Ditransitive constructions: indirect object
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice
- Notes
- In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no info | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 57 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:456-7 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 73, 80, 125-6 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | yes | The theme is marked with object marking on verb, is required and does not take case marking. However, the goal is not marked on verb, is optional, and is marked with an oblique case marker. | Facundes, 2000: 287 | |||
| Arabana | no info | x | ||||
| Arrernte | Yes | 125 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1981:3436 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 60 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | marked by relational construction; but not clear if this has to do with animacy of DO vs. IO. | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | yes | Either the recipient or the patient object may occur depending on which is more in focus. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.109 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Aikhenvald, 1995: 26 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007:331-6 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 7.1 (7-4) | 1 | |||
| Biri | yes | 49 | 1 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:65 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 94 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 263 | The benefactive would receive the suffix taki | |||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 110 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no info | |||||
| Darkinyung | maybe | 25 | 1 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 125 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 136 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 98 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 29-30 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 300 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Based on examples. Direct objects are not case-marked whereas indirect objects receive the suffix [-uja] | Gildea 1989:69 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | yes | 97 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 13 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Quesada 2008:49-96, 155-66 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 259 | 1 | |||
| Guna | yes | dative marker | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | No | 324 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1989:20 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974:16 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 144-5 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 27, 41 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 118 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Everett 2006:304-8 | ||||
| Katthang | yes | 38, 75 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 5 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | recipient is marked by a dative enclitic | Vallejos 2010:524 | |||
| Kokatha | Yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.92-93, 48 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 226 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 405 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 134 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 32 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 190, 6.40 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 177 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | dative preposition | Zamponi 2003:33-35 | |||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988:81 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.45 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982:166-169 | Can't find any examples of or writing about ditransitive clauses | |||
| Mapudungun | no info | |||||
| Marrgany | No | 315 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 230-231 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 79 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:866 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 44 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.39 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 64 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | indirect object is expressed as a modifier of a postpositional phrase following the dative marker hã | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 267 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | yes | recipient/beneficiary marked with a dative postpositional | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 11 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | yes | 6 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 131, 134 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 57, 123 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | yes | dative particle following beneficiary | Cruz 2011:421 | |||
| Ninam | no info | |||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | The indirect object takes a suffix while direct object does not (zero asolutive) | Mortensen 1999:17 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 64 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:5 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 137-138 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:130-1 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | |||||
| Piapoco | yes | Dative case marking destinations. | Galindo, 2002: 209-210 | |||
| Pintupi | yes | 54-55; 123-125 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 61 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 193 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | yes | it gets dative case | Jung:118 | |||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:26-7 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | The recipient of a ditransitive is marked with the dative case marker. | Allin, 1976: 294 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 37 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 32 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | either the agent or recipient are assumed to be 3s, so only two verbal markings end up being used | de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:50; Queixalós - 2000:136-137 | |||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1970:49 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.118 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 236 | ||||
| Thanggati | yes | 14 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Indirect objects take a "benefactive" marker in contrast to direct objects which take accusative marker and indirect objects are not cross-referenced on the verb as verbs do. | Montes 2004b:105 | |||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | recipient/beneficiary marked with "referential" -de | Ramirez 1997: 108 | |||
| Uradhi | Yes | 346 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | no | There are no ditransitive verbs. However, valence can be increased to have a ditransitive verb which has an oblique arguement which varies from verb to verb | Olawsky:386 | |||
| Wajarri | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 42 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Usually marked or coupled with a prepostion or directional. | Santos 2006 | |||
| Warlpiri | yes | s339 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | no info | 867 | x | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 18 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 76 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 20 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 328, 333 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | PN 82, full NP 72 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | yes | The direct object takes the dative marker while the direct object goes in absolutive case | Mejía 2000:89 | |||
| Wayuu | yes | The 'indirect object' (recipient) gets a case marker. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | yes? | FO 133 7.5.3.3, second example (also cf 134 7.5.3.3, last example and 7.5.1?) | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 76 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 97 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | yes | dative marker for recipient/beneficiary | Payne and Payne 1990 | |||
| Yalarnnga | no | 19: cf ex3-7 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 195-6 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no info | Duff-Tripp | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994 | evidenced by examples | |||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | There is a preposition to introduce a recipient, but not a theme. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 53 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | not done yet | X | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | x | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | yes | indirective' morpheme on noun | Matteson 1965:44 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 79 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 524 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 21 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 59 | 1 |
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