionary, it is listed under both soul and spirit) | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Nimanburru | banbalk | doubtful inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Ninam | hikalapək (ids) | hikalapək (ids) | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Nisenan | 7ys | devil | inheritance | Proto-Maiduan | 7ys 'devil' in Maidu | simplex | Uldall & Shipley 1966 | |||||||
| Nisenan | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Northern Emberá | nee háure | nee háure | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Northern Paiute | tsa7abu | evil spirit | inheritance | *co7aC | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2114 W. and Central Numic, a loaN?? | other complex | Yerington 1987 | ||||||
| Northern Paiute | tah-ko-hub | ghost | unique | tsa7aby L. 748 | other complex | Merriam 46:459 (Lone Pine, Big Pine) | ||||||||
| Northern Sierra Miwok | jalmycyT:i- | monster, big scary thing | loan | Spanish | WW | %diablo | other complex | jalmycy- dangerous, scary | Callaghan 1987 | |||||
| Northern Sierra Miwok | su:lehko-, su:lesko- | ghost (of a dead person); devil; will-o'-the-wsp | inheritance | *şu:les- | Proto-Sierra Miwok | Callaghan 1971:19 | other complex | Callaghan 1987 | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | malpu | loan | Western Desert | |||||||||||
| Nyikina | pilyorr | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Nyulnyul | banbalk | doubtful inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Ocaina | foonhun, fonhúúnm̈a, núúrama | ɸõõʔhũ, ɸõʔɯ̃'ɯ̃'m̵a, nɯ́ɯ́rama | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | 'pora | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Paresi | kayaˈla nitseˈkore | kajaˈla nitseˈkure | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Pemon | orodan (A1981); kookoi (E1980); spirit: yaukkuarɨ (E1980) | oroda (A1981); kokɔɪ (E1980); ʎaʊʔkʊarɨ (E1980) | unknown; inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Piapoco | wàwasimi | wàwasimi | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Pilagá | yikok | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Plains Miwok | jawlu- | devil, Night Rider | loan | Spanish | simplex | Callaghan 1984 | ||||||||
| Plains Miwok | 7ël7i7ko- | ghost, skeleton | inheritance | Yok-Utian | WW | %7el | Callaghan 1997:58 | other complex | suffix -ko 'personal'?? | Callaghan 1984 | ||||
| Puinave | mo-wei-hin | mo-wei-hin | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Pumé | yarɨka | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Páez | taaΦiy; eč | taaΦiy; eč | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | manchachikuq 'ghost' (CP94) | mantʃatʃikuq | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Rembarrnga | maramara | semantic shift | ||||||||||||
| Resígaro | ižo | iʒo | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Ritharrngu | mokuy | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Salinan A | lōsh-ně | evil spirit or bad spirit | unknown | simplex | Merriam 38:407 | |||||||||
| Salinan A | šo:n | ghost | unknown | simplex | Turner 1987 | |||||||||
| Salinan M | Samt'iL | diablo | unknown | Harrington lists as "M.", from Rosario Cooper | simplex | Harrington | ||||||||
| Salinan M | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité | mowheem | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet | yošĩ | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Sanumá | sai dɨbɨ | sai dɨbɨ | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Seri (Comcaac) | hai quiita | an evil spirit that sounds like a child crying (lit. el que tiene el viento como madre) | loan | Spanish | phrase | Moser & Marlett 2005 | ||||||||
| Seri (Comcaac) | ziix quinej | ghost (lit. cosa vacia) | unknown | phrase | Moser & Marlett 2005 | |||||||||
| Serrano | tyīt | death spirit, devil | inheritance | *tywi- | Takic | Stubbs 1799 | other complex | |||||||
