Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

big wolf (gray wolf)

Semantic Field: flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

Language	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous
Bankalachi Toloim	Canis lupus	yow'-le, yow-lit		Big Wolf (yow-lit “male”)	loan			Yokuts	Yowlumne yow'-lits (=chaser)		unknown				C. H. Merriam 72-77, 72-797, 60-449		1		2		0							yes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	Canis lupus	pia 'isa, wonko ica		wolf	inheritance	*isa'a(N)pa	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 552 (2008;112), with “big” and “pine” increments and consonant gradation in ica	same	phrase				Crapo 1976:110, 149		1		2		0							yes
Cahuilla	Canis lupus	ʔíswet	ˈʔiswet	wolf	inheritance	*ʔisa-wɨ-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic	same	derived	7is-wet coyote-augmentative	-7aʃ “pet”	Possessive classifier -7aʃ	Seiler&Hioki 1979:66	Wolf is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109)	1	shamanic animal	2	meat restricted to very old people, powerful shamans (Bean 1972:63)	no info	hunted	Men	for skin, but very rarely hunted		Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
Central Sierra Miwok	Canis lupus	húng:u-		wolf	inheritance	*hu:n	Miwokan		Note Ceb xu:n “wolf” (allaghan 1971:30); Pwintu *hul (Callaghan 2001:25		other complex	-u nominalizer			Freeland & Broadbent 1960		1		2		0							yes
Chemehuevi	Canis lupus	tɨvácI		wolf	inheritance	*tu'apa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2503 (2008:235)	same	other complex	tɨvá-cI wolf-ABS			Press 1979		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Barbareno	Canis lupus	mɨy		wolf	inheritance		Proto-Chumash		Obispeno k-asiməj, hesiməj		underived				Beeler 1978:179		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Ineseno	Canis lupus	mɨy		wolf	inheritance		Proto-Chumash		Obispeno k-asiməj, hesiməj		underived				Applegate 460		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Obispeno	Canis lupus	k-asiməj, hesiməj; tolopʰopo		wolves; el lobo	inheritance		Proto-Chumash		məj surely same as Central mɨj		phrase	-mej "wolf"			JPH 91:0031; 0084		1		2		0							yes
Chumash Ventureno	Canis lupus	mueis		wolf	inheritance		Proto-Chumash		Obispeno k-asiməj, hesiməj		underived				Heizer/Pinart I:57		1		2		0							yes
Cocopa	Canis lupus	missing			missing						missing						1		2		0							yes
Comanche	Canis lupus	pia tseena		wolf	unique					same	phrase	big coyote			Robinson & Armagost 1990:162		1		2		0							yes
Cupeño	Canis lupus	iswet	ˈʔiswət	wolf	inheritance	*ʔisa-wɨ-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic	same	derived	ˈʔis-wə-t coyote-augmentative-npn	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Hill & Nolasquez 1973:157	iswetim, A lineage of the Cahuillas, also used for Cahuillas in general	1	mentioned with Coyote, “their homes to the north”, in mourning song at Burning (Hill & Nolasquez 1973:42)	2	probably not eaten; Luiseño, did not eat	no info	no info	no info	no info		Americas	diverse habitats	yes
Esselen	Canis lupus	humu-x (Pinart same)		wolf	loan			Costanoan	compares Costanoan (h)umu-(k/x)		other complex	-x classifier suffix	-x		Shaul 1988:696		1		2		0							yes
Gabrielino	Canis lupus	e-sow't 72-77, 60-415	ʔiˈşawt (?)	Wolf	inheritance	*ʔisa-wɨ-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic	same	derived	ʔiˈşa-w-t coyote/liar-augmentative-npn (may not be synchronic derivation since Gabrielino has 7i:tar for “coyote”)	-ʔaʧ “pet	possessive classifier for animals	http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n415/mode/2up; p. 415	no info	1	Chingichngish animal	2	Chingichngich animals not eaten (McC p. 117)	no info	hunted	men	for hide only	hides often trade	Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
