Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

shaman, healer

Semantic Field: culture-mythology
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish: chamán, brujo
Meaning Portuguese: xaman, pajé, feiticeiro

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
Achagua	kamálikai	kamálikai		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Aguaruna	iwishín, pámuk	iwiʃín, pámuk		inheritance			loan into Candoshi; cf. iwishi-inu 'bewitch-NMLZ'						In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Akawaio	piiyaichang (witch doctor) (E1977)	piyaɪtʃaŋ (E1977)		inheritance		Proto-Carib?				Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches			In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Andoke	tə̃́'etúʌ (from tə̃́'etú 'teach')	tə̃́ʔetúʌ		unique									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Apalai	pyaxi	pɨaxi		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Araona		yanakona											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Ashuar	uwishín, iwishín	uwiʃin, iwiʃin											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Ayoreo		n̥aani 'kučaa iraha-'soorĩ											Lit. 'man thing knower'.	See Language page
Baniwa	malíiri	maɺíiɻi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Bankalachi Toloim	at-să-wal'		doctor or shaman	unique						same as Tub; maybe related to Numic tso7a 'spirit, ghost'	other complex			Merriam 49:203
Barasano	kũbũ	kũbũ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Bará		bahe'-gɨ́											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Baure	weričon	weritʃon		inheritance?									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	poha-kantyn		Indian doctor	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived	power-		Crapo 1976
Bora	ñaamáwa	ñaamákwa		unique									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Cahuilla	puul		witch doctor, medicine man	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	other complex			Seiler & Hioki 1979
Candoshi-Shapra	vĩshinó	bĩʃinó		loan			Jivaroan						In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Carapana	'kũbũ	'kũbũ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Carijona	hiyaci (SM)			inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Cavineña	maru (C&L89)	maru		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Cayuvava		'bičihi'ræriki; ya'weraha											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Central Aymara	ajayiru	layḳa											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Central Sierra Miwok	husík-pe		shaman	inheritance		Proto-Sierra Miwok				Pmis *husik 'to doctor'; also túj:uku- 'poison doctor', 7ál:ini 'dreamer shaman'	other complex			Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Cha'palaa		'mi-'ruku; 'mi-šinbu											Respectively: male; female. mi- is 'to know' 17.170.	See Language page
Chemehuevi	puhWagantY		shaman	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived, other complex			Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Chipaya		yatiri; waytˀiri											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Chiriguano		paǰe		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja		ayewu											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Chumash Barbareno	7al-atišwinič		one who has dreams from taking jimsonweed; shaman	inheritance		Proto-Central Chumash				7atishwin is spirit helper or power from them; see also 7al'alqutHopš 'sorcerer' Wash 2001:66	derived			Beeler 1978
Chumash Ineseno	missing			missing
Chumash Obispeno	tsi7masu		un brujo, hechizador	unknown							derived			Harrington
Chumash Ventureno	al-al-loos-tes		doctor or shaman	unknown							derived			Merriam 38:35
Cocopa	şkWi:yá:		doctor, shaman, medicine man, witch	unknown							simplex			Crawford 1989
Cofán	coraga (Quechua loan from kuraka=chief)	coraɣa											phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feare	See Language page
Comanche	puha7aity		shaman	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived, other complex			R
Cubeo	yavi	javi		semantic shift			from 'jaguar'				Compound	medicine-person-Classifier	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Cupeño	puul		Indian doctor, shaman, wizard	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	other complex			Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Desano	cũmu	kũmu		loan - WW		Proto-East Tukanoan	%kumu				Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Djeoromitxi	küro	køro											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Dâw	sâw	ʃəw		inheritance		Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Epena		hai'pana											Refers to shaman.	See Language page
