| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 131 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 302-303 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 204 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Enclitic form |
Shauer and Shauer 1978: p. 18 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 400 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 531-533 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:1011 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:38 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
The word ama "not" is together with the verbal negation suffix |
Duff-Tripp 1997:179 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:96-9 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:338 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 379-380 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:51-8 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:42 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
no discussion of negation |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:100 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:72 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 345 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 55 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Payne 2012:353-362 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
marked on the verb |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
clause final |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:6 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
|
Stendal 1976.16 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:85 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:63 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
Williams 1993:90 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:48 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:98-102 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Orr et all. 1991:25-36 |
|
In this case, it is a verbal suffix. |
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974:39-40 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:1063 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
These are verbal suffixes |
Zúñiga 2006, 110 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:193 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:22 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2004b:75 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:552-5 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:66 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p293 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 277 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
Clausal negator is suffixed to the verb (-ñe) and followed by the impersonal suffix -na. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.72 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2005: 326, example 660 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p.135 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 30 |
|
To form a negative, the suffix -bE is attached to the verb following any derivational suffixes and the desiderative suffix, but preceding all other suffixes. |
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 158 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The suffix -beti is used to express standard negation. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.125 |
|
A shortened form, -be, occurs also. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.145 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
suffix |
Wheeler - 1987:151 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
suffix |
Ramirez 1997: 151 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 313-314 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 82 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:328-9 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:531 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no? |
|
36-7, 47-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n237-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
95-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
156-158 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
75, 77 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
141-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 56 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
381 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
228 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
205 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
78 |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
239 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
196 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
178-179 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
197 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
436 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
59 wordlist |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
98-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no? |
|
204 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
151 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
334-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
155 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
107 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
117-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
110-111 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
146 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
46, 54-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no |
|
56-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
236-41 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
103 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
97-98 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
174-175 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
102 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
109 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
504 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
139 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
98 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
175 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
348 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 244 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
101 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
874 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
141, 144 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
132 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
295 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