| Serrano | tyīt | death spirit, devil | inheritance | *tywi- | Takic | Stubbs 1799 | other complex | K. Hill Dict. | ||||||
| Sikuani | ainawi (3), dowatji (2)(not necessarly bad, but it can be), jumape (3)(soul or image); dubate (R18) | aínawi, dowátji | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Siona | huati, ahuë | wati, awɨ | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Sirionó | aba čekʷayã i̯kʷã (Literally "person invisible bad") | aba ǩekʷajã i̯kʷã | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Southern Paiute | 7yny-G | evil spirit, devil, ghost | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | simplex | Sapir | ||||||
| Southern Paiute | 7yny-G | evil spirit, devil, ghost | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | simplex | Sapir | ||||||
| Southern Pastaza Quechua | udiyu | udiju | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Southern Sierra Miwok | jamlo- | devil | loan | Spanish | WW | %diablo | also tijawlo-; jamlo- probably an earlier loan | simplex | Broadbent 1964 | |||||
| Southern Sierra Miwok | hu:leh- | ghost | inheritance | *şu:les- | Proto-Sierra Miwok | Callaghan 1971:19 | simplex | Broadbent 1964 | ||||||
| Southern Ute | 7yry-cI | ghost, evil spirit, monster | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | other complex | Givon | ||||||
| Southern Ute | 7yry-cI | ghost, evil spirit, monster | inheritance | *yny- | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2116 | other complex | Givon | ||||||
| Sáliva | õhwaĩhdi ẽdi tãdofaidi | õʔwaĩʔdi ẽdi tãdoɸaidi | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Tariana | ɲámu 'espírito, curupira' | ɲámu 'espírito, curupira' | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Taushiro | yei´tus, a'ta'ca'tua | jɨiʔtus, aʔtaʔkaʔtua | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Tehuelche | 'mayp | Also means 'shade, shadow' 01.630. | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Tikuna | tchoina-báiguê (Alv44) | tʃoinaʔbáige | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Tiriyó | (wï)rïpë | (wɨ)rɨpǝ | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Trumai | aitu; ma.hoi | aitu; ma.hoi | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Tukano | wẽrî'kɨ wãti | wẽrî'kɨ wãti | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Tuyuka | wã'tĩ | wã'tĩ | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Tübatulabal | āpawwinal | devil, ghost, soul | unique | other complex | K. Hill Tb>Eng | |||||||||
| Tübatulabal | āpawwinal | ghost | unique | other complex | K. Hill Tub>Eng | |||||||||
| Tümpisa Shoshone | tsoapittsi | ghost, spirit. Devil, whirlwind | inheritance | *co7aC | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2114 W. and Central Numic, a loaN?? | other complex | Dayley 1989 | ||||||
| Tümpisa Shoshone | tsoapittsi | ghost, spirit. Devil, whirlwind | inheritance | *co7aC | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2114 W. and Central Numic, a loaN?? | other complex | Dayley 1989 | ||||||
| Urarina | aãsaj | aãsaj | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Wai Wai | spirit: ekatɨ | spirit: ekatɨ | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Walmajarri | kukurr | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Waorani | wę́næ (devil) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Wapishana | uia-ʔu durunai | uia-ʔu durunai | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Wappo | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Wappo | 7unuchápa | ghost, spirit | unknown | also k'á7k'a7 'ghost, spook' | simplex | My guess is that it's compound but parts unidentifiable | Sawyer 1965 | |||||||
| Wardaman | marnten | unknown | ||||||||||||
| Wari | jam (Sousa2009) | jam (Sousa2009) | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Warrwa | bulliŋun | unique | ||||||||||||
| Washo | dewYú7li7 | devil | unknown | derived | d- prefix, and somehow from yuli 'die' | Washo Project Dictionary | ||||||||