Ese Ejja		eɗosikia; hakekʷi		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Ese Ejja/Huarayo	e-dosi-kia (Girard 1971)	e-dosi-kia (Girard 1971)											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Esselen	missing			missing
Eñepa	i'yan, piyan (MM)	iʔjan, pijan (MM)		inheritance		Proto-Carib?				Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches			In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Gabrielino	ahu:voroyt		doctor, hechicero	unique							other complex			Hill Harrington
Guayabero	pinhóʔ-in	pinhóʔ-in		unknown									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Huambisa	iwishin	iwiʃin											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Hup	cǝw	cǝw		inheritance		Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Ignaciano		i'apemare											Also 'tituhi'rikawa.	See Language page
Iipay 'Aa	kuseyaay (pl. kusteyay)		medicine man, doctor, witch	unknown							derived	agentive ku-		Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Ingá	sinchi (= 'powerful')	sintʃi (= 'powerful')											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Iquito	siimána	siimána		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Itonama		suwamo; ohtida											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Kabiyari	máritʃú	máɾitʃú											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Kaingang	kujà	kuyə											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Kakua	pɨ̂wt	pʉ̂wt, ʧā̃p		unknown							Derived	From pɨ̂w-at 'have coca in mouth; ball in cheek '+ nominalizer	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Kalapalo	fuati; padye (from Tupian pajé)	fuati; padje (from Tupian pajé)		unknown; loan			Tupi-Guarani						In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Kamayurá	paje	paje		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Karajá		həri											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Kariña	pyijai	pɨijai	shaman; traditional healer				Yamada 2010:798
Karitiana	pyharỹnh	pɨhaɾɨ̃ɲ		unknown									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Katukina		romɨ-ya											Cf. 'tobacco' 08.680.	See Language page
Kawaiisu	huvija-ga-dy		curing shaman, musician	unique						from *huvi 'sing'; also poha-ga-dy 'evil shaman', 7uu-poha-ga-dy 'rain shaman'	derived, other complex			Zigmond et al. 1990
Kiliwa	kw+miiy		shaman, sorcerer, healer (lit. one who is powerful)	unknown							derived			Mixco 1985
Kitanemuk	ca-č		shaman	inheritance	*cha-ch	Takic				Hill/Miller tsa-17	other complex			Anderton 1988
Kokama	payum, tsumi, icuan (from the verb "to know")	pajum, tsumi, ikuan		inheritance; unknown									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Koreguaje	chai	dʒai		semantic shift			from 'jaguar'						In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Kotiria	yai	jai	shaman	semantic shift			from 'jaguar'			Also means 'jaguar' b/c of belief that shamans turn into jaguars	Simplex	ro Sing suffix	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Kwazá	hirini	hirini											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Lake Miwok	jómta		to doctor, doctor	loan			unknown	WW	%jom	note Hill Patwin yomta, Southern Pomo yomta 'doctor'; very widespread form	simplex			Callaghan 1965
Lengua		yihothma											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Luiseño	puu-la		shaman	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	other complex			Elliott 1999
Maca		weyhetaχ (m.)											Fem. form is weyhete-kiʔ.	See Language page
Maidu	jómi		shaman, doctor	loan			unknown	WW	%jom	loan into PM; Ultan 1964:364 lists as PM; very widespread, see also Callaghan 2001:56	simplex	jôm practice shamanism		Shipley 1963
Maihiki	dabɨ aguɨ	dabɨ agɨ		unique						Also: dabɨ agɨ	Derived	dabɨ=healer; tɨnoquɨ=to cure by touching	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Makiritare	hü'wai, kade:hu (KH), aichu:di eda:mo (KH) (means 'healing specialist (of blowing))	hɨʔwai, kade:hu (KH), aitʃu:di eda:mo (KH)		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Makuna	cũmu	kũmu		loan - WW			%kumu						In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Makushi	píásaŋ	píásaŋ		inheritance		Proto-Carib?				Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches			In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Mandawaka	máliri	máliɾi											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Mapudungun		kalku											Same form in Ranquel.	See Language page
Matses	dachiacanquid	datʃiakankid		unknown									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Minica Witoto	áima, hḯ.ïdo-raïma	áima, hɯ́.ɯdo-raɯma											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Mocoví		ʔn-aʁan-aʁai											Lit. 'ridicule-intrans-adj (masc/fem)'.	See Language page