Iipay 'Aa	Canis lupus	hechkullk		wolf	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Maricopa hatkult, and see Kiliwa that=kil; but I'm not sure	same	underived	might ultimately have “dog” word in it			Couro & Hutcheson 1973		1		2		0							yes
Kawaiisu	Canis lupus	tɨvi-ži		wolf	inheritance	*tu'apa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2503 (2008:335)	same	other complex	tɨvi-ži wolf-ABS			Zigmond et al.		1		2		0							yes
Kiliwa	Canis lupus	that=kil		wolf	inheritance				Contains Proto-Yuman *(č)-xat “dog”; Maricopa hatkult	same	phrase	dog-? (kil “broken off, notched”??			Mixco 1985		1		2		0							yes
Kitanemuk	Canis lupus	wanač	ˈwanaʧr	wolf, sealion	inheritance	*wana-ci	Northern Uto-Aztecan		also in Serrano. I'll bet this is S557a *wanci7a “fox” (these forms attest to an additional vowel), in Central and Southern Numic. May be an arealism/loan	same	other complex	ˈwana-ʧr wolf-npn	-ʔacit "pet"	possessive classifier for animals	Anderton 1988:562	no info	1		2	big predators often not eaten, but probably hunted for skin	no info	hunted	men	for skin	skins often traded	Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
Lake Miwok	Canis lupus	húun		wolf	inheritance		Miwokan		Pmi hu:n; an areal or perhaps Penutian word: Ceb xu:n “wolf” (Callaghan 1971:30; PW hul (Callaghan 2001:325)		underived				Callaghan 1965		1		2		0							yes
Luiseño	Canis lupus	íswut	ʹɁiswut	wolf	inheritance	*ʔisa-wɨ-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		S552 (Stubbs 2009:112); this particular derivation for “Wolf” restricted to Takic but *isa- is NUA	same (sometimes confused with “Jaguar”?)	derived	ʹɁis-wu-t coyote-augmentative-non.possessed.noun (although Lu does not have 7isa- for “coyote”, they would know languages that do)	-ʔaʃ "pet"	possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla	Elliott 1999:191	no info	1	tukmi 7iswut, Wolf heart, North Star mentioned in mourning song (Harrington); represented in ground paintings (might be “Jaguar”) Kroeber 1925:662	2	most large predators not eaten	no info	N/A	N/A	N/A		Americas	diverse habitats	yes
Maidu	Canis lupus	helíjenè		wolf	unique				Callaghan 2001 thinks might go with 7ole “coyote” forms but seems unlikely		underived	must be complex etymologically but Shipley 1961:23 lists are rare root type			Shipley 1963		1		2		0							yes
Mojave	Canis lupus	missing			missing				Maricopa hatkult Gordon 151		missing						1		2		0							yes
Mutsun	Canis lupus	uminx	Merriam oom'-mō Merriam 55:403	wolf	inheritance		Costanoan		Kroeber 1910 has in Mont, Scr, Sc plus sjb (Mu)		underived	root is hum, but complexity only etymological			Mason 1916:427		1		2		0							yes
Nisenan	Canis lupus	lolla		wolf	unique						underived				Uldall & Shipley 1966		1		2		0							yes
Northern Paiute	Canis lupus	esa (Y)		Big wolf (Canis )	semantic shift	*isa'a(N)pa	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 552 (2008:112); usually this form is “coyote”	same	underived				Merriam 61:133		1		2		0							yes
Northern Sierra Miwok	Canis lupus	hung:u-		wolf	inheritance	*hu:n	Miwokan		“Note Ceb xu:n 'wolf' (Callaghan 1971:30); Pwintu *hul (Callaghan 2001:325)		other complex	-u nominalizer			Callaghan 1987		1		2		0							yes
Plains Miwok	Canis lupus	missing			missing						missing						1		2		0							yes
Salinan A	Canis lupus	To:xó		wolf	unique		Salinan		looks a bit like the tukut “wildcat” words, but usually wolf and mountain lion are similar, not wolf and wildcat		other complex	t- (articular prefix) on vowel-initial stem, probablyl Turner 1987 says should be /T/			Mason 1918:125; Turner 1980:87		1		2		0							yes
Salinan M	Canis lupus	To:xó'		wolf	unique		Salinan		looks a bit like the tukut “wildcat” words, but usually wolf and mountain lion are similar, not wolf and wildcat		underived				Mason 1918:125		1		2		0							yes
Seri (Comcaac)	Canis lupus	xeecoj		wolf	unique					same	underived				Comcaac Dictionary 583		1		2		0							yes
