Glottalized/ejective consonants
- Category
- Phonology - Segmental
- Notes
- Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]
| Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 14 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976, p. 58 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 5 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Sudo, 1976 p. 9 and Galindo, 1992, p. 55 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p.12 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi (1987), p. 26 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
Some consonants have "traces" of ejection or glottalization, but not enough for phonemic contrast. |
Santos, 2006: 32 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
Only /ʔ/ and /h/. |
Alvarez, 1985: p. 35 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 26 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 71 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1980 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:14 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Fast 1953:191-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:59 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p39-49 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 221 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:10 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:51 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:33 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 214 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 140-148 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
no glottalized consonant as secondary articulation |
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
Pessoa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:10 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Margery 1982:34 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:30 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
glottalized stop is separate phoneme |
Buenaventura - 1993:30 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:20 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
In Southern Embera there are not aspirated and glottalized stops (Aguirre 1999:16-7) |
Mortensen 1999:5 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Saint and Pike 1962:5-15 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:1 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:72 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.73-92 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung 2000:140-3 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:11 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2000:291 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:30 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
glottalized stops |
Loewen 1954:7 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979, p.27 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p22 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Gomez 1992: 15 to 18 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Texeira 1988:4 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p. 3 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
unclear |
Barbosa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004:16 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 10, 12 |
|
The glottal fricative /h/ and the glottal stop /ʔ/ occur only intervocalically. They are followed by the echo of the vowel that precedes them. |
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 2-6 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007 IJAL |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
no info/not expected |
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p. 24 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993: 2-3 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.16 |
|
Some sentences may optionally occur with a final glottal stop but this phenomenon is regarded as outside of segmental phonology. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.12 |
|
Neither consonant clusters nor closed syllables are permitted except that a glottal stop may occur following any vowel. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
Consonants consist of two series of stops; fortis (aspirated) and lenis (glottalized) W70. |
Wheeler - 1970:19 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:17 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:13 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:34 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:21 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Rossler 2008:39, 57 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:93-103 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
2-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n66 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
6,7 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 4 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
6 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
7 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
315-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
187 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
d30-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
374 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
5b |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
xix |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
270-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
17-20 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
4-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
131 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K81 104-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
500 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 36 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
2.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
10, 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990: |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001:31 |
|
|
|
