Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing
- Notes
- Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix
| Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:94 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 106 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 35 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 161-163, 253 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 268 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 310 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:41; Payne 1983:11 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:43 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:97 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:250-2 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 279 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:33 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no info on valence |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:59 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 129 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 40-41 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:262 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
There´s verbal stem change as a strategy for forming causative. However, what the author refers here as causative may be described as jussive "let hm go in"m for instance. |
Frank 1990:66 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:183 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:302-4 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:62 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:12 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:887 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.186 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:103 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:74 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-60, 609 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 203-204 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Girón:222, 360 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 165 to 168 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.101 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
some verbs have causative stem changes |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
the second syllable or final vowel is replaced with bo/bõ/b˜u or o/u |
Miller 1999, p. 114 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 57 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 207 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.70 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.101 |
|
Barasano also has lexical causative verbs derived historically from morphological causatives. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
There are evidences of a variety of past processes of causative formation that are no longer productive. |
Strom 1992, p.92 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Stem change. |
Wheeler - 1987:145-147 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 271 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 245-248 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez: 101 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 47-53 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:440 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:287 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:233-51 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:373 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
89 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
181-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
47-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
98-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 47-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
376 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
185 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
205 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
163-166 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
319 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
402-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
412-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
118 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
306 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
86-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
122 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
146 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
89-90 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
99-101 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
55-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
188-189 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
153 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
329 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 224 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
956 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
75-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
391 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
