Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

this

Semantic Field: grammar
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: este/esta
Meaning Portuguese: este

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
Achagua	liáni; lée (h&r)	liáni; lé: (h&r)		unknown			See Language page
Aguaruna	juu	xu:		inheritance			See Language page
Akawaio	seerö, see	serö, se		inheritance	Proto-Carib		See Language page
Andoke	Nom. Class. -ñé	(Nom. Class.) -ɲé		unique			See Language page
Apalai	seny, mororo, mose	senɨ, mororo, mose		inheritance			See Language page
Arabana	kayi			unique
Arutani	kiʔa	kiʔa					See Language page
Ashuar	ju	iũ					See Language page
Baniwa	lhíehe	ɺhíehe		inheritance			See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	hah'-me-te (M); igi (K1907)			inheritance
Barasano	~adi (m.); adio (f.)	~adi (m.); adio (f.)					See Language page
Bardi	jarri	jarri		inheritance
Bare	téki/ théki	téki/ tʰéki					See Language page
Bará		ati-'ga					See Language page
Baure	teč; tič	tetʃ; titʃ		unknown			See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	si-, se, i-, e- (near, touchable),			inheritance
Bora	ínyeé, áánïḯ, áámʸeé, eéne	ínjɛέ, áánɯɯ́, áámʲɛέ, ɛέnɛ		unknown			See Language page
Bunuba	ngirnda(ji)			unknown
Burarra	-guna			unknown
Cahuilla	7i7			inheritance			S&H 1979
Camsa	kem	kem					See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra	ĩnĩ	ĩnĩ		unique			See Language page
Carapana	ãni/atio (anim.), ati +clas. (inan.), ato (manner or quanitity, inan.)	ãni/atiɔ, ati, atɔ					See Language page
Carijona	enɨ			inheritance	but compare Arawak: Warekena /eni/ and Yavitero /íni/		See Language page
Cavineña	rike (G71); riyake (G71)	rike (G71); riyake (G71)		inheritance			See Language page
Central Aymara	aka, akïri	aka, aki:ɾi					See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	ne-			inheritance
Chemehuevi	i-ka/, i-c(i)/, i-			inheritance
Chumash Barbareno	he7; it'i “this one” (Ono 1996:99)			inheritance			Klar 1977:44
Chumash Cruzeno	7iju			unknown			JPH
Chumash Ineseno	he7 -animate; hen'i +animate (these are non-initial in phrase)hechi7, hecha7 non-iniitial			inheritance			A 178
Chumash Obispeno	hiksha (“never say hi”)			inheritance			Klar 1977:44
Chumash Ventureno	hesa, 7iti7i (JPH 3(69) 0019L)			inheritance			Harrington 1974:5
Cocopa	pi:, -pic, -piny, pi:ny			unknown
Cofán	vue, va	ɸa				phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS	See Language page
Comanche	isy, ity (ii-, o-			inheritance
Cubeo	ico (fem.), ñai (masc.)	iko (fem.), ɲai (masc.)		inheritance			See Language page
Cuiva		mé-he, xuá-he	este, this				Huber & Reed 1992:256
Cupeño	'I'i	[ɁiɁi]		inheritance
Desano	i-'rú	i-'rú		inheritance			See Language page
Dhangu	dhay'yi			unknown
Dhuwal	dhuwal
Dhuwala	dhuwala			unknown
Diyari	napara			unique
DiyariREU	[missing]			missing
Djambarrpuyngu	dhaŋu
Djapu	dhuwal			unknown
Djeoromitxi	newe	newe					See Language page
Djinang	djiningi			unknown
Dâw		nã́ʔ~náʔ; ʔáʔ, ʔa		unknown			See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	hikio (Girard 1971)	hikio					See Language page
Eñepa	më' nku (visible object); sï, sïj, ëmë (object near speaker); mëjchanton, ëmëkon, sïkon (plurals) (MM)	mëʔ nku (visible object); sï, sïh, ëmë (object near speaker); mëhtʃanton, ëmëkon, sïkon (plurals) (MM)		unknown; inheritance			See Language page
Gabrielino	meya, mene:7			inheritance
Gajirrabeng	ngajani-			inheritance
Gooniyandi	ngirndaji			inheritance
Guayabero		ʔam-póx		unknown			See Language page
Gupapuyngu	dhuwala			unknown
Gurindji	nyawa			inheritance
Hodï	bibo/baheteu			unique			See Language page
Huambisa	ju	xu					See Language page
Hup	nu-, n'i-	~du-, ~d'ɨ-		unique			See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	peyaa	[pəˈjaˑ]		inheritance
Ingá	kai	kai					See Language page
Iquito	iína (speaker proximal)	iína (speaker proximal)		unknown			See Language page
Jaru	nyawa			inheritance
Kabiyari	ja-ri	ja-ri					See Language page
Kaingang	tag	tag					See Language page
Kakua		nin		inheritance			See Language page
Kalapalo	ige	ige		unique			See Language page
Kamayurá	koʔ	koʔ		inheritance			See Language page
Karajarri	naudu			inheritance
Kariña	ero	ero	this				Yamada 2010:733
Karitiana	ã	ã		inheritance			See Language page
Kawaiisu	7i-dy,			inheritance
Kija	perra-			inheritance
Kiliwa	mi			unknown
Kitanemuk	7ivi7			inheritance
Kokama	ajan	axan		inheritance			See Language page
Koreguaje	icheja, iko (female), ikʉ (male)	idʒexa, iko, ikʉ		inheritance			See Language page
Kotiria	a'ri	aʔ.rί (stenz)		inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
Kwazá	ỹ-	ỹ-					See Language page
Lake Miwok	ne/e			inheritance
Lokono	toho	toho	this				Pet 1987:374
Luiseño	7iv-i/			inheritance
Macaguan	jo	ho, hohe		unknown			See Language page
Maidu	my/			inheritance
Maihiki	iye	ije		inheritance			See Language page
Makuna	~adi (m.); adio (f.)	~adi (m.); adio (f.)		inheritance			See Language page
Malyangapa	[missing]			missing
Mangala	nyalartu, nyaltu			inheritance
Mapoyo	kiirë (animate); mEhE (inanimate)	kiirɛ (animate); məhə (inanimate)					See Language page
Matses	nëid	nɨid		unknown			See Language page