Mojave	sumach 7ahot		witch doctor, Indian doctor	unique							phrase	dream be.good/correct/clean		Munro et al. 1992
Mosetén-Chimané		farahtak'siʔ											Refers to a harmful shaman. A 'curer' is piɲitak'siʔ 04.870; 'shaman' is ko'kohsi.	See Language page
Movima	ukʷam-pa	ukʷam-pa											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Muinane	ápíchúubo (W97)	ápítʃúubo											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Muisca	supquaguyn	supkuaγuɨn											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Murui Witoto	aìma	aìma (B83)		inheritance/Witoto									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Mutsun	oo-ten		shaman	inheritance	*7u:ten-	Proto-Miwok-Mutsun				Callaghan 1962:104	simplex			Merriam 39:113
Máku		wekisé											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Nadëb/Roçado dialect		ʃʌ:w (Martins dict)		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua	yachaj	jatʃax											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Nheengatu	pajé; mutawariçawa (mutawar=smoke blower, sawa=nominalizer), puçangaçawa (pusaŋga=remedio, sawa = que tem o habito de)	paʒé; mutawaɾasa (mutawar=smoke blower, sawa=nominalizer) pusaŋgasawa (pusaŋga=remedio, sawa = que tem o habito de)		inheritance; unique	*paje					possible donor for Bará bahe'-gɨ́; Alternate: mutawaɾasa, pusaŋgasawa	Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Ninam	šapori (EM72)	ʃapoɾi	shaman	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Nisenan	jom		suck out disease,treat; shaman	loan			unknown	WW	%jom	loan into PM; Ultan 1964:364 lists as PM; widespread	simplex			Uldall & Shipley 1966
Northern Emberá	haĩmbaná	haĩmbaná											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Northern Paiute	pohaguma		medicine man	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived			Yerington 1987
Northern Sierra Miwok	huni:sa-		magic man, sorceror	inheritance	*hu:niş-	Proto-Miwok-Mutsun				Callaghan 1962:105; Callaghan 1971:26; kojap:e:nu sucking doctor 114 < kojpa-	other complex			Callaghan 1987
Nɨpode Witoto	manó-ri-raïma	manó-ri-raɯma											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Ocaina	taruuma	tarɯɯma		unique									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní		ava-paǰe; kuɲa-paǰe											Respectively: male; female.	See Language page
Paresi	wairaˈtyare; ehanare; haholitaharexe	wajdjaˈtjare; ehanare; haholitahareʃe		inheritance?									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Pemon	piasan (A1981); piiayasang (E1977)	pɪasan (A1981); piaʎasaŋ (E1977)		inheritance		Proto-Carib?				Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches			In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Piapoco	camaliqueeri; camapuacairi.	kamalikeeri; kamapuakairi.											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Piaroa	mEríh	mæríh		loan			N. Arawak *mali-						In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Pilagá		apyawoɬma; apyaoɬma											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Plains Miwok	cemyt:e:ny-		sucking doctor	inheritance	*7u:ten-	Proto-Miwok-Mutsun				Callaghan 1962:103; also tup:e:le- sorceror (can walk o fire), poison man p. 163	other complex			Callaghan 1984
Puinave	physician: -hei-kon-o; -wɨn-ɨ	physician: -hei-kon-o; -wɨn-ɨ		unknown									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Pumé	hauɛ-čʰa hapa-mẽ 'sorcerer, witch'; lit. 'magic-maker'												In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Páez	dʸih; dʸixʸ	dʸih; dʸixʸ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano	layqa	lajqa											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Resígaro	kanívakáagí	kanívakáagí	witch doctor, shaman	unique						Alternate: naikogígí	Simplex	But found in dictionaries with gender markers	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Salinan A	tα/kin		shaman	unknown		Proto-Salinan					simplex			Mason 1918
Salinan M	tα/ken		shaman	unknown							simplex			Mason 1918
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité		apyohoɬmaʔ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet		roa; yoβɨ; onãya											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Sanumá	sapuli	sapuli		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Secoya	dahuë	dawɨ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Selknam		xoʔ-nn; xoʔ-en											Respectively: male and female.	See Language page
Seri (Comcaac)	cacáaso		shaman	unknown							siplex	vb 'to see by means of shamanic power' is identical		Moser & Marlett 2005
Serrano	hōrmč		shaman	unique							other complex			K. Hill Dict.
