Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

shaman, healer

Semantic Field
culture-mythology
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
chamán, brujo
Meaning Portuguese
xaman, pajé, feiticeiro

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla puul witch doctor, medicine man inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño puul Indian doctor, shaman, wizard inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a other complex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño puu-la shaman inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino ahu:voroyt doctor, hechicero unique other complex Hill Harrington
Serrano hōrmč shaman unique other complex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk ca-č shaman inheritance *cha-ch Takic Hill/Miller tsa-17 other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal ātsowāl shaman, curing shaman (male only), witch; doctor, physician unique maybe related to Numic tso7a 'spirit, ghost' words???pahām'weather shaman' other complex K. Hill Tub>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim at-să-wal' doctor or shaman unique same as Tub; maybe related to Numic tso7a 'spirit, ghost' other complex Merriam 49:203
Kawaiisu huvija-ga-dy curing shaman, musician unique from *huvi 'sing'; also poha-ga-dy 'evil shaman', 7uu-poha-ga-dy 'rain shaman' derived, other complex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi puhWagantY shaman inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a derived, other complex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute puaganty having supernatural power, medicine man inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a derived, other complex poa-S-kaN-tY Sapir
Southern Ute puwa-ga-tY medicine man, shaman, combining both religious and curative function inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a derived, other complex Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone puhakantyn medicine man, shaman, traditional doctor inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a derived, other complex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone poha-kantyn Indian doctor inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a derived power- Crapo 1976
Comanche puha7aity shaman inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a derived, other complex R
Western Mono puhaγEtu shaman, curer, someone with supernatural power inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a derived, other complex puha-ge-tU power-have-ADJ Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute pohaguma medicine man inheritance *puha Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1160a derived Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok tuj:uk- shaman inheritance Yok-Utian Callaghan 1997:58 simplex Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok husík-pe shaman inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok Pmis *husik 'to doctor'; also túj:uku- 'poison doctor', 7ál:ini 'dreamer shaman' other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok huni:sa- magic man, sorceror inheritance *hu:niş- Proto-Miwok-Mutsun Callaghan 1962:105; Callaghan 1971:26; kojap:e:nu sucking doctor 114 < kojpa- other complex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok cemyt:e:ny- sucking doctor inheritance *7u:ten- Proto-Miwok-Mutsun Callaghan 1962:103; also tup:e:le- sorceror (can walk o fire), poison man p. 163 other complex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok jómta to doctor, doctor loan unknown WW %jom note Hill Patwin yomta, Southern Pomo yomta 'doctor'; very widespread form simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu jómi shaman, doctor loan unknown WW %jom loan into PM; Ultan 1964:364 lists as PM; very widespread, see also Callaghan 2001:56 simplex jôm practice shamanism Shipley 1963
Nisenan jom suck out disease,treat; shaman loan unknown WW %jom loan into PM; Ultan 1964:364 lists as PM; widespread simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani 7anThuw shaman inheritance *7angThiw Proto--Yokuts Chumashan loan into PY? Whistler & Golla p. 356 simplex Golla 1964
Yokuts Yawdanchi 7angThu shaman inheritance *7angThuw Proto-Nim-Yokuts Chumashan loan into PNY simplex Golla 1964
Yokuts Palewyami 7engThew shaman inheritance Proto-Yokutsan simplex Whislter & Golla
Washo t'ánu t'íšiwha doctor, curer, healer unknown phrase t'anu 'person'; looks like šiwh- is "cure" Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu Lahit doctor, shaman unknown derived Schlichter 1981
Yuki lamšim doctor, shaman inheritance *lamšim Proto-North Yukian simplex Schlichter 1985
Wappo yómto7 shaman, doctor loan unknown WW %jom widepsread; in Mil, also note Hill Patwin yomta, Southern Pomo yomta 'doctor' simplex Sawyer 1965
