| Bankalachi Toloim |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
cho-lŏk'-nah |
|
Red-shouldered blackbird |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
no info |
note the -nah and compare with 10 below |
|
|
|
C. H. Merriam 60-455 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
pakancukki; saaipakantsukkih “red-winged blackbird” Duckwater 282 |
|
blackbird (M: Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius) |
inheritance |
*paCkwa |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Note *paakonga (Cupan *paaxingish, Kit. pakongyat. Tumpisa Shoshone pokkotoppe, pakkwatoppe |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 61:75 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cahuilla |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
páxaniš |
ˈpaxaniʃ |
Red-shouldered blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, male |
inheritance |
*paaka- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Cupan *paaxiŋi-sh, Kitanemuk ˈpakoŋjat; Southern Paiute pagatcaqapI; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe |
|
|
narrower (male bird only; Merriam quite consistent on this), but also broader, also recorded for Brewer Blackbird |
derived |
ʹpaxan-iʃ , looks like a nominalization, but root unclear given that this is from *paxing, not *paxan |
-7aʃ “pet” |
Possessive classifier -7aʃ |
wikikmal |
http://www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_60#page/n155/mode/2up p. 165 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
All |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows |
no |
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
7onglili:wy- |
|
redwing blackbird |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
-y nominalizer |
|
|
|
Freeland & Broadbent 1960 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
ahn'-gus-se-ap; ahn'-kŏ-sap |
ɂaŋka'sapI |
Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius) |
unique |
|
|
|
with Numic elements |
|
|
same |
phrase |
ɂaŋka-'sapI red-belly |
|
|
|
Merriam 59:527 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
ʧ'oq |
|
blackbird |
loan into protolanguage |
|
Central Chumash only |
Yokuts |
Kroeber noted this loan; Proto-NimYokuts *ch'ax (Golla 1964:60); Yuki is also very similar, it's an arealism. But loan is into Central Chumash |
WW |
%chak |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Beeler 1978:174 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
ʧ'oq' |
|
blackbird (Merriam confirms 55:9) |
loan into protolanguage |
|
Central Chumash only |
Yokuts |
Central Chumash; Kroeber noted this loan; Proto-NimYokuts *ch'ax (Golla 1964:60). But it's into Central Chumash; a widespread word. |
WW |
%chak |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Applegate155 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
t-štyapa7 |
|
chanate |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
other complex |
t- |
|
|
|
Harrington III:1:0300 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
tš'oq |
|
blackbird |
loan into protolanguage |
|
Central Chumash only |
Yokuts |
In Barbareno |
WW |
%chak |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
JPH II:91:0346 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
şqway qlucá·w |
|
redwinged blackbird |
inheritance |
|
Delta-California |
|
Iipay Aa hah-se-kwi' (Merriam) |
|
|
same |
phrase |
blackbird ?(element appearing only in this expression) |
|
|
|
Crawford 1989 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
tuwikaa? |
|
raven, crow, blackbird |
semantic shift |
*kak |
Uto-Aztecan |
|
Probably not a calque because it's in Rejon for “crow”; unique increment: Stubbs 584 (2008:117) |
|
|
broader (seems to be any old black bird) |
phrase |
tu- “black”??? -kaa is the “crow” cognate |
|
|
|
Robinson & Armagost 1990:183 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
paxanish |
ˈpaxaniʃ |
Blackbird |
inheritance |
*paakoŋa- |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Cupan *paaxiŋi-sh, Kitanemuk ˈpakoŋjat; Southern Paiute pagatcaqapI; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpaxani-ʃ blackbird-npn (root may be derived) |
-ʔaʃ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
mukikmal |
Hill & Nolasquez 1973:167 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
songbirds eaten by Cahuilla, Luiseño so surely also by Cupeño |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, stewed, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows |
no |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
chakwyu' |
ʧaˈkʷjuʔ |
red-winged blackbird |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Nim-Yokuts *č'ax (Golla 1964:60) |
WW |
%chak |
same |
underived |
