Reduplication: full
- Category
- Morphology - General
- Notes
- The full morpheme is reduplicated
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | not productive | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 55 | |||
| Aché | yes | There is at least full reduplication of a morpheme to show intensity or dinamism. | Susnik 1974:54 | |||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:109-11 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | only for onomotopaeic forms | Facundes, 2000: 250 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 135 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 195 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mihas 2010:120 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001:336 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.41-47 | ||||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | marks repetitive aspect, reduplication of the final syllable of a verbal stem. Some verbs use full reduplication, some use partial. | Aikhenvald, 1995: 31 | |||
| Batyala | Yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Baure | yes | This is especially common in nouns, "particularly animal names"; "found on verb, adjective, and some adverbial stems for intensification or emphasis" | Danielsen 2007: p96 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 21; 135-6 | 1 | |||
| Bilinarra | yes | 6.1.2.11 | 1 | |||
| Biri | yes | 32 | 1 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:96-100 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 19 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001 | The only mentions I found of any kind of reduplication/repetition were in reference to interjections (Huayhua Pari 2001: 228) and as a way to pluralize some nouns (Gomez 1992: 32) | |||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | The diminutive suffix, -xĩ, is occasionally duplicated, particularly with the dĩ- 'this' prefix. | Chacón 2012:207-208 | |||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 138, 141, 149, 171 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p.111 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 125 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 49, 89 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 242 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no info | only one mention of reduplication | Payne 2012:339 | |||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 6 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | more likely not | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 98, 101 | 1 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 316 | 1 | |||
| Guna | yes | e.g. dunnu - dunnu (wrinkled) | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | yes | 312 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | yes | 67, 94 | 1 | |||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 87 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 67, 91 | 1 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | yes | When an adjective is repeated it expresses a greater degree of the quality of it | Frank 1985:43 | |||
| Ingá | no | However, the repetition of a verb is used to express emphasis. Repetition of words is also used to express a repeated or continuos action. | Levinson 1976b:88 | |||
| Jaru | yes | 234 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | yes | reduplicated verbs for plurality | Cavalcante 1987:58-65 | |||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 25b | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 64 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | However, reduplication is not a productive phenomenon. It only happen in less than 20 words and some not all of them fully reduplicate. | Everett 2006:210 | |||
| Katthang | yes | 48 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 7 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | there is partial redup., but rare | Vallejos 2010:153-154 | |||
| Kokatha | Yes | 58 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.85 | ||||
| Kotiria | no info | Stenzel 2007 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 382 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 24 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 126 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 61 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003:21-36 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | no evidence so far- this does not seem to be very common in any Carib lgs | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959 | |||
| Makuna | no info | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 | not indicated/expected | |||
| Makushi | yes | Seen when conveying a large (numeral) number. | Carson 1982:73 | |||
| Mapudungun | yes | Salas 1992, p.188 | Full reduplication is used to convey "duration in time". In addition to verbal full reduplication a morpheme which specifies the kind of duration needs to co-occur. | |||
| Marrgany | yes | 312 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 34 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 74, 93, 100 | 1 | |||
| Matses | yes | Verbal reduplication | Fleck:453 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 34 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | reduplication of verb root | Minor and Minor 1982. p.52 | when the root is vocal, insert a glotal 'h' between the two vowels. | ||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 50, 82, 129 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008 | ||||
| Narungga | Yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 37-38 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 72 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:74, 308 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez : p.35 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:31 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | yes | 12, 19, d35-6 | 1 | |||
| Paakantyi | yes | 158, 181 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no info | x | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | more likely not | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 271 | ||||
| Piapoco | no info | |||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 145 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 212 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:84-6 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin notes that there may be some frozen reduplication, but this is not productive and the unreduplicated forms are no longer available. However, the verb phrase can be repeated in total (for simple VPs) or in part (complex VPs) to give a repetitive read | Allin 1976: 113, 210 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 21 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: p.198 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 1998:114-115 | ||||
| Siona | no info | Wheeler 1987 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.62 | ||||
| Tariana | no | There is perhaps an archaic reduplicated form of the causative morpheme as an intensifier. | Aikhenvald 2003: 274 | |||
| Thanggati | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 24 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | More likely not | ||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no info | West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 364 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:418 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 63 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 10.1.1 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | r29-33 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | s108 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 951 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 35 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 16 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 238, 315 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 84 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no info | |||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 27-28, 49 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | yes | 43-45 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 106-121 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | 42-3 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 51-3 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 107 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | This occurs with verbs to express iterative meaning | Duff-Tripp 1997:164 | |||
| Yanomami | yes | has the effect of deverbalizing a stative verb, but with other verbs it expresses rapid, periodic repetition of an action without interruption | Ramirez 1994: p.365 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no info | |||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | x | ||||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 513 | 1 | |||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 99 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Examples of partial and total reduplication. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 517 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 86 | 1 |
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