Mutsun oo-ten shaman inheritance *7u:ten- Proto-Miwok-Mutsun Callaghan 1962:104 simplex Merriam 39:113
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A tα/kin shaman unknown Proto-Salinan simplex Mason 1918
Salinan M tα/ken shaman unknown simplex Mason 1918
Chumash Obispeno tsi7masu un brujo, hechizador unknown derived Harrington
Chumash Ineseno missing missing
Chumash Barbareno 7al-atišwinič one who has dreams from taking jimsonweed; shaman inheritance Proto-Central Chumash 7atishwin is spirit helper or power from them; see also 7al'alqutHopš 'sorcerer' Wash 2001:66 derived Beeler 1978
Chumash Ventureno al-al-loos-tes doctor or shaman unknown derived Merriam 38:35
Iipay 'Aa kuseyaay (pl. kusteyay) medicine man, doctor, witch unknown derived agentive ku- Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa şkWi:yá: doctor, shaman, medicine man, witch unknown simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave sumach 7ahot witch doctor, Indian doctor unique phrase dream be.good/correct/clean Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai pà:čθéqa blood sucker, medicine man kθí:yi (Indian) doctor p. 392 also pà:tpûyi 'witch doctor', pà:kčē:βa 'healer', 7pâ:kθī:yi "Indian doctor", 7pà:smāča "medicine man" derived Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa kw+miiy shaman, sorcerer, healer (lit. one who is powerful) unknown derived Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) cacáaso shaman unknown siplex vb 'to see by means of shamanic power' is identical Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua pɨ̂wt pʉ̂wt, ʧā̃p unknown Derived From pɨ̂w-at 'have coca in mouth; ball in cheek '+ nominalizer In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Nheengatu pajé; mutawariçawa (mutawar=smoke blower, sawa=nominalizer), puçangaçawa (pusaŋga=remedio, sawa = que tem o habito de) paʒé; mutawaɾasa (mutawar=smoke blower, sawa=nominalizer) pusaŋgasawa (pusaŋga=remedio, sawa = que tem o habito de) inheritance; unique *paje possible donor for Bará bahe'-gɨ́; Alternate: mutawaɾasa, pusaŋgasawa Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Waorani idõ unique In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Yanomami shapori, hekura ʃapoɾi, hekuɾa inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Alternate: hekuɾa (shaman); haɾo-, oʋəh- (healer, to heal?) Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Yanomam šapori (EM72) ʃapoɾi inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Ninam šapori (EM72) ʃapoɾi shaman inheritance Proto-Yanomamo Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Kotiria yai jai shaman semantic shift from 'jaguar' Also means 'jaguar' b/c of belief that shamans turn into jaguars Simplex ro Sing suffix In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Cubeo yavi javi semantic shift from 'jaguar' Compound medicine-person-Classifier In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Tukano jáí jáí shaman semantic shift from 'jaguar' Also means 'jaguar' b/c of belief that shamans turn into jaguars Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Desano cũmu kũmu loan - WW Proto-East Tukanoan %kumu Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Maihiki dabɨ aguɨ dabɨ agɨ unique Also: dabɨ agɨ Derived dabɨ=healer; tɨnoquɨ=to cure by touching In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Hup cǝw cǝw inheritance Proto-Nadahup Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Dâw sâw ʃəw inheritance Proto-Nadahup Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Sikuani banakatsu (2), dopatubinü (3), kuwaiba (2)(to become a shaman by relevation of the god Kuwai), kuwainü (2)(a shaman iniciated by Kuwai) banakátsu, dopatúbinü shaman initiated by deity Kuwai unknown North Arawak May be a loan + semantic shift; not clear if this is a native innovation based on loan for 'deity', or itself a loan. kuwai 'deity' In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Guayabero pinhóʔ-in pinhóʔ-in unknown In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Pemon piasan (A1981); piiayasang (E1977) pɪasan (A1981); piaʎasaŋ (E1977) inheritance Proto-Carib? Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Akawaio piiyaichang (witch doctor) (E1977) piyaɪtʃaŋ (E1977) inheritance Proto-Carib? Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Makushi píásaŋ píásaŋ inheritance Proto-Carib? Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Eñepa i'yan, piyan (MM) iʔjan, pijan (MM) inheritance Proto-Carib? Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Yukuna mari'ichú maɾiʔitʃú shaman inheritance Proto Rio Negro Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Baniwa malíiri maɺíiɻi inheritance Proto Rio Negro Simplex In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Resígaro kanívakáagí kanívakáagí witch doctor, shaman unique Alternate: naikogígí Simplex But found in dictionaries with gender markers In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Achagua kamálikai kamálikai inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Piapoco camaliqueeri; camapuacairi. kamalikeeri; kamapuakairi. In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Kabiyari máritʃú máɾitʃú In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Yavitero ma'riri maʔriri In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Mandawaka máliri máliɾi In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Paresi wairaˈtyare; ehanare; haholitaharexe wajdjaˈtjare; ehanare; haholitahareʃe inheritance? In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Ignaciano i'apemare Also 'tituhi'rikawa. See Language page
Trinitario oke-iar Lit. 'poison-master' 04.890 + 19.410. 'Shaman' is paie. See Language page
Baure weričon weritʃon inheritance? In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Cha'palaa 'mi-'ruku; 'mi-šinbu Respectively: male; female. mi- is 'to know' 17.170. See Language page
Bora ñaamáwa ñaamákwa unique In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Muinane ápíchúubo (W97) ápítʃúubo In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Apalai pyaxi pɨaxi inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Wayana pïjai, pijali pɨjai, pijali inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Carijona hiyaci (SM) inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Tiriyó (pï)jai (pɨ)jai inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Makiritare hü'wai, kade:hu (KH), aichu:di eda:mo (KH) (means 'healing specialist (of blowing)) hɨʔwai, kade:hu (KH), aitʃu:di eda:mo (KH) inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Wai Wai physician: k-ehčema-ɲe phjsician: k-ehčema-ɲe unknown In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Yabarana amore In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Yukpa tuwano (SM) tuwano (SM) In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Kalapalo fuati; padye (from Tupian pajé) fuati; padje (from Tupian pajé) unknown; loan Tupi-Guarani In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Muisca supquaguyn supkuaγuɨn In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Northern Emberá haĩmbaná haĩmbaná In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Epena hai'pana Refers to shaman. See Language page
Cofán coraga (Quechua loan from kuraka=chief) coraɣa phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feare See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra vĩshinó bĩʃinó loan Jivaroan In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Taushiro yachova jaʃowa In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Páez dʸih; dʸixʸ dʸih; dʸixʸ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Tikuna dju-ú-ta (Alv44); ngi1-3xe5ta5xü5 (A58) dʒuʔúʔta; ŋiʔetaʔɨ unique In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Urarina kwičaneha-eḍza, benane kwitʃaneha-edʒa, benane unique In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Andoke tə̃́'etúʌ (from tə̃́'etú 'teach') tə̃́ʔetúʌ unique In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Pumé hauɛ-čʰa hapa-mẽ 'sorcerer, witch'; lit. 'magic-maker' In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Puinave physician: -hei-kon-o; -wɨn-ɨ physician: -hei-kon-o; -wɨn-ɨ unknown In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Máku wekisé In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Warao wisiratu (shaman)ibihi -rotu (ibihi=venom, rotu=owner of, listed as shaman) wisiɾatu (shaman)ibihi -ɾotu (ibihi=venom, ɾotu=owneɾ of, listed as shaman) In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Ashuar uwishín, iwishín uwiʃin, iwiʃin In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Huambisa iwishin iwiʃin In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Aguaruna iwishín, pámuk iwiʃín, pámuk inheritance loan into Candoshi; cf. iwishi-inu 'bewitch-NMLZ' In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ʃʌ:w (Martins dict) inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Matses dachiacanquid datʃiakankid unknown In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Katukina romɨ-ya Cf. 'tobacco' 08.680. See Language page