no npn |
-ʔaʧ "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
chi:ya |
Harrington 160 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
all birds eaten (McC 116) |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows |
no |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
hah'-se-kwi' |
|
Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius) |
inheritance |
|
Delta-California |
|
Cocopa şqway qlucá·w |
|
|
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:207 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
wokoliiɁi-bɨ |
|
redwing blackbird |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
wokoliiɁi-bɨ blackbird-ABS |
|
|
|
Zigmond et al. |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
pakoŋyat |
ˈpakoŋjat |
redwinged blackbird |
inheritance |
*paaka |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Cupan *paaxiŋi-ʃ; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe; S. Paiute paqatchaqapi |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ˈpakoŋja-t red.winged.blackbird-npn |
-ʔacit "pet" |
possessive classifier for animals |
wicitat |
Anderton 1988:456 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
no decent info but everybody ate songbirds and eggs |
no info |
|
hunted |
all |
roasted, boiled, eggs eaten |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows |
no |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
c'akáttu, cak'átta |
|
blackbird (Merriam confirms as OK 57;519) |
loan |
|
|
Hill Patwin |
“probably from Hill Patwin c'akatu “black bird”” 1965:204); but note Pmis *chakup-:a- (Callaghan 1997:58) |
WW |
%chak |
|
underived |
c'ak is probably the root but nature of -attu increment is unclear |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
páaxingish |
ʹpa:xiŋiʃ |
red-winged blackbird |
inheritance |
*paaka- |
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Cupan *paaxiŋi-sh, Kitanemuk ˈpakoŋjat; Southern Paiute pagatcaqapI; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe |
|
|
same |
other complex |
ʹpa:xiŋi-ʃ |
|
|
7ehéngmay |
Elliott 1999:672 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
c'akát'i |
|
blackbird |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
Note Mie cak... forms; a widespread areal form |
WW |
%chak |
|
other complex |
-i is a stem former |
|
|
|
Shipley 1963 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
thiɂiikwa (Merriam Cowbird); Merriam gives qual ē täk' a |
|
blackbird |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (several types of blackbirds) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Munro et al.1992 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
kulyan |
|
blackbird (Merriam 55:409 confirms both Brewer's and Red-wing) |
unique |
|
Southern Costanoan only |
|
Note Pinart's Antoniano čoola; Pinart has “kulian” only in Co IV (Rumsen) |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Okrand 1977:58; Mason 1916:427; 428 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
wut; mi-dik-kum chahk (= man, male) |
|
red-winged blackbird |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
|
WW |
%chak |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 57:235 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
at-sut-saw-pă-ko'-ro'-bah |
pakoddoba (Y); pakotopA Thornes 2003:219 |
Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius) |
inheritance |
|
Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
This is a new set with *paka ... with various increments, see notes under “bird” in Stubbs 2008 |
|
|
same |
phrase |
at-sut-saw “red-head? (atsa-tso-)” -pă-ko'-ro'-bah “blackbird” |
|
|
|
Merriam 61:141 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
cakup:aTi-, copuk:aTi- |
|
blackbird |
loan into protolanguage |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
unknown |
Callaghan 1997:58 fails to note Mip cikup:ati- |
WW |
%chak |
|
other complex |
-Ti probably thematic |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1987 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
cikup:ati- |
|
redwing blackbird, probably Brewer blackbird (CHM only B.b.) |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
In Mins, Miss |
|
|
|
underived |
-ti separable etymologically? |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
čol', čola7 (Turner 1983:227; 1980:69) |
|
red-winged blackbird |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
Note Central Chumash ʧ'oq |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:125 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
tcal |
|
Brewer's blackbird |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
