3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking
- Notes
- 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 28 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 67 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 | However, 3rd person can be zero-marked in some instacnes depending on TAM while 1st and 2nd are always marked | |||
| Alyawarr | yes | 1 | ||||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 212-215 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | 3rd person masculine is phonemcally /i-/, but sometimes surfaces phonetically as ø. | Facundes, 2000: 141-145 | |||
| Arabana | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | N/A | 186 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Zero when the subject is not specified; not an obligatory rule. | Payne 1983:2025 | |||
| Añun | no | 3rd person subject sg. Masc., sg. Non-masc, pl. respectively | Patte 1989:46 | |||
| Bandjalang | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:95 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Biri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:52 | ||||
| Bularnu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | But notice that subject or objects are not cross marked on the verb | Margery 1985:103 | |||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 126 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | no | they can be marked or not marked, usually marked | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 40 | |||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | maybe | 36 | 1 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 125 | ||||
| Dharawal | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | Yes | 139 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Dyirbal | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012 :234-239 | ||||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | N/A | 15 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | But this is because there are no person markers on the verb whatsoever | Quesada 2008:99 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | no person marking | |||
| Gunya | No | 304 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 45 | 0 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | yes | Except for third person plural which are optionally marked on the verb | Frank 1989:20 | |||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1974:9 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 1 | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | no person inflection | Goncalves 2011 | |||
| Kakua | no | subjects must be marked on verb construction, even if 3rd person | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 32 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 227 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Based on examples | Everett 2006:343-57 | |||
| Katthang | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | N/A | 16 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | yes | Stendal 1976:5 | ||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | N/A | 3 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.91 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2007 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 399 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | N/A | 92 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 215 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | Must be marked in object is ø. | Buenaventura - 1993:43-46 | |||
| Maipure | yes | only the non-referential 3rd person | Zamponi 2003:21-26 | |||
| Makiritare | no | Escoriaza 1959:15 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.45-47 | no info/not expected | |||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 101 | See chart | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Core participant verbal suffixes are fusional. So, they may convey other maenings as well. | Zúñiga 2006, p. 104-7 | |||
| Marrgany | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | yes | 136-152 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 0 | ||||
| Matses | yes | But only in the non-past tense. In the past tense, there is a 3 person subject agreement marker in the verb | Fleck:445 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | N/A | 55-60 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 | there may be some exceptions for negatives, check p.73 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 267 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 52 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 0 | ||||
| Nhanta | yes | 122 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | these can be marked, but don't need to be | Goodwin-Gomez: 47 | |||
| Northern Emberá | yes | But notice that any person in subject or object position is marked on the verb | Mortensen 1999:16, 59 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 128, 149 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | n/a | 169 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | This is true for 3s but it seems that 3pl has a marking. However, this marking of 3pl seems to be just a plural marker. | Brandão 2010:18 | |||
| Pemon | no | First person singular in intransitive sentences can be zero-marked | de Armellada 1999:16-7 | |||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 158-159 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 15; 114-115 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 22 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p206 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:74-7 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:23 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | No person marking, only pronominal clitics. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | can be included or omitted, but are often omitted | Borgman 1990: 39 | |||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 2000: 575-576 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Subjects are not marked verbally overall. | Wheeler - 1987:124-133 | |||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no | Van der Meer (?):9 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.116 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 | ||||
| Thanggati | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | N/A | 16 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | 3rd person subjects are cross-referenced in the verb | Montes 2004b:122-123 | |||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no | marked as part of tense/evidential/person marking system | West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 120 | |||
| Uradhi | N/A | 352 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:489 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | Yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | N/A | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 28-29 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 253-61 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 78 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no | Verbal person markers distinguish between first person and non-first person | Mejía 2000:90 | |||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 41 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | K85c 82 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 28-30 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:361 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | n/a | 36-50 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | Third person singular is zero case-marked; third person plural is marked by a verbal suffix | Duff-Tripp 1997:72 | |||
| Yanomami | no | ergative 3rd person will be marked, an inversion morpheme is required between a 1st or 2nd person absolutive (which must always be marked 1st on the verb) and a 3rd person ergative | Ramirez 1994 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no | 106 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | Masculine third-person, but not feminine. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 41, 60 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no | Wise 1986:586 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer 2000: 297, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 30 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 51 | 0 |
| Language |
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