Yaminahua hauɛ-čʰa hapa-mẽ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Yagua rimyura rimjura unique In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Southern Pastaza Quechua supay, yachac supa, jatʃak In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Ingá sinchi (= 'powerful') sintʃi (= 'powerful') In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua yachaj jatʃax In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano layqa lajqa In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Piaroa mEríh mæríh loan N. Arawak *mali- In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Sáliva saicua 'curandero' saikʷa unknown In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Bará bahe'-gɨ́ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Barasano kũbũ kũbũ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Carapana 'kũbũ 'kũbũ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Makuna cũmu kũmu loan - WW %kumu In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Yuruti 'kũũbũ 'kũũbũ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Waikhana 'jairo, kũ'bũdõ 'jairo, kũ'bũdõ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Siriano jé (=jaguar) jé (=jaguar) In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Tanimuca dye'e wi'ki ʎe'e wi'ki semantic shift? from 'jaguar'? In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Tatuyo kũmũ kũmũ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Tuyuka base-'gɨ́ base-'gɨ́ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Waimaja kũbũ, ku'rí, ka bá'hé-gɨ kũbũ, ku'rí, ka bá'hé-gɨ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Koreguaje chai dʒai semantic shift from 'jaguar' In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Siona yai jai semantic shift from 'jaguar' In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Secoya dahuë dawɨ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Karitiana pyharỹnh pɨhaɾɨ̃ɲ unknown In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Kokama payum, tsumi, icuan (from the verb "to know") pajum, tsumi, ikuan inheritance; unknown In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Wayampi payɛ pajɛ inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Chiriguano paǰe inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní ava-paǰe; kuɲa-paǰe Respectively: male; female. See Language page
Sirionó mao mao unknown In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Kamayurá paje paje inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Ocaina taruuma tarɯɯma unique In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto manó-ri-raïma manó-ri-raɯma In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Minica Witoto áima, hḯ.ïdo-raïma áima, hɯ́.ɯdo-raɯma In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Murui Witoto aìma aìma (B83) inheritance/Witoto In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Sanumá sapuli sapuli inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Iquito siimána siimána inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Záparo shimanaw ʃimanaw In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Wari tykyninimʔ (Sousa2009) tɨkɨninimʔ (Sousa2009) In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Araona yanakona In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Ese Ejja eɗosikia; hakekʷi inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-dosi-kia (Girard 1971) e-dosi-kia (Girard 1971) In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Cavineña maru (C&L89) maru inheritance In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Central Aymara ajayiru layḳa In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Cayuvava 'bičihi'ræriki; ya'weraha In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Itonama suwamo; ohtida In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Kwazá hirini hirini In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané farahtak'siʔ Refers to a harmful shaman. A 'curer' is piɲitak'siʔ 04.870; 'shaman' is ko'kohsi. See Language page
Movima ukʷam-pa ukʷam-pa In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Kaingang kujà kuyə In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Karajá həri In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Djeoromitxi küro køro In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Chipaya yatiri; waytˀiri In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Mocoví ʔn-aʁan-aʁai Lit. 'ridicule-intrans-adj (masc/fem)'. See Language page
Pilagá apyawoɬma; apyaoɬma In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Lengua yihothma In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité apyohoɬmaʔ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet roa; yoβɨ; onãya In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay haya'weʔ In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja ayewu In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv See Language page
Maca weyhetaχ (m.) Fem. form is weyhete-kiʔ. See Language page
Ayoreo n̥aani 'kučaa iraha-'soorĩ Lit. 'man thing knower'. See Language page
Mapudungun kalku Same form in Ranquel. See Language page
Selknam xoʔ-nn; xoʔ-en Respectively: male and female. See Language page
Tehuelche 'šoykn Cf. 04.870. See Language page
Kariña pyijai pɨijai shaman; traditional healer Yamada 2010:798