Sikuani	banakatsu (2), dopatubinü (3), kuwaiba (2)(to become a shaman by relevation of the god Kuwai), kuwainü (2)(a shaman iniciated by Kuwai)	banakátsu, dopatúbinü	shaman initiated by deity Kuwai	unknown			North Arawak			May be a loan + semantic shift; not clear if this is a native innovation based on loan for 'deity', or itself a loan.	kuwai 'deity'		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Siona	yai	jai		semantic shift			from 'jaguar'						In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Siriano	jé (=jaguar)	jé (=jaguar)											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Sirionó	mao	mao		unknown									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Southern Paiute	puaganty		having supernatural power, medicine man	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived, other complex	poa-S-kaN-tY		Sapir
Southern Pastaza Quechua	supay, yachac	supa, jatʃak											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Southern Sierra Miwok	tuj:uk-		shaman	inheritance		Yok-Utian				Callaghan 1997:58	simplex			Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute	puwa-ga-tY		medicine man, shaman, combining both religious and curative function	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived, other complex			Givon
Sáliva	saicua 'curandero'	saikʷa		unknown									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Tanimuca	dye'e wi'ki	ʎe'e wi'ki		semantic shift?			from 'jaguar'?						In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Tatuyo	kũmũ	kũmũ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Taushiro	yachova	jaʃowa											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Tehuelche		'šoykn											Cf. 04.870.	See Language page
Tikuna	dju-ú-ta (Alv44); ngi1-3xe5ta5xü5 (A58)	dʒuʔúʔta; ŋiʔetaʔɨ		unique									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Tiriyó	(pï)jai	(pɨ)jai		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Trinitario		oke-iar											Lit. 'poison-master' 04.890 + 19.410. 'Shaman' is paie.	See Language page
Tukano	jáí	jáí	shaman	semantic shift			from 'jaguar'			Also means 'jaguar' b/c of belief that shamans turn into jaguars	Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Tuyuka	base-'gɨ́	base-'gɨ́											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Tübatulabal	ātsowāl		shaman, curing shaman (male only), witch; doctor, physician	unique						maybe related to Numic tso7a 'spirit, ghost' words???pahām'weather shaman'	other complex			K. Hill Tub>Eng
Tümpisa Shoshone	puhakantyn		medicine man, shaman, traditional doctor	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived, other complex			Dayley 1989
Urarina	kwičaneha-eḍza, benane	kwitʃaneha-edʒa, benane		unique									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Wai Wai	physician: k-ehčema-ɲe	phjsician: k-ehčema-ɲe		unknown									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Waikhana	'jairo, kũ'bũdõ	'jairo, kũ'bũdõ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Waimaja	kũbũ, ku'rí, ka bá'hé-gɨ	kũbũ, ku'rí, ka bá'hé-gɨ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Waorani	idõ			unique									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Wappo	yómto7		shaman, doctor	loan			unknown	WW	%jom	widepsread; in Mil, also note Hill Patwin yomta, Southern Pomo yomta 'doctor'	simplex			Sawyer 1965
Warao	wisiratu (shaman)ibihi -rotu (ibihi=venom, rotu=owner of, listed as shaman)	wisiɾatu (shaman)ibihi -ɾotu (ibihi=venom, ɾotu=owneɾ of, listed as shaman)											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Wari	tykyninimʔ (Sousa2009)	tɨkɨninimʔ (Sousa2009)											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Washo	t'ánu t'íšiwha		doctor, curer, healer	unknown							phrase	t'anu 'person'; looks like šiwh- is "cure"		Washo Project Dictionary