Serrano	Canis lupus	wana-T		big wolf (same as mountain lion?)	inheritance	*wana-	Northern Uto-Aztecan		also in Kitanemuk. I'll bet this is S557a wanci7a “fox” which must be wana-ci7a with a diminutive; these forms attest to an additional vowel. In Central and Southern Numic. May be an arealism/loan. Note Yokutsan * *ɂawčhaɂ 'fox'		other complex	-t NPN			Merriam 72:27		1		2		0							yes
Southern Paiute	Canis lupus	tɨvatsI		wolf (677)	inheritance	*tu'apa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2503 (2008:335)	same	other complex	has -tsi ABS			Sapir 1930:660		1		2		0							yes
Southern Sierra Miwok	Canis lupus	7o:nup-		wolf	unique				Probably “the chaser”, cf. Mins 7onpu- “to chase”		underived				Broadbent 1964:		1		2		0							yes
Southern Ute	Canis lupus	sináą-vI		wolf	inheritance	*sɨna'a	Southern Numic only		Stubbs 554 (2008:113); I think Comanche may be a Ute loan so probably just Southern Numic and not “Numic”	same	other complex	has -vi ABS			Givon 1979		1		2		0							yes
Tübatulabal	Canis lupus	tüpaych	tɨˈbajʧ	wolf	loan			Kawaiisu	Southern Numic is *tyva/ch(i) S2503; if not loan should have /o/ or /u/, and final -ch is loan-y too.	broader (includes a large coyote)	underived				Hill 2010:98		1		2	Voegelin 1938:12	no info	N/A	N/A	hmm -- may have been taken for pelt		Americas	Diverse habitats	yes
Tümpisa Shoshone	Canis lupus	toopi, tooppi		wolf	inheritance	*tu'apa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2503 (2008:335); I don't think this set is regular, looks like it's been loaned around	same	other complex	too-pi wolf-CL	pi		Dayley 1989:295		1		2		0							yes
Wappo	Canis lupus	lúhcha		fox? wolf? CHM has “fox” (Urocyon) 52:563, wolf is wim'-mah)	loan			Pomo	Proto-pomo *du:cá “fox” (McLendon 1973:77		underived				Sawyer 1965		1		2		0							yes
Washo	Canis lupus	tulí:ši7		big wolf “not here”	unique						underived	tu-is a nominalizer but Jacobsen in his discussion does not mention this word			Merriam 55:297; WPD		1		2		0							yes
Western Mono	Canis lupus	to'apE		Timber wolf	inheritance	*tu'apa	Proto-Numic		Stubbs 2503 (2008:335); in fact I don't think this set is regular, looks like it's been loaned around, but can't identify a source yet	same	underived				Bethel et al.:239	no info	1	Coyote's younger brother in myth times	2		no info	no info	no info	no info				yes
Wintu	Canis lupus	lubeles		wolf	unique						other complex				Schlichter 1981		1		2		0							yes
Yavapai	Canis lupus	(ɂ)hàt(ɂ)kʷīla		wolf	inheritance		Proto-Yuman		Contains *(č)-xat “dog”; Maricopa hatkult, and see Kiliwa that=kil		unknown				Shaterian 1983		1		2		0							yes
Yokuts Palewyami	Canis lupus	yev'-lĕ-che		Big wolf	inheritance		Yokutsan		looks like Choynolk and Yawe forms only; like these, probably derived from verb “to chase”s	same	derived	from a verb yawa:l “to follow, to chase” in Yawe (Kroeber 1961:214 note 180), probably the same here, has -itch/its agentive element			Merriam 58:515		1		2		0							yes
Yokuts Yawdanchi	Canis lupus	iwèyiT		wolf	inheritance		Nim-Yokuts		nearly universal in Kroeber; this form probably metathesis of the yVw- forms from “chase”	same	underived				Kroeber 1961:199		1		2		0							yes
Yokuts Yowlumne	Canis lupus	yaw'lic'		wolf	inheritance		Yokutsan		Note apparent Pal. cognate from Merriam, yev'-lĕ-che	same	other complex	from “to chase” with -ic' agentive suffix			Newman 1944:14		1		2		0							yes
Yuki	Canis lupus	wois'-mah MWO, wais'-mol P, wáN-'yĭl-mol Cs		big wolf	inheritance	*wayis(m)ol'	Yukian		Schlichter 1985		relative clause	-mol agentive			Sawyer & Schlichter 1984		1		2		0							yes
Yuma	Canis lupus	hă-tah-loo		Big wolf	inheritance		Colorado River Yuman only		Maricopa hatkult gordon 151		unknown				Merriam 61:449		1		2		0							yes


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yowlumne
Yuki
Yuma

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