Noun classes/genders
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification
- Notes
- Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | There is a subclass of animates that receives the number and gender marking | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 22 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:137 | There are 4 noun classes: proper names, kin terms, locational terms and others | |||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | yes | Landaburu 1979: p.130-132 | ||||
| Apurinã | yes | masculine and feminine, cross-referenced on verb and demonstratives | Facundes, 2000: 150 | |||
| Arabana | no | 61 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 86 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1981:13, 2234 | ||||
| Añun | yes | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Nouns in Barasano fill the roles of subject, object, benefactive, location, time, manner, and instrument. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.19 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | The gender distinction occurs only in predicate constructions? | Aikhenvald, 1995: 19 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007: Table 4.15 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 1.1000000000000000888 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:77-82 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | There exists 6 noun clases:humans, flat things, rounded things, elongated things, sets and trees. However, this noun classes are not completely consistent since, for instance, in the human class are also included some animals. | Bertoglia 1983:5 | |||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Deza Galindo 1992: 78 and Huayhua Pari 2001: 199, 200 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | animante/inanimate; masc/fem | Chacón 2012:238-240 | |||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 16 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p.21 | ||||
| Dharawal | no | 46 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 34; 38; 60 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 32-3 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 44 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | no true noun classes | Payne 2012:74 | |||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 8 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:49-97 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 254, 264-5 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 301 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 102 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 26 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | yes | The shape of the noun refered may have some morphosyntactic correlates as to the verb or normimal predicate it appears with | Frank 1989:22 | |||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 55-6 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 29 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | There are no noun classifiers in the language whatsoever | Everett 2006:296 | |||
| Katthang | no | 30 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 52 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | animate and inanimate | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15 | human noun endings can not do without "emotional" gender and number. | ||
| Kotiria | yes | gender only for human | Stenzel 2004, p. 122 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 446 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 123 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 78 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 149 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no | doesn't seem likely | Buenaventura 1993 | |||
| Maipure | no | no gender or class distinction on nouns. Only verbal | Zamponi 2003:24 | |||
| Makiritare | yes | "..two major morphosyntactic classes marked by the suffixes -dü and -i and several minor classes" | Hall 1988: 288 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p. 33 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | Carson 1982: 56 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 301 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 63-99 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:240 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | only for human nouns | Minor and Minor 1982. p.31 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 294 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 35 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 18 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | Maybe | 7 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 0 | ||||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | some classifiers but no classes; however, there's a pretty clear division along animacy lines (2 distinct 3rd person pronouns) | Goodwin-Gomez, p.119, 120 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:15-6 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:56-7 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 136 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002:121-41 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:48 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 99-100 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 11 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 192 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p185 | ||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:32-46 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin's description of a noun phrase includes "concord" between a head noun and several dependents, however, the concord categories seem to be number, size, and classifiers, rather than gender or class. | Allin 1976: 150-176, 223 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 34 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: p.144-147 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 1998:31 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Animate/inanimate, spatial/temporal | Wheeler 1987:102-105 | |||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Relative clauses, dependent clauses, and nearly every noun is marked as a nominal with a number/gender suffix. | Strom 1992, p.10 | |||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald 2003: 87 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 11 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2004b:61 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | yes | 3: masc. animate, fem. Animate, inanimate | West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular) | |||
| Uradhi | No | 334 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 145 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | 1 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Sets include masculine/feminine, animacy, alienable/inalienable, shape, location, and others. Each is treated as a noun class. | Santos, 2006:139 | |||
| Warlpiri | no | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | yes | 881 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 17-18 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 165 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 71 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | yes | masculine/non-masculine, and plural. The non-masculine seems to be the 'unmarked' form, marking inanimates and even things like 'ancestors.' | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 796-797 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 27-28 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 122 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | yes | 23-4 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | 22 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:404 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 14 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 88-105 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:23-51 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | noun clasifiers, but not classes | Ramirez 1994: p.123-124 | |||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | There is a sex-based gender distinction, found in pronouns, demonstratives, and personal-reference affixes. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 | |||
| Yawuru | no | 0 | ||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | n/a | 46-47 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 505 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 55 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Subject noun class is marked with suffixes on the verb if the subject is an overt NP (otherwise, the subject is indicated with cross-referencing prefixes). | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 40 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 20 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 30 | 0 |
| Language |
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