forms with chak, etc. quite common |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:125 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
zazan |
|
Great-tailed grackle |
loan |
|
|
O'odham |
O'odham shashani “blackbird” |
|
|
broader (I suspect any non-corvid black bird) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Comcaac Dictionary 615 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
pagatcaqapI |
|
Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) |
inheritance, loan |
*paaka- |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
unknown |
this looks like a compound from the *pakka word (Cupan *paaxiŋi-sh, Kitanemuk ˈpakoŋjat; ; Tumpisa Shoshone pakkwatoppe); incorporates %chak; but note BSVS pakancukki; saaipakantsukkih “red-winged blackbird” Duckwater 282, so might just be vowel assimilat |
WW |
%chak |
|
unknown |
paga- “cane”? -tcaqapI “to make a click-like sound” 699 but see below for “yellowbird” |
|
|
|
Sapir 1930:605 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
capuk-”a |
|
Brewer's blackbird (Merriam confirms ch... for Red-wing; |
inheritance |
*chakup-:a- |
Eastern Miwokan |
|
Callaghan 1997:58 fails to note Mip cikup:ati- |
|
|
|
other complex |
suffix -”a |
|
|
|
Broadbent 1964: |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
tsakkīpü:l |
ʦaki:ˈbɨ:l |
blackbird |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Nim-Yokuts *č'ax (Golla 1964:60) |
WW |
%chak |
same |
derived |
ʦaki:ˈ-bɨ:-l blackbird-deriv.suffix-npn |
|
|
chikkīt |
Hill 2010:89 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
roasted on coals, bones ground (some consultants denied Tub. ate eggs before Whites) |
0 |
|
0 |
|
North and Central America |
Open grassy areas, prefers wetlands, but also found in dry upland meadows |
no |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
pokkotoppe, pakkwatoppe |
|
red-winged blackbird |
inheritance |
*paCkwa |
Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan |
|
Note *paakonga (Cupan *paaxingish, Kit. pakongyat. Big Smokey Valley is pakkancukkwi |
|
|
same |
other complex |
pakkwa-to-ppe blackbird-?-CL |
ppe |
|
|
Dayley 1989:186 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
č'ákh |
|
blackbird, red-winged blackbird (CHM confirms 52:571) |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
areal; “ Hill Patwin c'akatu “black bird”” 1965:204); Wintu L'ul č'ač'at; Mil c'akattu/a; but note Pmis *chakup-:a- (Callaghan 1997:58); Nim-Yokuts *č'ax |
WW |
%chak |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
c'ótgi7 |
|
Red-shouldered blackbird(Merriam's included word for “red” |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
|
WW |
%chak |
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:303; WPD |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
pan-nak'-kor (Merriam); ca:k Gayton 2:223 |
|
Red-shouldered blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
NP pakoddoba?? ; Timbisa Shoshone pah'-ne'-zah'-rah (Merriam); Gayton's chak is Yokuts |
WW |
%chak |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
tsiipa “bird” |
Merriam 59:73 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
hunted |
men |
no info |
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
L'ul č'ač'at |
|
red-winged blackbird (lit. “lake blackbird”) (Merriam confirms headword) |
loan |
|
|
unknown |
The č'ač'at part is in a large family of blackbird words in č'a... in NAM |
WW |
%chak |
|
phrase |
lake č'a |
|
|
|
Schlichter 1981 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
tcak |
Merriam ko-toon' chahk' |
blackbird (Brewer), CHM is Agelaius rsb ) 58:363 |
loan into protolanguage |
*č'ax |
Nim-Yokuts |
unknown |
Golla 1964:60; areal; “ Hill Patwin c'akatu “black bird”” 1965:204); Wintu L'ul č'ač'at; Mil c'akattu/a; but note Pmis *chakup-:a- (Callaghan 1997:58); Wappo č'ákh |
WW |
%chak |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Kroeber 1961:203 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
c'ak' |
|
blackbird |
loan into protolanguage |
*č'ax (*č'ak' in Callaghan 1997;58) |
Nim-Yokuts |
unknown |
Golla 1964:60 |
WW |
%chak |
same |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Newman 1944:176 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
shoo-pah MWO, Sup U |
|
brewer's or red-shouldered blackbird |
inheritance |
*šipa |
Yukian |
|
Schlichter 1985 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Agelaius phoeniceus |
hus-e-kwah' i-hah' |
|
Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius) |
inheritance |
|
Proto-Yuman |
|
'Iipay Aa hah'-se-kwi'; Looks like a Delta-California form, cf. Cocopa şqway qlucá·w |
|
|
|
unknown |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 61:457 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
