Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

string of shell money

Semantic Field: other
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

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Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

Language	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
Bankalachi Toloim	missing			missing
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone	missing			missing
Cahuilla	qičił	nepaane H&N 166	money	inheritance	*koCti/a	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2016; Merriam has he-sahCH-wel (hisaxvel 'belongings', abalone) 48:335	other complex		Seiler & Hioki 1979
Central Sierra Miwok	missing			missing
Chemehuevi	missing			missing
Chumash Barbareno	7ančum		money	inheritance	7ala-qu-Cum, *ana-qu-Cum	Proto-Chumashan				I disagree; cognacy is not perfect and shell money is too late to be P-C. The string itself is /pux/ (Wash 2001:131)	derived		Klar 1977, Beeler 1978:172
Chumash Ineseno	7alčHum	H is superscript	money	inheritance	7ala-qu-Cum, *ana-qu-Cum	Proto-Chumashan				I disagree; cognacy is not perfect and shell money is too late to be P-C	derived		Klar 1977
Chumash Obispeno	ł'anaquču		money	inheritance	7ala-qu-Cum, *ana-qu-Cum	Proto-Chumashan				I disagree; cognacy is not perfect and shell money is too late to be P-C	derived	JPH writes L'anaqutsu at 430	Klar 1977
Chumash Ventureno	7al-cHum (Mamet has 7ančum p. 37)		money	inheritance	7ala-qu-Cum, *ana-qu-Cum	Proto-Chumashan				I disagree; cognacy is not perfect and shell money is too late to be P-C	derived		Klar 1977
Cocopa	missing			missing
Comanche	missing			missing
Cupeño	mōk-yet,		wampum	inheritance	*koyo	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2015; what is the mo-?	other complex		Merriam 48:497
Esselen	missing			missing
Gabrielino	awverot (H)		wampum (long string of it), abalorios (H 456)	unique						also ho-pe-hah, of small shells, worth more than big	other complex		Merriam 49:97
Iipay 'Aa	kwellyhiiw		silver, money, coins	unknown						oom-pās-klitch Merriam 38:209	simplex		Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Kawaiisu	hii-by		money	inheritance	*hini	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2283; see Chemehuevi "bead"; probably a "belongings" word	other complex		Zigmond et al. 1990
Kiliwa	missing			missing
Kitanemuk	tukuhpač		wampum (Merriam's def)	inheritance	*tukuC-pa	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 2032b, related to (a) "sky"; same as 'bead'	other complex		Anderton 1988
Lake Miwok	t'úpşeTi		a short string of beads	unknown						probably loan with the t'	other complex	tup- 'to break horizontally	Callaghan 1965
Luiseño	sinaval		money	unique							other complex		Elliott 1999
Maidu	shŭ-lip'-pim		wampum of Washington Clam	unique							other complex	has -im suffix	Merriam 41:273
Mojave	missing			missing
Mutsun	ah'-tah		wampum	unknown						Okrand hine:ru 100, 181	simplex		Merriam 39:95
Nisenan	howwo, howo		beads; wampum (in English index)	loan			Northern Sierra Miwok	WW	%waku	Ultan 1964:368 (????) says is inheritance but see note on 'bead'	simplex		Uldall & Shipley 1966
Northern Paiute	namakko 'old kind of beads'			loan			unknown	WW	%waku
Northern Sierra Miwok	ci:tepa-		abalone shell, clam shell, clam, abalone shell ornaments	inheritance		Proto-Eastern Miwok				Mip ci:tepa 'there is some doubt as to whether this is Plains Miwok' (Callaghan 1984)	simplex		Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok	ci:tepa-		abalone shell, seashell, Indian money	inheritance		Proto-Eastern Miwok				"There is some doubt as to whether or not this is Plains Miwok"; identical in Mins	simplex		Callaghan 1984
Salinan A	missing			missing						e/nex 'bead measure' 135
Salinan M	missing			missing
Seri (Comcaac)	missing			missing
Serrano	ŋyçka'		beads, ceremonial beads	unknown						maybe related to Cupeno nengu7ish 'rich'???CHM has oor'-kah pwah'-kak, oor'r-kah 'wampum. Indian money' 48:173	other complex
Southern Paiute	missing			missing
Southern Sierra Miwok	ke:ha-		money	loan			Yokuts	WW	%kys	also pila:ta < Spanish plata 'silver'	simplex		Broadbent 1964
Southern Ute	missing			missing
Tübatulabal	ōyatt		money	unique							other complex		K. Hill Tb>Eng
Tümpisa Shoshone	namokku(n)		money	loan	*nammakku	Numic	unknown	WW	%waku	See also T. sho namokku(n) 'money', Comanche 'clothes'; W. Mono naawakU 'string of shell money', N. Paiute namakko 'old kind of beads; also hoi-yah, ahts-ă-kan-nah red & blue beads, probably Hudson Bay Merriam 45:303	simplex	with -ttsi, "beads"	Dayley 1989
Wappo	missing			missing
Washo	bila:da7		money	loan			Spanish	WW	%plata		simplex		Washo Project Dictionary
Western Mono	naawAku, nawAku		money, traditional shell money	loan	*nammakku	Numic	unknown	WW	%waku	See also T. sho namokku(n) 'money', Comanche 'clothes'; W. Mono naawakU 'string of shell money', N. Paiute namakko 'old kind of beads; also hoi-yah, ahts-ă-kan-nah red & blue beads, probably Hudson Bay Merriam 45:303	simplex		Loether & Bethel 1993
Wintu	topi		beads, money	unknown							simplex	perhaps from top 'used'" (Pitkin)	Schlichter 1981
Yavapai	missing			missing
Yokuts Palewyami	paw'-li		wampum, money of shell	inheritance		Proto-Yokutsan				Yawelmani pholay 'small beads'	simplex		Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi	k'ö:xa		beads, shell beads (276)	loan into protolanguage	*k'e:xa7	Proto-Nim-Yokuts	Takic	WW	%kys	Golla 1964; same as 'money' in Yawelmani; Merriam 44:181 has mo-jo'-kaw and ho-man'-nah 'wampum'; the latter of rabbit bones Merriam 44:487	simplex		Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Yawelmani	k'e:xa7		money	loan into protolanguage	*k'e:xa7	Proto-Nim-Yokuts	Takic	WW	%kys		simplex		Golla 1964
Yuki	hus-sahl		wampum (clam-shell beads)	inheritance	*hës	Proto-North Yukian	Yok-Utian	WW	%kys		derived		Schlichter 1985


Bankalachi Toloim
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone
Cahuilla
Central Sierra Miwok
Chemehuevi
Chumash Barbareno
Chumash Ineseno
Chumash Obispeno
Chumash Ventureno
Cocopa
Comanche
Cupeño
Esselen
Gabrielino
Iipay 'Aa
Kawaiisu
Kiliwa
Kitanemuk
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mojave
Mutsun
Nisenan
Northern Paiute
Northern Sierra Miwok
Plains Miwok
Salinan A
Salinan M
Seri (Comcaac)
Serrano
Southern Paiute
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Ute
Tübatulabal
Tümpisa Shoshone
Wappo
Washo
Western Mono
Wintu
Yavapai
Yokuts Palewyami
Yokuts Yawdanchi
Yokuts Yawelmani
Yuki

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