Minica Witoto	bí.e	bí.ɛ					See Language page
Miriwung	nganjaying			inheritance
Mithaka	nuniyi			unique
Mojave	vidach, vidany			inheritance
Movima	airu (J62)	airu					See Language page
Mudburra	nyama
Mudburra	nginya			inheritance
Muinane	xíno, xííxe	xíno, xííxɛ					See Language page
Murui Witoto	bi.e	bi.ɛ		inheritance			See Language page
Mutsun	neppe			inheritance			O77:57
Máku	ki	ki					See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		hahɨ̃ːh		unique			See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	cai	kai					See Language page
Ngamini	nakatu			unique
Ngandi	ni'			unique
Ngarluma	nhurdu
Ngumbarl	nyamba	<nyamba>		inheritance
Nheengatu	kuá	kuá, yaʔá, yawaʔá, paʔá, kuá,		unknown			See Language page
Nhirrpi	nhinggi			unique
Ninam	hei (EM72)	hei (EM72)		inheritance			See Language page
Nisenan	hede, hedem			inheritance
Northern Emberá	zaabʉ́	zaːbʉ́					See Language page
Northern Mangarla	parni
Northern Nyangumarta	nyungu			inheritance
Northern Paiute	isu			inheritance			SAA 1982:42
Northern Sierra Miwok	ne:-			inheritance
Nukak		nin4		inheritance			See Language page
Nyangumarta	wangka			inheritance
Nyikina	nya, nyatu	nya, nyadu		inheritance
Nyulnyul	kinyingk	kinyingk		inheritance
Nɨpode Witoto	bedá	bɛdá					See Language page
Ocaina	bíín, bínjan, bahi-, bu- {m./f. sing./pl.}, báhiim̵a	bĩ́ĩ́, bĩ́hã, baʔi-, bɯ- {m./f. sing./pl.}, báʔiim̵a		inheritance			See Language page
Paakantyi	iḏu			unique
Paresi	exe	eʃe		unknown			See Language page
Pemon	see (E1980); seenök (M2000)	se (E1980)		inheritance			See Language page
Piapoco	yái, úái	jái, úái					See Language page
Piaroa	pide	pide		unique			See Language page
Pirriya	[missing]			missing
Pitta-Pitta	[missing]			missing
Plains Miwok	ne:-,			inheritance
Puinave	náa			unique			See Language page
Páez	aná	ana					See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	kay	kaj					See Language page
Resígaro	gi?í/do?ó	giʔí/doʔó		unique			See Language page
Rirratjingu	dhaŋu
Ritharrngu	yaku			unique
Salinan A	*aswai (A), “this, these”			unknown
Salinan M	*aswa			unknown			Mason 1918:151
Sanumá	hi (EM72)	hi (EM72)		inheritance			See Language page
Sape	tɨsa	tɨsa					See Language page
Secoya	ico	i'kɔ					See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	hipmoca			unknown
Serrano	ivi-7			inheritance
Sikuani		ma:-xúa-he		doubtful loan	Máku, Nheengatu		See Language page
Siona	ën, ëñe	ɨn, ɨɲe		inheritance			See Language page
Siriano	í, ĩĩ́	í, ĩĩ́					See Language page
Sirionó	a, co (P85)	a, ko		inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
Southern Paiute	i-, 7i-			inheritance
Southern Pastaza Quechua	cay	kaj					See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	neH-			inheritance
Southern Ute	in (an), ich (inan)			inheritance
Sáliva	ahna	aʔna		unique			See Language page
Tanimuca	i'ko (fem); ĩʔ'rĩ (masc)	i'ko (fem); ĩʔ'rĩ (masc)		inheritance			See Language page
Tariana	hĩ (proximate dem)	hĩ (proximate dem)		inheritance	Tariana-Baniwa		See Language page
Tatuyo	áti-	áti-					See Language page
Tikuna	daa [3-5, 5], dama [4, 2]	daa, dama		unique			See Language page
Tiriyó	sen, seni-mpə, serə (this one inanimate), məe (this one, animate)	sen, seni-mpə, serə, məe		inheritance			See Language page
Tukano	a'tí, a'té	a'tí, a'té		inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
Tuyuka	ati-'wɨ́	ati-'wɨ́					See Language page
Tübatulabal	ywynn, wynn			unknown
Tümpisa Shoshone	(s)i-, (s)ity			inheritance
Urarina	kaa	kaa		unique			See Language page
Wai Wai	see (SM)	see (SM)		inheritance			See Language page
Waikhana	aʔ'ria	aʔ'ria					See Language page
Waimaja	átʰɛ́	átʰɛ́					See Language page
Waimiri Atroari	(h)anji, kanji, anjinji	(h)aɲi, kaɲi, aɲiɲi					See Language page
Walmajarri	minyarti			inheritance
Wangkayutyuru	[missing]			missing
Waorani	ĩĩ			unique			See Language page
Wapishana		ɖiwɨɽaː		unique			See Language page
Wappo	he/			loan
Warao	tama	tama					See Language page
Wari	i ca' (E&K97)	i kaʔ (E&K97)					See Language page
Washo	wi/:di7			unknown			J230, 371
Wayampi	ã (G89)	ã (G89)		inheritance			See Language page
Wayana	mëhë	mǝhǝ		unknown			See Language page
Western Mono	i/hu,			inheritance
Wintu	7ew			inheritance
Wubuy	ya:			unique
Yabarana		eni					See Language page
Yagua	jiñu	xiɲu		unique			See Language page
Yan-nhangu	nhaŋu			unknown
Yandruwandha	nunuru			unique
Yanomam	fei (EM72)	fei (EM72)		inheritance			See Language page
Yanomami	ei, hei (MM07)	ei, hei (MM07)		inheritance			See Language page
Yarluyandi	nhati			unique
Yavapai	vya/, nyva/-			inheritance
Yavitero	íni	íni					See Language page
Yawarrawarrka	nunuku			unique
Yawuru	nyamba	nyamba		inheritance
Yokuts Palewyami	xi			inheritance			JPH Gamble 91
Yokuts Yawdanchi	xe (near p1); xi (near P2)			inheritance			K07
Yokuts Yowlumne	ke:/			unknown			N1944:67
Yuhup	n'ɨ̌h	~d'ɨ̌h		unique			See Language page
Yuki	ka-, ka(&), ka:			inheritance			S&S 1984
Yukpa	mais, márak	maʂ					See Language page
Yukuna	kele	kele		unique			See Language page
Yuma	ava/ “this, a short distance away” H3:211			inheritance
Yuruti	a'tí-kũbũã	a'tí-kũbũã					See Language page
Záparo	niicha	niːʧa					See Language page