| Washo | dewYúli | spirit of the dead, ghost, skeleton | unknown | derived | d- | Washo Project Dictionary | ||||||||
| Waurá | yuwežɨ-ku-wi; apapaatai | juwežɨ-ku-wi; apapaatai | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Wayampi | ãŋɛ | ãŋɛ | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Wayana | jolok | jolok | unknown | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Wayuu | yoľuhaa | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Western Mono | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Western Mono | tso7Ape | ghost, daddy-long-legs spider | inheritance | *co7aC | Numic | Stubbs 2011 2114 W. and Central Numic, a loaN?? | other complex | Loether & Bethel 1993 | ||||||
| Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay | to-ɬah-wuʔ | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Wintu | tewismet | devil, Devil | inheritance | *tewe | Proto-Wintun | Shepherd 2000:127 'to fly, go up' includes sense of 'dangerous' | derived | tew 'dangerous' | Pitkin 1985 | |||||
| Wintu | Les | shade, shadow, ghost, spirit | inheritance | *Les | Proto-Wintun | Shepherd 2006:120 | simplex | might be from LE 'to be transformed' | Pitkin 1985 | |||||
| Yabarana | nopehera | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Yagua | bayantu | bajantu | unique | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Yan-nhangu | birrimbirr | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Yanomam | xapiri (generic spirit WM99) | ʃapiɾi | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Yanomami | yai | jai | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Yavapai | myē(:) | ghost, (bad) spirit | unknown | simplex | Shaterian 1983 | |||||||||
| Yavapai | myē(:) | ghost, (bad) spirit | unknown | simplex | Shaterian 1983 | |||||||||
| Yavitero | a'meľ̥ami 'soul, espirit', ka'c̷imehe | a'meľ̥ami 'soul, espirit', ka'tsimehe | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Yawuru | bilyorr | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Yine | samenɨ | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| Yir-Yoront | wangarr | ghost | inheritance | *wangarr | pPNy | Poss. a Wanderwort, not pPNy (NE Arnhem & CYP only) | ||||||||
| Yokuts Palewyami | el-lit'R | devil or bad spirit | inheritance | Yok-Utian | WW | %7el | Callaghan 1997:58; compare Cupan 7elel7ish 'bad' and I think this is other places too, find | simplex | Berman 2002 | |||||
| Yokuts Palewyami | elit | ghost (Kroeber) | inheritance | Yok-Utian | WW | %7el | Callaghan 1997:58 | simplex | Callaghan 1997:58 | |||||
| Yokuts Yawdanchi | missing | missing | ||||||||||||
| Yokuts Yawdanchi | hitcwa/iu | ghost | inheritance | Proto-Nim-Yokuts | note Yawelmani hiT'wa:yu7 'Evil One' in Newman; Merriam gives yem-tah' witch-e 'spirit after leaving body' 44:197; ā-yum'-che' 'ghost' 44:197. me-tri'-ah 44:355 | derived | verbal noun, see Yawl. | Kroeber 1907 | ||||||
| Yokuts Yawelmani | hiT'wa:yu7 | Evil One | inheritance | Proto-Nim-Yokuts | Merriam confirms 44:197; also at Porterville Merriam 44:459; note Yawdanchi hitcwaiu 'ghost' Kroeber 275 | derived | Newman 1944 | |||||||
| Yokuts Yawelmani | hitwaia-n | ghost (objective) | inheritance | Proto-Nim-Yokuts | derived | verbal noun in -a(7)?? | Kroeber 1907 | |||||||
| Yuki | yaw'-mŭ | devil or bad spirit, ghost | loan | Spanish | WW | %diablo | simplex | Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 | ||||||
| Yuki | hulk'ilal | ghost | inheritance | *hulk'ilal | Proto-North Yukian | compound | includes "eye" (Schlichter 1985:48) | Schlichter 1985 | ||||||
| Yukpa | terepko, yorampsi | terepko, jorampsi | See Language page | |||||||||||
| Yukuna | jiñá pechu | hiɲá petʃu | inheritance? | See Language page | ||||||||||
| Yulparija | ku:rti | inheritance | ||||||||||||
| Záparo | tsamaraw | tsamaraw | See Language page |
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