Headless relative clauses
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Predication
- Notes
- Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | When relative clauses are juxtaposed | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 143 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 73 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:253-5 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 135 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | yes | Facundes, 2000: 583-585 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 267 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 321 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1981:1738 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 122 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | There seem to be no relative clauses in Barasano just as there are no relative pronouns. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Headless relative clauses exist but they're difficult to distinguish from complement clauses. | Aikhenvald, 1995: 47 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007:398 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no | 61 | 0 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:70-71 | ||||
| Bularnu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 304 | The relative clause is externally headed (the head comes after the rel. clause), but it definitely has a head. | |||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | nominalized verbs can be considered relative clauses like when subjects are not overt and tehre is no relative pronoun- | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 152 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | Williams 1993:149-54 | ||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | Most of the clauses functioning as the complement of other clauses are nominalized and may be viewed as headless relative clauses. | Miller 1999, p.145 | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 206 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no info | x | ||||
| Djinang | No | 207 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 104 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 99 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 509 | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no info | |||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Quesada 2008:174 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 361 | 0 | |||
| Guna | yes | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No info | x | ||||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No info | x | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no info | x | ||||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no info | more likely not | Frank 19885:130-3 | |||
| Ingá | no info | |||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 101 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 389 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | no info | x | ||||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:583 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | 33 | x | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | appear with nominalizer/classifier | Stenzel 2004 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 430 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no info | 181 | x | |||
| Kunjen | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 533 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Makiritare | no info | Hall 1988: 351-352 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41-42 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | "Simple nominalization often results in an appositive relationship with another noun phrase, usually with an intonational break. The nominalized construction can also occur alone without a head noun." | Abbott 1991: 70 | |||
| Mapudungun | no info | |||||
| Marrgany | No info | x | ||||
| Martuthunira | no info | x | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no info | x | ||||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 72-73 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Relative pronouns are used as the head of these clauses. | Minor and Minor 1982. p.95 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 226 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984:63 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | There is a subtype of ranked relative clauses that can be headless. | Michael, 2008. p. 410 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 114 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 32 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 299 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 130-131 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:129 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no info | x | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no info | x | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:152-9 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999:27 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | The examples all occur with a gender marker on the verb in the relative clause. These gender markers are also used on adjectives, suggesting they are agreement markers rather than heads. | Galindo, 2002: 341-342 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 154, 158 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 216 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | However, it is based on the few examples given in the source. It may be possible that headless relative clauses exist in the language. | Soto 1976:152-4 | |||
| Resígaro | yes | Relative clauses do not seem to have heads-- the head function is indicated by a classifier. | Allin, 1976: 361 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 111 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 133 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1987:117-118 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | When relativizing into the subject, object, or recipient and the head of the relative clause is pronominal, rather than full NP, the pronoun is omitted and the head is referred to only by the number/gender suffix | Strom 1992, p.151-154 | Relative clauses in Retuarã are not common. | headless relative with number/gender inflection | |
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald mentions that "headless relative clauses are constituents of the main clause," suggesting that there are headless relative clauses. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 537-538 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 69-70 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 53 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 279 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 378 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:320 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 113 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 240 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | No | 73 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | yes? | 613 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No info | x | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no? | ms17.1.1.i | 0 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:346 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:206 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | no examples of this | |||
| Yanyuwa | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 94 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 183 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no info | x | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | The "appositive" (which the relative clauses are identified as) follows the noun. | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28 | |||
| Yulparija | no info | x | ||||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 113 | 0 |
| Language |
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