| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
SVO |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 2 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
SV and SOV |
Allin, 1976: 311, 318 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 44 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 62 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
SVO |
Santos, 2006: 217 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
There is a tendency toward verb-final. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 507 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Facundes notes that only VSO is not possible, and all orders but VSO and VOS appear in texts. However, many of the examples he gives have pronominal arguments. Aberdour (1985) discusses a basic constituent order. In addition, Facundes' corpora is mostly S |
Facundes, 2000: 548 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
VSO word order |
Mihas 2010:13 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
"Non-rigid" SVO. |
Zamponi 2003:48 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
Basic constituent order seems to be VSO |
Duff-Tripp 1997:168 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
Constituent order tend to be fixes but it may be modified by topicalization strategies |
Couto 2005:54 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p333 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 345 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:13 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:57 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
SOV |
Matteson 1965:39 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989:75, 113-119 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Free word order, with one exception: when using predicate marker on the verb, it must be preceded by an NP subject. |
Seifart - 2005:68 |
|
Most common: SOV |
|
| Makiritare |
no |
SOV order is the dominant order, but others are allowed |
Hall 1988 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
"The normal order of nuclear constituents is subject-verb, with the exception of the transitive and quotative in which the order is object-verb-subject." |
Abbott 1991: 24 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Payne 2012:20 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 23 |
|
The basic order for transitive sentences is SOV, which alternates with OVS |
|
| Guna |
no |
SOV - strongly preferred |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
SOV is main order, allows OVS too |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:3 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
The author argues that SOV is the underlying constituent order. But this order may vary by pragmatics |
Quesada 2008:152 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
SOV preferred |
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
subject-verb-complement |
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:545 |
|
However, it is preferred to have the V at the end of the sentence |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:89 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Orr et all. 1991:20 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:24-5 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
Word order responds to pragmatic motivations. However, the SOV constituen order is the least marked |
Fleck:814 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
It depends mostly on pragmatics and the inverse system. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 240-1 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
SOV and SV are the preffered orders |
Soto 1976:59 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
However, constituents may be "moved" by discourse pressures |
Olawsky:652-ss |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
Based on the list of possible or attested orders in the language |
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 96 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
Word order is quite variable in the language since grammatical functions are marked on the NP and the verb |
Giron 2008: p335 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 290 |
|
Generally the order should be SOV, but there are cases where it can be OSV,OVS, VSO or VOS, particularly in areas where there's a lot of contact with Spanish. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
preference for OV: (S)O(S)V(S) |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
SOV basic order |
Goncalves 2011:14 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
SOV preferred |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.40 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
OSV |
Weir 1984:24 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
SVO |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
SOV is most popular order |
Miller 1999, p. 2 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 141 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
SOV preferred |
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smotheron 1993, p.31 |
|
In general, the relative clauses and other nominal modifiers follow the noun, but may vary from this position and precede it. |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.89 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
Regarding word order, the subject is sentence initial when first introduced or in special focus and is sentence final elsewhere. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.65 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
SOV |
Strom 1992, p.3 |
|
Word order is rigid only for the subject, which, apart from negative decalaritives, occurs before other major constituents. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
S(O)V |
Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 109, 367-9 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
absolutive always precedes verb, but ergative can be anywhere |
Ramirez 1994: 98 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez: 125 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 19 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
However, there are dfferent attested constituent orders which may be due to different constructions and information structure |
Everett 2006:320-1 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
SVO is more frequent, but VS and OV also occur |
Cruz 2011:412 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:136-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
SVO is pragmatically unmarked |
Vallejos 2010:466 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
107 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes? |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
h5-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
104 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
2, 158 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
48-49 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 51 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
368 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
236 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
213 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
120 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
236 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
219 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
238-239 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
335 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
443 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
139 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
415 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
107 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
341 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
93 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
147-148 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
261; personal communication |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
129 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
109 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
106-109 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
181-183 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
191 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
335 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
138 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
FO 129; K85c 81 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
115 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
329 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
293 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 40 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
103 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
63 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
874 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
138 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
375 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:254 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2002:167 |
|
|
|