Achagua
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Arabana
Arutani
Ashuar
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bardi
Bare
Bará
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Bunuba
Burarra
Cahuilla
Camsa
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Cruzeno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cuiva
Cupeño
Desano
Dhangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Diyari
DiyariREU
Djambarrpuyngu
Djapu
Djeoromitxi
Djinang
Dâw
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Gajirrabeng
Gooniyandi
Guayabero
Gupapuyngu
Gurindji
Hodï
Huambisa
Hup
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Jaru
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakua
Kalapalo
Kamayurá
Karajarri
Kariña
Karitiana
Kawaiisu
Kija
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lokono
Luiseño
Macaguan
Maidu
Maihiki
Makuna
Malyangapa
Mangala
Mapoyo
Matses
Minica Witoto
Miriwung
Mithaka
Mojave
Movima
Mudburra
Mudburra
Muinane
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Máku
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Ngamini
Ngandi
Ngarluma
Ngumbarl
Nheengatu
Nhirrpi
Ninam
Nisenan
Northern Emberá
Northern Mangarla
Northern Nyangumarta
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nukak
Nyangumarta
Nyikina
Nyulnyul
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paakantyi
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pirriya
Pitta-Pitta
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Páez
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Rirratjingu
Ritharrngu
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanumá
Sape
Secoya
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tanimuca
Tariana
Tatuyo
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waimiri Atroari
Walmajarri
Wangkayutyuru
Waorani
Wapishana
Wappo
Warao
Wari
Washo
Wayampi
Wayana
Western Mono
Wintu
Wubuy
Yabarana
Yagua
Yan-nhangu
Yandruwandha
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yarluyandi
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yawarrawarrka
Yawuru
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuhup
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuma
Yuruti
Záparo

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