Predicate adjectives: nominal
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Predication
- Notes
- Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no info | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 82 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:238-9 | Based on the examples | |||
| Alyawarr | yes | 122 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | n/a | No adjectives in Apurinã. | Facundes, 2000: 342 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 287-90 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 332 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Adjectives and nouns are treated the same in almost all aspects in Asheninca--they take the same markings, positions, etc. | Payne 1981:1819 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 105 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | or may take nominalizers, participials, and classifiers, and serve as modifiers in a noun phrase. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 25 | ||||
| Batyala | Yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007:196 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 7.2 | 1 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | yes | Since adjectives are just classifiers, they not only are able to modify nouns, but also act as nouns. | Seifart - 2005:77-103 | |||
| Bularnu | yes | 91 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | adjectives agree with person, number, and classifer even if noun is not overt | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 126 | |||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no info | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 46 | 1 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 125 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | 56 | x | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 101-106 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 108 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 209 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 92-3 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 71 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | verbal predicate for descriptive verbs | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no info | Payne 2012 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | yes | 74-6 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 158 | 1 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 337 | 1 | |||
| Guna | yes | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 333 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 115 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 92-3 | 1 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no info | |||||
| Ingá | no info | |||||
| Jaru | yes? | 123 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
| Karajarri | Yes | 75 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | yes | 108 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 6 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | no adjective in Kokama | Vallejos 2010 | |||
| Kokatha | Yes | 65 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.34-36 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 418 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 138 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 68 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 182-189 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 97 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:30 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 78 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.44 | ||||
| Makushi | no | "There are no adjectives. Only nouns occur to modify nouns in noun phrases" | Abbott 1991: 129 | |||
| Mapudungun | yes | Zúñiga 2006, p. 225-7 | ||||
| Marrgany | yes | 333 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 205 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 72-73 | 1 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 66 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.42, 73, 99-100 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Many adjective roots are also verbal roots, so the same concept can be expressed with a verb or an adjective. However, when an adjective is used predicatively, a copular verb is used. The copula is also used with nouns in predicative position. | Michael, 2008. p. 292, 312-313 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 28 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | Maybe | 36 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 70 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez | evidenced by examples | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Aguirre 1999:56-7 | Chamí | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 136 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:34-5 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | |||||
| Piapoco | no | Adjectives can take all derivations that verbs can, while nominals cannot. | Galindo, 2002: 239-240 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 10 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 223 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:120 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
| Resígaro | yes | From information included, it seems as though both adjectives and nouns appear in very basic form and do not take any sort of verbal morphology. | Allin, 1976: 285 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 97 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 209-210 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1970:144 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | In isolation may be interpreted as a noun phrase or as a descriptive clause with a predicate adjective and an implicit copula. | Strom 1992, p.51 | |||
| Tariana | no | When adjectives are used as predicates, they take the same morphology as stative verbs, but nouns do not. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 76 | |||
| Thanggati | yes | 85-6 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 24 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2004b:78 | ||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | examples from 4.5 | |||
| Uradhi | Yes | 371 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:391-9 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 36 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 99 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | r24 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | LG26-7 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 864 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 63 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 40 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 186 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | yes | Mansen & Captain (2000) note that there are few true adjectives, most are stative verbs. However, they lump together numerals and adjectives. There is one example of a numeral in a predicate--this acts like a noun, rather than a verb. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 26 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 138 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | maybe | 76 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | ms17 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:58-9 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 202 | see examples | |||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 69 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Adjectives take personal reference suffixes to reference the subject, while nouns must take either full pronouns or full NPs as arguments and verbs can also take cross-referencing prefixes. All can take time affixes when used predicatively. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 55, 87-88 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | cf texts, e.g. text 7, sentence 1 (203) | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 502 | 1 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 105 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Adjectives and nouns both seem to lack time and person marking when they appear in predicative positions. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520, 524 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 69 | 1 |
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