Wayampi	payɛ	pajɛ		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Wayana	pïjai, pijali	pɨjai, pijali		inheritance									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Western Mono	puhaγEtu		shaman, curer, someone with supernatural power	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived, other complex	puha-ge-tU power-have-ADJ		Loether & Bethel 1993
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay		haya'weʔ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Wintu	Lahit		doctor, shaman	unknown							derived			Schlichter 1981
Yabarana		amore											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Yagua	rimyura	rimjura		unique									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Yaminahua		hauɛ-čʰa hapa-mẽ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Yanomam	šapori (EM72)	ʃapoɾi		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Yanomami	shapori, hekura	ʃapoɾi, hekuɾa		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: hekuɾa (shaman); haɾo-, oʋəh- (healer, to heal?)	Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Yavapai	pà:čθéqa		blood sucker, medicine man		kθí:yi (Indian) doctor p. 392					also pà:tpûyi 'witch doctor', pà:kčē:βa 'healer', 7pâ:kθī:yi "Indian doctor", 7pà:smāča "medicine man"	derived			Shaterian 1983
Yavitero	ma'riri	maʔriri											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Yokuts Palewyami	7engThew		shaman	inheritance		Proto-Yokutsan					simplex			Whislter & Golla
Yokuts Yawdanchi	7angThu		shaman	inheritance	*7angThuw	Proto-Nim-Yokuts				Chumashan loan into PNY	simplex			Golla 1964
Yokuts Yawelmani	7anThuw		shaman	inheritance	*7angThiw	Proto--Yokuts				Chumashan loan into PY? Whistler & Golla p. 356	simplex			Golla 1964
Yuki	lamšim		doctor, shaman	inheritance	*lamšim	Proto-North Yukian					simplex			Schlichter 1985
Yukpa	tuwano (SM)	tuwano (SM)											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Yukuna	mari'ichú	maɾiʔitʃú	shaman	inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Yuruti	'kũũbũ	'kũũbũ											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
Záparo	shimanaw	ʃimanaw											In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page


Achagua
Aguaruna
Akawaio
Andoke
Apalai
Araona
Ashuar
Ayoreo
Baniwa
Bankalachi Toloim
Barasano
Bará
Baure
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Bora
Cahuilla
Candoshi-Shapra
Carapana
Carijona
Cavineña
Cayuvava
Central Aymara
Central Sierra Miwok
Cha'palaa
Chemehuevi
Chipaya
Chiriguano
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Cofán
Comanche
Cubeo
Cupeño
Desano
Djeoromitxi
Dâw
Epena
Ese Ejja
Ese Ejja/Huarayo
Esselen
Eñepa
Gabrielino
Guayabero
Huambisa
Hup
Ignaciano
Iipay 'Aa
Ingá
Iquito
Itonama
Kabiyari
Kaingang
Kakua
Kalapalo
Kamayurá
Karajá
Kariña
Karitiana
Katukina
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Kokama
Koreguaje
Kotiria
Kwazá
Lake Miwok
Lengua
Luiseño
Maca
Maidu
Maihiki
Makiritare
Makuna
Makushi
Mandawaka
Mapudungun
Matses
Minica Witoto
Mocoví
Mojave
Mosetén-Chimané
Movima
Muinane
Muisca
Murui Witoto
Mutsun
Máku
Nadëb/Roçado dialect
Napo Lowland Quichua
Nheengatu
Ninam
Nisenan
Northern Emberá
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Nɨpode Witoto
Ocaina
Paraguayan Guaraní
Paresi
Pemon
Piapoco
Piaroa
Pilagá
Plains Miwok
Puinave
Pumé
Páez
Quechua Ayacuchano
Resígaro
Salinan A
Salinan M
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet
Sanumá
Secoya
Selknam
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Sikuani
Siona
Siriano
Sirionó
Southern Paiute
Southern Pastaza Quechua
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Sáliva
Tanimuca
Tatuyo
Taushiro
Tehuelche
Tikuna
Tiriyó
Trinitario
Tukano
Tuyuka
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Urarina
Wai Wai
Waikhana
Waimaja
Waorani
Wappo
Warao
Wari
Washo
Wayampi
Wayana
Western Mono
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
Wintu
Yabarana
Yagua
Yaminahua
Yanomam
Yanomami
Yavapai
Yavitero
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki
Yukpa
Yukuna
Yuruti
Záparo

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