Case: asymmetrical
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions
- Notes
- Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 71 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:21-30 | However, some NP can be left without case mark according to a EAH | |||
| Alyawarr | no | 69-70 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 155-169 | assumed from lack of information otherwise | |||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 385-390 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 60-61 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 126 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mostly inanimates are marked. | Payne 1981:110111 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 54 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 15 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | 5 | x | |||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p116, Figure 4.2 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 4.1, 5.1.1, 5.2.1 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 14 | 0 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:68 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 263 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | most of the cases where the object marker is omitted, it is inanimate | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 111 | The factors influencing when -RE may be omitted from a (nonincorporated) direct object, leaving it without an overt case marker, are the inanimacy of the object, introducing an animate object, and in lists. | ||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 16 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 57 | ||||
| Dharawal | no | 0 | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 42 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | appears to be limited to animates | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no info | |||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 4-6 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | No | 9 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:155-67 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 254, 264-5 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 302 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 26 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | yes | Ergative case is dependent on the pragamtic status of the subject with respect to the object. The subject gets ergative case if it is less "given" than the object | Frank 1985:49 | |||
| Ingá | yes | Specificity is required to marked object NPs with accusative case. Unspecific NPs do not get accusative case. | Levinson 1978:7 | |||
| Jaru | no | 55 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 27-38 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 113 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:304-8 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 30 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:279-304 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 52 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.47 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 171 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 389 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 148 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | |||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982: 79 | ||||
| Mapudungun | yes | Zúñiga 2006, p. 194-7 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 302 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 66 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 76 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:280 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p. 31 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 53 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 354-355 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 64 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 18 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 6 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 81 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 46 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-80 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:47-57 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 77, 120 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 136-137 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | It is kind of unexpected in terms of EAH that human and animal nouns are marked when they appear as objects but pronouns are not… | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:130-1 | |||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 16-25, 54-5 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Examples show case marking on a number of types of entities, including animate and inanimate. | Galindo, 2002: 209-218 | |||
| Pintupi | yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 16 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 196 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p194-208 | ||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:26-7, Perroud 1973:16-20 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 238-279 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 33 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990, p. 119-126 | no discussion of this, and from data in other languages, I'm assuming not | |||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | No evidence of cases. Instead, Sikuani utilizes a very intricate verbal agreement system. | Queixalós 2000:78 | |||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:124-130 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no | Van der Meer (?):2 | no info on oblique cases | |||
| Tanimuca | yes | animates | Strom 1992, p.59-61 | The suffix -re marks subjects or objects which are human or referred to by a proper name. | ||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 140-148 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 11-12 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 24-5 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Only the animate object NPs can receive the accusative case (which is marked by the "dative" case) | Faco Soares 1993:92-93 | |||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | no evidence for this | |||
| Uradhi | Yes | 335 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:224-44 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 0 | ||||
| Waorani | yes | Orr et all. 1991:22 | ||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 215 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | yes | 881 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 18 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no? | 169 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 72-73 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | Mejía 2000:88-89 | ||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 28-30 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | K85b 63 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 46 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no info | X | ||||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 14-17 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 75-105 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Case does not occur in core arguments. Thus, this questions is not applicable to the Yanesha case | Duff-Tripp 1997:36 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no | 13 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: 52-55 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 54, 98-100 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 79 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | No subset is mentioned, the examples include both case-marked animates and inanimates. | Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 20 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 38 | 0 |
| Language |
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