| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no info |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Adjectives seems to appear in predicates with very little verbal morphology, seems more like a noun. |
Allin, 1976: 285 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
They can be used predicatively as stative verbs |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 25 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Adjectives can take all derivations that verbs can, while nominals cannot. |
Galindo, 2002: 239-240 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
Adjectives don't seem to get any person/tense marking in predicative position. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Adjectives take personal reference suffixes to reference the subject, while nouns must take either full pronouns or full NPs as arguments and verbs can also take cross-referencing prefixes. All can take time affixes when used predicatively. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 55, 87-88 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
Mansen & Captain (2000) note that there are few true adjectives, most are stative verbs. However, they lump together numerals and adjectives. There is one example of a numeral in a predicate--this acts like a noun, rather than a verb. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
When adjectives are used as predicates, they take the same morphology as stative verbs, but nouns do not. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 76 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
n/a |
No adjectives in Apurinã. |
Facundes, 2000: 342 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:30 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:58-9 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:105 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Many adjective roots are also verbal roots, so the same concept can be expressed with a verb or an adjective. However, when an adjective is used predicatively, a copular verb is used. |
Michael, 2008. p. 312-313 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
can take aspect |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:133 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 78 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
"There are no adjectives. Only nouns occur to modify nouns in noun phrases" |
Abbott 1991: 129 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no info |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:619-20 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:238-9 |
|
Based on the examples |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
The adjective predicate has to take the verbalizer {-a} |
Aguirre 1999:56-7 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
It is conveyed by just juxtaposing the elements |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 225-7 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:120 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:78 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.42, 73, 99-100 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
small adj class; mostly descriptive verbs |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
But arguably no adjective class; descriptive verbs |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
there are virtually no predicate adjectives |
Miller 1999, p. 125 |
|
Adjective concepts are normally expressed by nominalizing a stative verb. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
adjectives derived from stative verbs |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 16 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.44 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.34-36 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
There is a single set of roots which may take either regular verbal inflection and serve as predicates, |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 |
|
Barasano is a verb-adjective language. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.51 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1970:144; Wheeler - 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997 |
|
examples from 4.5 |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
no true adjectives |
Ramirez 1994: 202 |
|
see examples |
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
evidenced by examples |
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 209-210 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
Based mainly on examples |
Everett 2006:309-10 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:34-5 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
no adjective in Kokama |
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms17 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
74-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
LG26-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
cf texts, e.g. text 7, sentence 1 (203) |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
138 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 25 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
r24 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
371 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
223 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
190, 217 |
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
205 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
333 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
138 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
418 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
6 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no? |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
115 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
337 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
140 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
69 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
92-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
209 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
101-106 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
287-90 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
122 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
72-73 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
92-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
85-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
136 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
Maybe |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
182-189 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
333 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
no |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
332 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 10 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
63 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
864 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
7.2 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
186 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
